Analysis of genes related to female bone peak and osteoporosis based on bioinformatics / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore and verify the genes related to female peak bone mass(PBM) and osteoporosis (OP) based on bioinformatics.@*METHODS@#Using GEO data, DNA microarray technology to conduct genome-wide analysis of adult female monocytes with high and low PBM. Cluster analysis, GO enrichment and KEGG analysis were used to analyze the differential genes, and the interaction network of differential genes was further analyzed. OP rat model was established and femur neck tissue staining was performed to further verify the expression of differential genes.@*RESULTS@#A total of 283 genes were obtained by differential gene screening. Compared with the high PBM samples, 135 genes were up-regulated and 148 genes were down-regulated in the low PBM samples. A total of 7 pathways and 12 differential genes were enriched, and there were differences in the expression of several genes involved in mineral absorption and transport, cellular immunity and other aspects. Among them, voltage-gated Ca2+ channel 1.3(CaV1.3) encoded by CACNA1D gene was significantly enhanced in the femoral neck tissue of OP rat model.@*CONCLUSION@#The above results suggest that the difference in the expression level of CaV1.3 gene may lead to the occurrence of OP in women with low PBM, which provides us with a potential target for the prevention and treatment of OP.

Absorción mineral y retención ósea en ratas normales en crecimiento por el consumo de un yogur experimental reducido en lactosa que contiene galactooligosacáridos (GOS) / Mineral absorption and bone retention in normal growing rats by consumption of an experimental lactose-reduced yogurt containing galactooligosaccharides (GOS)

Introducción: Los GOS son prebióticos naturales presentes en la leche materna que pue-den obtenerse enzimáticamente a partir de la lactosa de leche de vaca durante la fabricación de yogur. El producto lácteo resultante será reducido en lactosa y contendrá prebióticos y bacterias potencialmente probióticas. Sin embargo, mantendrá la baja relación Ca/Pi que aporta la leche de vaca, lo que podría alterar el remodelamiento óseo y la mineralización. Objetivo: comparar si un yogur reducido en lactosa que contiene GOS (YE) ofrece ventajas adicionales respecto de un yogur regular sin GOS (YR) sobre las absorciones (Abs) de Ca y Pi, retención y calidad ósea durante el crecimiento normal. Al destete, ratas machos fueron divididas en 3 grupos alimentados con AIN ́93-G (C), YE o YR durante 28 días. Resultados: YE mostró el mayor aumento de lactobacilos fecales; producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta especialmente p, profundidad de las criptas colónicas y menor pH cecal. El %AbsCa y %AbsPi aumentó en el siguiente órden: YE> YR> C (p < 0,05). El contenido de Ca y Pi en fémur, la densidad y contenido mineral óseos y los parámetros biomecánicos fueron similares en YE y C, mientras que YR mostró valores significativa-mente menores (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: YE aumentó las Abs y biodisponibilidad de minerales, alcanzando la retención y calidad ósea de C. El aumento en las Abs observado en YR no logró obtener la retención y calidad ósea de C. Conclusión: YE habría contrarrestado el efecto negativo del mayor aporte de Pi de la leche de vaca y sería una buena estrategia para lograr el pico de masa ósea y calidad del hueso adecuados, especialmente en individuos intolerantes a la lactosa. (AU)

Breast milk contains an optimal calcium/phosphate (Ca/Pi) ratio and GOS. These natural prebiotics can be enzymatically produced via cow's milk lactose inyogurt manufacture. This milk product is low in lactose and contains prebiotics and potentially probiotic bacteria but maintains a low Ca/Pi ratio that could alter bone remodeling and mineralization. We evaluated if a lactose-reduced yogurt containing GOS (YE) offers additional advantages over regular yogurt without GOS (YR) on Ca and Pi absorption (Abs), bone retention and quality during normal growth. Weaning male rats were divided into 3 groups fed AIN'93-G (C), YE or YR for 28 days. Results: YE showed the highest increase in fecal lactobacilli; short-chain fatty acids production, especially propionate and butyrate; intestine crypt depth, and the lowest cecal pH. AbsCa% and AbsPi% increased in this order: YE> YR> C (p <0.05). Ca and Pi content in femur, bone density and mineral content, and biomechanical parameters were similar in YE and C, while YR showed the significantly lowest value (p < 0.05). Conclusions: YE increased mineral Abs reaching the retention and bone quality of C. Although YR increased Abs, bone retention and quality did not achieve C values. Seemingly, YE compensated for the negative effect of the higher Pi supply and would be a good strategy to achieve adequate peak bone mass and bone quality, especially in lactose intolerant individuals. (AU)

