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Probiotics are living bacterial cells that have significant therapeutic potential for treating human infectious diseases. There is a huge market for probiotics in the pharmaceutical sector. They have been frequently used to treat the gastrointestinal diseases and improve gut immunity. In this review, the strains currently in use for manufacturing oral probiotic formulations are discussed. The review further recommends the use of probiotics for the control of various oral health disorders, like dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, halitosis, burning mouth syndrome, and oral cancer. Finally, this review also explores the use of various commercial probiotic products in maintaining oral health, their market values, and government acts and regulations that are relevant to the production and marketing of probiotics. Probiotics have tremendous therapeutic potential and more in-depth research must be done on these beneficial bacteria to make them one of the leading drugs in treating oral disorders.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la preeclampsia es un problema que afecta la salud materna y puede causar la muerte de la gestante. Su etiología aún es desconocida. Uno de los factores asociados con la preeclampsia es el de las infecciones en el embarazo, pero no se ha caracterizado su papel en cada trimestre de la gestación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue reconocer qué asociación existe entre las infecciones según su presentación en cada trimestre del embarazo y la preeclampsia. Métodos: estudio de 85 casos y 85 controles de registros de historias clínicas, apareados por antecedentes ginecobstétricos, edad e índice de masa corporal al principio del embarazo. Se realizaron análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: no se encontró asociación con rinofaringitis, infección urinaria diagnosticada clínicamente o por urocultivo, ni para urocultivo positivo. Un comportamiento similar se observó en el análisis de cada trimestre. En el análisis multivariado, la presencia de caries en el primer trimestre, ajustada por variables relacionadas con infección urinaria mostró una asociación de riesgo con un OR de 2,04. Conclusiones: la caries en el primer trimestre del embarazo parece tomar relevancia como factor de riesgo para preeclampsia cuando ocurre concomitantemente con infecciones urinarias y otros hallazgos relacionados con infección dental.
Introduction: preeclampsia is a problem that affects maternal health and can cause death in pregnant women. Therefore, preeclampsia is considered a public health problem. Despite, the etiology of preeclampsia is unknown yet. A factor associated with preeclampsia is infections in pregnancy, but the role of this factor has not been characterized by pregnancy trimester. The main goal of this work is to determine if there is an association between infections in each trimester of pregnancy and preeclampsia. Methods: this study was performed using cases and controls methodology. 85 cases and 85 controls were obtained from clinical registers. These were appeared by gynecobstetric history, age and body mass index. A univariate analysis was performed to characterize the patients in the study. A bivariated analysis was done to know the individual association between infections and preeclampsia. Finally, a multivariated analysis was applied. Results: it was not founded association with rinofaringitis, tract urinary infection diagnosed through clinical and urine culture and positive urine culture. A similar behavior was observed in the analysis by trimester. In the multivariated analysis adjusted by tract urinary infection variables and dental findings, the presence of caries in the first trimester showed a risk association with OR 2,04. Conclusions: caries in the first trimester takes relevance when it occurs at the same time that tract urinary infection and other findings associated to dental infections.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência das infecções pulpar e/ou periodontal associadas com a diabetes na análise hematológica por hemograma, creatinina, triglicérides e colesterol. Foram utilizados 80 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar) divididos em 8 grupos de 10 animais: G1 - ratos controle (normoglicêmicos); G2 - ratos com infecção pulpar; G3 - ratos com infecção periodontal; G4 - ratos com infecção pulpar e periodontal; G5 - ratos diabéticos; G6 - ratos diabéticos com infecção pulpar; G7 - ratos diabéticos com infecção periodontal; G8 - ratos diabéticos com infecção pulpar e periodontal. A diabetes foi induzida por meio de uma aplicação de estreptozotocina via veia peniana. A infecção pulpar foi induzida por meio da exposição pulpar do primeiro molar superior direito ao meio oral. A infecção periodontal foi induzida por meio da confecção de uma amarria junto ao colo dentário do segundo molar superior esquerdo. Após 30 dias, os animais foram sedados e por meio de uma punção cardíaca foi coletado 5ml de sangue para as análises de hemograma, creatinina, triglicérides e colesterol. Os resultados mostraram aumento no volume corpuscular médio das hemácias para ratos diabéticos, aumento na contagem de leucócitos, principalmente neutrófilos e linfócitos, aumento nos níveis séricos de creatinina e aumento nos níveis de triglicérides para os ratos diabéticos com as infecções orais induzidas. Fica demonstrado que a infecção pulpar e periodontal associadas são capazes de alterar os parâmetros sanguíneos de ratos diabéticos, como volume corpuscular médio, leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos, creatinina e triglicérides...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pulpal and/or periodontal infections associated with diabetes in hematological analysis for blood count, creatinine, triglycerides and cholesterol. We used 80 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus Albinus, Wistar) that were divided into 8 groups of 10 animals: G1 - control rats (normoglycemic); G2 - rats with pulpal disease, G3 - rats with periodontal disease; G4 - rats with pulpal and periodontal disease; G5 - diabetic rats; G6 - diabetic rats with pulpal disease; G7 - diabetic rats with periodontal disease; G8 - diabetic rats with pulpal and periodontal disease. Diabetes was induced by application of streptozotocin in penile vein. The pulpal infection was induced by dental pulp exposure of the upper right first molar to the oral environment. The periodontal infection was induced by a ligature around the neck of the upper left second molar. After 30 days, the animals were sedated and 5ml of blood was collected by cardiac puncture for blood count, creatinine, triglycerides and cholesterol analyzes. The results showed an increase in mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells in diabetic rats, increased leukocyte counts, especially neutrophils and lymphocytes, serum creatinine and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats with induced oral infections. It is demonstrated that the association of the pulpal and periodontal infections with diabetes can alter blood parameters of rats, as mean corpuscular volume, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, creatinine and triglycerides...
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Animals , Rats , Diabetes Mellitus , Endodontics , Periodontics , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the difference of maternal periodontal status and TNF-? levels in gingival cervical fluid in pregnancy with pre-term and full-term and find the relationship between periodontal infections and pre-term. Methods:The case group consisted of 28 women with pre-term and the control group consisted of 22 women giving birth in time. The clinical examination was performed before delivery. The periodontal conditions were evaluated on the basis of the following parameters: gingival index(GI), probing depths(PD), clinical attachment level(CAL) and sulcus bleeding index(SBI). Gingival crevicular fliud(GCF) samples were collected from all individuals and TNF-? levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Results:Clinical periodontal measures(GI, PD, CAL, SBI) in pre- term group were significantly greater than that in the control group. And pre- term group also showed higher prevalence of periodontitis. TNF-? in GCF was detected in 67.85% of pre-term group and in 27.27% of the control group. GCF volumes of case group significantly increased than that of control group. Significant negative correlations were observed between the gestational age at delivery and PD as well as GCF- volumes. Conclusion: There is a possible link between periodontal infections and pregnancy with pre-term condition.