Effects of rosin diglucoside on bone metabolism in young rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To research the effect of PDG on bone metabolism in young rats. Methods The experimental rats were randomly divided into contro group, PDG-25 group and PDG-50 group. PDG-25 group and PDG-50 group were given PDG at the dose of 25 mg·kg

Factors influencing peak bone mass gain / 医学前沿

Bone mass is a key determinant of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Epidemiologic studies have shown that a 10% increase in peak bone mass (PBM) at the population level reduces the risk of fracture later in life by 50%. Low PBM is possibly due to the bone loss caused by various conditions or processes that occur during adolescence and young adulthood. Race, gender, and family history (genetics) are responsible for the majority of PBM, but other factors, such as physical activity, calcium and vitamin D intake, weight, smoking and alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, age at menarche, and other secondary causes (diseases and medications), play important roles in PBM gain during childhood and adolescence. Hence, the optimization of lifestyle factors that affect PBM and bone strength is an important strategy to maximize PBM among adolescents and young people, and thus to reduce the low bone mass or osteoporosis risk in later life. This review aims to summarize the available evidence for the common but important factors that influence bone mass gain during growth and development and discuss the advances of developing high PBM.

Spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and bioactive components of Radix Hedysari on increasing the peak bone mass of rat / 药物分析学报

The traditional Chinese medicine of Radix Hedysari plays an important role in invigorating gas for as-cending, benefiting blood for promoting production of fluid, and promoting circulation for removing obstruction in collaterals, which is consistent with the principle of treatment for osteoporosis. This study is designed to investigate the bioactive components on increasing peak bone mass (PBM) by exploring the spectrum-effect relationship between chromatography fingerprints and effect. Multiple indicators are selected to evaluate the pharmacological activity. In fingerprints, 21 common peaks are obtained, five of which are identified. Furthermore, gray relational analysis (GRA) is a quantitative method of gray system theory and is used to describe the correlation degree of common peaks and pharmacological activities with relational value. 21 components are then divided into three different regions, of which ononin and calycosin play an extremely significant role in increasing PBM. In addition, factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are used to screen the optimal producing area for Radix Hedysari. This provides a comprehensive and efficient method to improve the quality evaluation of Radix Hedysari, confirming the bioactive components for PBM-enhancement and further develop its medicinal value.

Effects of compound medicine of icariin and puerarin on peak bone mass in growing rats / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To study the effects of the compound medicine of icariin and puerarin on peak bone mass in rats during growth period, and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 1 month were randomly divided into normal control group( C), icariin group( I), puerarin group( P), icariin and puerarin compound groupc(I+P), 10 in each group. The body weights were recorded once every two weeks, and the bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry every month. After the bone mineral density of the whole body was significantly different between the control group and drug groups the animals were sacrificed. The right femur and vertebrae were separated to measure the bone mineral density. The biomechanical properties of the femur and vertebra were detected by AG-IS series desktop electronic universal testing machine. The bone formation index osteocalcin, PINP and bone resorption index were determined by ELISA. Changes in the contents of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b(TRACP 5b) and CTX-1; and changes in trabecular bone related parameters were recorded after magenta-picric acid staining. Results There was no significant difference in body weight between the two groups (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in whole body bone density after 1 month of treatment (P＞0.05). After 2 months of treatment, the body bone density of the drug-administered group was higher than that of the control group. Whole body bone density, femur and vertebral bone density, femur maximum load value, maximum vertebrae load value and trabecular bone number and area, serum OC and PINP levels increased, while TRACP 5b and CTX-1 levels decreased(P＜0.01) in drug group. The difference from the control group was statistically significant (P＜0. 05). There were significant differences in biochemical parameters and bone histomorphology between the compound drug group and the two-flavor monomer group ( P＜0. 01). There was no significant difference in bone mineral density and biomechanics, but the average value was higher than that of the monomer group. Conclusion The combination of icariin and puerarin can effectively increase the peak bone mass in rats.

Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric osteoporosis

Osteoporosis was once thought to be a disease of the elderly. Now, there is universal agreement that osteoporosis has a pediatric origin. If individuals fail to achieve optimal peak bone mass and strength in childhood and adolescence, the development of osteoporosis later in life becomes more likely. Furthermore, increased knowledge and improved care for children with genetic disease and chronic illnesses has led to many children living long enough to develop osteoporosis and fractures even in childhood or adolescence. Thus, early interventions including nutrition, exercise, and pharmacological treatment are paramount. The objective of this review is to help clinicians diagnose and manage children at a high risk of osteoporosis. This article also reviews the latest advances in the treatment of pediatric osteoporosis including Korean experiences.

Marcadores de formación y resorción ósea y su utilidad para determinar el final del periodo de aposición ósea / Bone formation and resorption markers to evaluate the end of bone apposition

El pico de masa ósea (PMO) se alcanza entre los 20 y 35 años, pero la aposición ósea continúa hasta alcanzar el pico de fortaleza ósea (PFO). Se crea así una ventana entre ambos picos que podría ser evaluada mediante marcadores bioquímicos de recambio óseo, ya que durante dicho período la densidad mineral permanece constante. El objetivo fue determinar el final de la aposición ósea mediante marcadores bioquímicos óseos. Se evaluaron por décadas entre 20 y 49 años de edad 139 sujetos sanos de ambos sexos (69 hombres y 70 mujeres), determinando fosfatasa alcalina ósea (FAO), osteocalcina (OC), propéptido amino terminal del colágeno tipo 1 (P1NP) y telopéptido C-terminal del colágeno tipo 1 (CTX). Los marcadores correlacionan negativamente con la edad (OC: r= -0,3; p<0,01; P1NP: r= -0,4; p< 0,01 y CTX: r= -0,4; p<0,01), exceptuando FAO. En hombres de 20-29 años, P1NP y el CTX fueron significativamente mayores vs. 30-39 años (p<0,05 y p<0,001, respectivamente), y entre 30-39 años vs. de 40-49 años en P1NP y CTX (p<0,05; p<0,001, respectivamente). En mujeres de 20-29 años, P1NP y CTX fueron significativamente mayores vs. 30-39 años (p<0,0001 y p<0,01, respectivamente). Conclusión: los marcadores de remodelado óseo más sensibles y específicos permitirían determinar bioquímicamente el fin de la aposición ósea que se produce entre el PMO y el PFO. Si bien es necesario ampliar el número de sujetos evaluados, los datos que surgen de la presente investigación sentarían las bases para futuros estudios epidemiológicos referidos al fin de la aposición ósea. (AU)

Peak bone mass is achieved between 20-35 years; however bone apposition continues to reach an optimal skeleton strength. The window between peak bone mass and peak bone apposition may be evaluated by biochemical bone turnover markers. The objective of this study was to determine the end of bone apposition through biochemical bone markers in both sexes. A total of 139 subjects (69 men and 70 women) were divided by decades between 20 and 49 years of age. Bone alkaline phosphatase (BAL), osteocalcin (OC), type I collagen propeptide (P1NP) and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) were evaluated. Except BAL, the other bone markers negatively correlated with the age [OC (r= -0.3; p<0.01); P1NP (r= -0.4; p<0.01) and CTX (r= -0.4; p<0.01)]. Regarding men aged 20 to 29 years, P1NP and CTX were significantly higher vs. 30-39 years (p<0.05 y p<0.001, respectively) and. vs. 40-49 years (p<0.05; p<0.001, respectively). In women, the results were similar. Regarding 20-29 years, P1NP and CTX were higher vs. 30-39 years (p<0.001 y p<0.01, respectively). Bone remodeling rate decreases after the third decade, suggesting the end of the apposition period of peak bone mass. Conclusion: The most specific and sensitive bone markers would biochemically determine the end of bone apposition that extends between the peak of bone mass and the peak of bone strength. Although it is necessary to increase the number of subjects evaluated, the data that emerge from the present study would establish the bases for future epidemiological studies referring to the end of bone apposition. (AU)

Multiple Insufficient Fractures in a Woman Who Failed to Achieve Peak Bone Mass after Cancer Therapy in Adolescence / 대한소아내분비학회지

A 23-year-old female was brought to our pediatric clinic complainting arm and back pain. The pain developed suddenly while she was on a roller coaster and she denied any history of injuries. At First, she visited local orthopedics, and a simple X-ray showed fracture in her left forearm. She received a cast therapy, and and after several months, the fracture lesion of forearm was improved. But the pain in her arm and back still remained. Eight years ago, she was diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma of the left forearm and received a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She was slightly built and became increasingly thinner over the course of, chemotherapy. After completing chemotherapy, she was evaluated for bone mineral density (BMD) and was found to be osteoporotic. She was advised to take calcium supplements and exercise regular, and was assesse for BMD annually, using a duel energy X-ray absorpometry (DXA). However, her BMD did not improve and she never achieved an adequate peak bone mass. This case showed that failure to gain adequate peak bone mass during growth did not result in a later increase in bone mass in the young adult period, and finally caused multiple insufficient fractures.

The importance and relevance of peak bone mass in the prevalence of osteoporosis: [review] / Importancia y relevancia de la masa ósea máxima en la prevalencia de osteoporosis: [revisión]

Bone mass and strength achieved at the end of the growth period, simply designated as "Peak Bone Mass (PBM)", plays an essential role in the risk of osteoporotic fractures occurring in adulthood. It is considered that an increase of PBM by one standard deviation would reduce the fracture risk by 50 percent. As estimated from twin studies, genetics is the major determinant of PBM, accounting for about 60 to 80 percent of its variance. During pubertal maturation, the size of the bone increases whereas the volumetric bone mineral density remains constant in both genders. At the end of puberty, the sex difference is essentially due to a greater bone size in male than female subjects. This is achieved by larger periosteal deposition in boys, thus conferring at PBM a better resistance to mechanical forces in men than in women. Sex hormones and the IGF-1 system are implicated in the bone sexual dimorphism occurring during pubertal maturation. The genetically determined trajectory of bone mass development can be modulated to a certain extent by modifiable environmental factors, particularly physical activity, calcium and protein intakes. Prepuberty appears to be an opportune time to modify environmental factors that impinge on bone mineral mass acquisition.

La masa y fortaleza ósea conseguida al final del periodo de crecimiento, designada simplemente como masa ósea máxima (MOM), constituye un factor crítico en cuanto al riesgo de fracturas osteoporóticas en la edad adulta. Se considera que un aumento de MOM de una desviación estándar reduciría el riesgo de fracturas en 50 por ciento. Los estudios en gemelos han mostrado que la genética es el principal determinante de MOM, siendo responsable de 60 a 80 por ciento de su variación. Durante la maduración puberal el tamaño de los huesos aumenta mientras que su densidad mineral volumétrica permanece constante en ambos géneros. Al final de la pubertad la diferenciación sexual se debe básicamente al mayor tamaño de los huesos en hombres que en mujeres. Esto se consigue mediante una mayor deposición periosteal en los muchachos, confiriéndole así a la MOM mayor resistencia a las fuerzas mecánicas en hombres que en mujeres. Este dimorfismo sexual óseo que se presenta durante la maduración puberal se debe sobre todo a las hormonas sexuales y al factor de crecimiento insulínco 1 (IGF-1). La trayectoria genéticamente determinada de desarrollo de la masa ósea puede modularse hasta cierto punto mediante factores ambientales modificables, sobre todo la actividad física y la ingesta de calcio y proteínas. El periodo prepuberal parece ser el momento oportuno para modificar los factores ambientales que afectan la adquisición de masa mineral ósea.

Peak bone mass and bone mineral density correlates for 9 to 24 year-old Mexican women, using corrected BMD / Pico mineral óseo y factores asociados a la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres mexicanas de 9 a 24 años de edad usando densidad mineral ósea corregida

OBJECTIVE: To determine the age of peak bone mass (PBM) in Mexican women and factors associated with both BMDa and corrected BMD (BMDcorr) at the femoral neck and the spine (L2-L4). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on 461 women between 9 and 24 years old was used. An interview was performed and height and weight were measured. BMDa was measured by a densitometer and BMDcorr by the method proposed by Krõger et al. (1992). RESULTS: PBM at the spine (L2-L4) was observed later than at the femoral neck. Both BMDa and BMDcorr at the lumbar spine correlate with age, socio-economic status, body fat percentage and height. BMDa at the femoral neck correlates with overweight and obesity, body fat percentage, height and moderate physical activity; the same variables were associated with BMDcorr except for height. CONCLUSIONS: The method proposed by Krõger et al. was more precise at the femoral neck than at the spine.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la edad del pico de masa ósea (PMO) y los factores asociados a DMOa y a DMOcorr del cuello femoral y de la columna vertebral (L2-L4) en mujeres mexicanas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos de 461 mujeres de 9 a 24 años de edad. La DMO se midió mediante un densitómetro y la DMOcorr mediante el método propuesto por Krõger et al. (1992). RESULTADOS: El PMO en la columna vertebral (L2-L4) se observó más tarde que en el cuello femoral. A la DMOa y DMOcorr de la columna se asociaron: edad, estado socio económico, porcentaje de grasa corporal y la talla. A DMOa del cuello femoral se asociaron: sobrepeso y obesidad, porcentaje de grasa corporal, talla y actividad física moderada; las mismas variables se asociaron con la DMOcorr excepto talla. CONCLUSIONES: El método propuesto por Krõger et al. fue más preciso para el cuello femoral que para la columna.

Risk Factors and Assessment of Low Bone Mass in the Young Adult Female / 가정의학회지

Although low bone mass and accelerated bone loss can occur early in life, osteoporosis is usually considered a disorder of postmenopausal women. However, some premenopausal women are also at risk for osteoporosis. Because of a lack of knowledge and few practice recommendations for premenopausal women, it can be more difficult to determine the potential risk and to manage the low bone mass in these women. Low bone density in the young adult female may reflect attainment of a lower peak bone mass or be secondary to progressive bone loss following attainment of peak bone density. Early bone health is a key determinant of future osteoporosis, optimizing the bone gain by young adulthood and minimizing the bone loss by menopause is the important preventive strategies. Low bone mass in the young adult female may be associated with prolonged amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa, chronic glucocorticoid therapy and diseases that affect calcium and vitamin D metabolism. Also, bone loss may be associated with common conditions such as smoking, dieting, low calcium intake, and low physical activity. This review addresses peak bone mass accrual, risk factors, screening or evaluation and management of low bone mass in young adult female.

Deficiencia de lactasa, intolerancia a la lactosa y pico de masa ósea en adultos jóvenes colombianos / Lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, and peak bone mass in colombian young adults

Objetivos: establecer la relación entre deficiencia de lactasa, intolerancia a la lactosa y densidad mineral ósea (DMO). Diseño: estudio descriptivo transversal analítico. Métodos: se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de 98 estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se estableció el consumo de calcio e intolerancia a la lactosa. El diagnóstico de deficiencia de lactasa se hizo si el hidrógeno espirado después de una carga de 15 g de lactosa aumentó en ³10 ppm. Por osteodensitometría DEXA se determinó la DMO total y lumbar. Resultados: 54 hombres y 44 mujeres fueron incluidos sin diferencia de edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), consumo de calcio e intolerancia a la lactosa, según el sexo, pero con peso, talla y DMO superior en hombres. El consumo de calcio total (p<0,0332) y a partir de lácteos (p<0,0185) fue inferior en los hipolactásicos, pero sin diferencias en la DMO entre los grupos. Los hipolactásicos intolerantes ingieren menos calcio y tienen DMO menor que los tolerantes hipolactásicos y los no deficientes con una correlación positiva para ambas variables entre estos tres grupos (p<0,05). Conclusiones: existe una asociación entre la intolerancia a la lactosa y la baja ingestión de calcio a partir de la leche y sus derivados. La presencia de hipolactasia e intolerancia a la lactosa está asociada a una reducción en el pico de densidad mineral ósea corporal total. No se encontró correlación entre la ingestión de calcio y la densidad mineral ósea en ninguno de los niveles estudiados.

Aims: to observe the relationship between lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance and peak bone mass in young adults. Design: analytic transversal descriptive study. Methods: in a random sample of students of Medicine at Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ca intake and lactose intolerance were established. Lactase deficiency diagnosis was made if expired hydrogen increased in ³10 ppm after a lactose 15 g load. Total body and lumbar bone mass determination with a Lunar DPX-DXA was practiced. Results: 54 males and 44 females were included, without differences in age or Body Mass Index (BMI) according to gender, but height, weight, and bone mineral density (BMD) were greater in men. In the lactase deficiency group the total Ca intake (p<0.032) and the Ca from milky sources (p<0.0185), weighted by gender, was lower than in the non deficient group. The total body and lumbar BMD was lower among the lactose intolerants (weighted by gender) (p<0.02). The lactase deficiency and lactose intolerant subjects (group1) had a lower Ca intake (p<0.05) and lower total body BMD (p<0.0155) than group 2 (deficient and tolerant), and group 3 (non-deficient subjects), with a spearman positive correlation between lumbar BMD and Ca intake by groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: there is an association between lactose intolerance and low Ca intake from milk and its derivatives, in young adults. The presence of lactase deficiency with lactose intolerance is associated with a reduction in peak bone mass.

Association Between Peak Bone Mass and Genetic Polymorphisms of the Vitamin D Receptor, Estrogen Receptor, and Type I Collagen 1 Genes in Healthy Young Korean Women / 대한내분비학회지

BACKGROUND: Genetic suggest that strongest effect is observed in the premenopausal peak bone mass, which become less with age. However, the evaluation of candidate genes polymorphisms has been most frequently done in postmenopausal women and the results have been controversial. Therefore, we studied the possible association of the peak bone mass and candidate for osteoporosis genes polymorphism in premenopausal women. METHODS: The associations between BMD and polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (3'-end region by BsmI restriction enzyme and start codon by FokI restriction enzyme), estrogen receptor (by PvuII and XbaI restriction enzyme), and type I collagen 1 (Sp1 binding site by MscI and BalI restriction enzyme) genes were examined in 100 healthy young Korean women who had a peak bone mass (age 20-35 years). Bone mineral densities were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Dietary calcium intake was also measured using a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The frequencies of the B allele of the vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphism and the X allele in the estrogen receptor gene, XbaI polymorphisms were lower in Koreans than those in Caucasians. The allelic frequencies of the vitamin vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism and the estrogen receptor gene PvuII polymorphism were similar to those of Caucasians. No significant association was found between BMD and the vitamin D receptor genotype according to BsmI or FokI polymorphisms. There was also no significant relation between the PvuII or XbaI polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor gene and BMD. The associations between BMD and cross-genotypes combining the vitamin D receptor gene (BsmI and FokI) and estrogen receptor gene (PvuII and XbaI) polymorphisms were also analyzed. Among the subjects who lacked the Bf haplotype of the vitamin D receptor gene, the BMD of the femoral neck area was significantly higher in subjects lacking Px haplotypes of the estrogen receptor gene than in those having Px haplotype (p < 0.05). When dietary calcium intake was taken into consideration, there were significant differences in BMD according to the cross-genotype in the group having a low calcium intake (< 500 mg/day). The subjects that lacked the Bf and Px haplotypes had a significantly higher BMD in the femoral neck (p < 0.01), Ward's triangle (p < 0.05), and in the trochanteric area (p < 0.05) than those who lacked Bf but a Px haplotype. We did not find a polymorphism in the Sp1 binding site of the type I collagen 1 gene in our subjects. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a complex interaction of vitamin D and the estrogen receptor gene with the dietary calcium intake, rather than a polymorphism of a single gene, may influence peak bone mass in healthy young Korean women.

Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting Peak Bone Mass in Premenopausal Japanese Women

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between peak bone mass and genetic and environmental factors. We measured whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine BMD, and radius BMD with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and analyzed eight genetic factors: vitamin D receptor (VDR)-3', VDR-5', estrogen receptor (ER), calcitonin receptor (CTR), parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) allelic polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs). We also surveyed menstrual history, food intake, and history of physical activity using questionnaires. After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), current smoking status, current Ca intake, alcohol intake, menoxenia, and physical activity, the mean BMD in subjects with the HH/Hh genotype was significantly higher than that of subjects with the hh genotype for whole-body BMD (mean±SD, 1.20±0.10 vs. 1.18 ±0.09 g/cm2; HH/Hh vs. hh, p=0.04) and at lumbar spine BMD (mean±SD, 1.18±0.14 vs. 1.14±0.12 g/cm2; HH/Hh vs. hh, p=0.02) in OC allelic polymorphism. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression analyses taking the 8 genetic factors plus the 7 environmental factors listed above into account showed that the strongest factor contributing to BMD was BMI at any site (whole-body and lumbar BMD p<0.0001, radius BMD p=0.0029). In addition, OC polymorphism (p=0.0099), physical activity (p=0.0245), menoxenia (p=0.0384), and PTH polymorphism (p=0.0425) were independent determinants for whole-body BMD, and OC polymorphism (p=0.0137) and physical activity (p=0.0421) were independent determinants for lumbar BMD and radius BMD, respectively.

Peak bone mass and affecting factors in Korean women

Maximizing peak bone mass is advocated as a way to prevent osteoporosis. To evaluate the peak bone mass and the affecting factors in Korean women, we analyzed bone stiffness in 116 middle school students, 118 high school students and 115 female college students by using the Achilles densitometer (Lunar Corporation). Peak bone stiffness of Korean women was relatively lower than that of white women (94% of white women) and a rapid rise of bone stiffness was observed in those subjects 3-4 years after menarche. In adolescent females without menstruation, the bone stiffness was lower than that of adolescent girls with menstruation. The factors affecting the peak bone mass was similar to the risk factors of post menopausal osteoporosis: menstruation status, calcium intake and physical activity. The amount of calcium intake in Korean girls at the critical age (3-4 years after menarche) was lower than the RDA (requirement of daily allowance) at this age. To improve any program aimed at maximizing peak bone mass, further intensive study will be required to evaluate some other common factors affecting peak bone mass in Korean.

Investigation of lumbar peak bone mass of 1435 female adults in Chongqing area / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To investigate peak bone mass(PBM) of female adults in Chongqing area and PBM change of females' lumbar vertebrae with age,bodyweight, height and body mass index(BMI),to provide scientific basis for diagnosis and prevention of osteoporosis. Methods:There were 1435 female adults in Chongqing area randomly selected. The assessment of BMD in spine region was performed by NORLAND XR-46 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer. BMD of lumbar spine with age-related changes was fitted in the whole healthy women population by eight kinds of regression models. Best model equations of fitting were found and the reference databases of BMD in women were established.Group aged from 20 to 50(n=631)was PBM research group. Results:The PBM of the second,third and total lumbar vertebrae occurred in the group aged from 34 to 35,while that of the forth lumbar vertebrae occurred during 26 to 27 and reduction began at the age of 28. BMD would gradually decrease with the advancing of age when it achieved PBM. R square of cubic regression curve was maximum. The research showed height?body weight and BMI could influence PBM values of lumbar vertebrae. The effect of body weight was the most significant among these influential factors. Conclusions:The PBM level of female adults in Chongqing area was lower than that of other related research results in domestic,and the age of PBM was earlier than that of the others. A cubic regression model was the better model to establish a normal BMD reference curve. Proper nutrition and suitable figure keeping could result in higher PBM value in human life.