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Objective: To screen a processing method suitable for deodorizing of Periplaneta americana (PA) through subjective and objective evaluation combined with changes in volatile components, and explore the mechanism of deodorization. Methods: Raw, vinegar-processed, wine-processed, wheat bran-processed products of PA were prepared respectively. Volunteer sensory evaluation combined with electronic nose system was used to evaluate the odor difference between raw and processed products to screen a better processed product. HS-SPME-GC-MS and ROAV were used to analyze the key odorous components of PA. The peak area normalization method combined with multivariate statistical analysis were used to analyze the difference of volatile components between raw and processed products to explore the mechanism of processing. Results|| Volunteer scores showed that the average scores of raw, vinegar-processed, wine-processed, wheat bran-processed products were 3.38, 1.25, 2.88, and 3.04, respectively. The results of the electronic nose showed that the Euclidean distance between the raw and vinegar-processed, wine-processed, wheat bran-processed products were 7.34, 3.77 and 1.60, respectively, but the direction of scatter of vinegar-processed product was opposite to that of wine-processed product and wheat bran-processed product, suggesting that the mechanism of deodorization may be different. Vinegar processing was determined as the optimum method for deodorizing by comprehensive analysis of subjective and objective evaluation data. The key odor components of PA were 3-methyl butanal, hexanal, nonyl aldehyde, heptaldehyde, decyl aldehyde, phenyl acetaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2-pentylfuran, (+)-limonene, and myristic aldehyde. The PCA result of volatile components showed that four kinds of processed products can be clearly distinguished, and there were differences in volatile components and content. There were seven differential chemical components between raw and vinegar-processed products, including hexanal, palmitic acid, oleic acid, acetic acid, ethyl oleate, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl linoleate. The content of vinegar-processed products was lower than that of raw products, especially the key odorous component hexanal. Conclusion: The vinegar processing is a better method to improve the odor of PA, and its mechanism may be associated with reducing odorous components such as hexanal.
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In recent years, American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) has gotten more attention from researchers, and researches have demonstrated that it has wide medicinal value, low side effects, and rich resources, which should have good application prospects. This article reviewed chemical constituents and biological activities of P. americana over the past 20 years, so as to provide reference for the further development and utilization.
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AIM To study the effects of degreasing-frosting on reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy of Periplaneta americana L..METHODS The 95％ ethanol extracts from P.americana raw powder and processed products were extracted by petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water.TLC was applied to comparing the component changes in various fractions.GC-MS was used for analyzing the kinds and contents of liposoluble constituents before and after processing.Shaking flask method combined with UV spectrophotometry method was adopted in the determination of Papp values in octanol-water and different pH values (2.23,3.28,4.22,5.23,6.12,7.24,8.23,9.10,10.15 and pure water) of buffer solutions.RESULTS After the petroleum ether fraction was processed,the colors of TLC spots became much shallower,which changed more significantly with the prolonging of processing time and increase of pressure.The TLC spots in the n-butanol and water fractions were clear without obvious changes.And no TLC spots were found in the ethyl acetate fraction.The kinds of liposoluble constituents were the same before and after processing,whose absolute contents were decreased after processing.Compared with raw powder,the Papp values of minor polypeptides in various processed products at different pH values exhibited significant differences (P ＜0.05,P ＜0.01),which also showed certain differences at the same pH values.CONCLUSION Degreasing-frosting can affect the contents of liposoluble constituents in P.americana and Papp values of minor polypeptides,which may be the mechanism of reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy.
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Objective: To explore the optimal separation of polypeptides from Periplaneta americana by selecting appropriate macroporous resins and optimizing purification technology. Methods: Taking the index component test and inhibition experiment of tumor cells in vitro method as indexes, macroporous resins type was chosen and single factor test was adopted to evaluate some factors affecting separating technology. The elution position was analyzed by Automatic amino acid analyzer. Results: Macroporous resin HP20 had the best separating efficiency and the best purification conditions were as follows: the content in P. americana liquid 0.3 g/mL equivalent to raw material, the volume of drug 2 BV, the adsorption rate 2 BV/h, the volume of 70% ethanol as eluant 2 BV with elution rate of 2 BV/h. The recovery rate of polypeptides of elution position could reach 88.53% and the bound amino acids (polypeptides) was 55.64%. Conclusion: This technology is reasonable and feasible and has good separation effect, which could be used for enrichment and purification of antineoplastic compounds from P. americana.
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Objective: To prepare Periplaneta americana extract CII-3-loaded nanoparticles for oral administration, and to investigate the in vitro release profile of CII-3-loaded nanoparticles and the protection of nanoparticles for CII-3 extract in vitro. Methods: The in vitro release behavior of the CII-3-loaded nanoparticles was carried out in the artificial gastric juice, artificial intestinal juice, and pH 7.4 PBS, and the fitting of different models was performed based on the accumulative drug release percentages observed by Folin-reagent method; The amino acid content of CII-3 and CII-3-loaded nanoparticles at different time points in artificial gastric juice was determinated by ninhydrin colorimetry and degradation rates of the two drugs were compared. Results: The mean size of the resulted nanoparticles was about (109.9 ± 0.6) nm and the Zeta potential was (-37.5 ± 3.5) mV; The accumulative release level of CII-3-loaded nanoparticles Qt was (22.63 ± 1.17)% in the artificial gastric juice in the first 2 h, and then, in the artificial intestinal juice, the accumulative release level of CII-3-loaded nanoparticles over a period of 60 h was (72.35 ± 1.90)%, which was in line with Higuchi model release equations, Qt = 8.287 2 t1/2 + 7.758 6. The accumulative release level of CII-3-loaded nanoparticles was (72.67 ± 1.65)% over a period of 10 d, which was in line with Weibull equation, lnln[1/(1-Qt)] = 0.403 7 ln(t-0.411 9)-1.713 3; The CII-3 was completely degraded in 4 h in the artificial gastric juice, while about 70% of CII-3 contained in nanoparticles was degraded. Conclusion: CII-3-loaded nanoparticles have a satisfactory sustained in vitro release effect, and the stability of CII-3 contained in the nanoparticles is improved in the artificial gastric juice.
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Objective To investigate the effect of extracts from Periplaneta americana L.on reversing MDR in HepG2/ADM.Methods HepG2/ADM was induced by continuous stepwise exposer to ADM.To investigate the effect of extractive from Periplaneta americana L.on drug resistance-associated protein( P-gp、MRP、LRP和BCRP) by immunocytochemical method and RT-PCR method.Results HepG2/ADM cells to ADM shows a strong multiple drug resistance that is 10.4 times,For DDP,5-FU showed weak resistance.The extractive from Periplaneta americana L.can cut the expression of P-gp and MRP1 protein in HepG2/ADM from immunocytochemical method,and it has statistically significant.The extractive from Periplaneta americana L.can cut the expression of P-gp gene,and it has statistically significant.Conclusion The extract from Periplaneta americana L.can effectively reverse MDR in HepG2/ADM,which targets for P-gp and MRP1 protein and P-gp gene of HepG2/ADM cells.
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Objective To explore the effect of Periplaneta americana reversing multiple drug resistance (MDR) of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Methods Drug resistance of Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2/ADM was established by Adriamycin ( ADM ) increasing concentration gradient method;determined cell growth curve, doubling time change using Trypan blue staining method;detected sensitivity of 4 kinds of chemotherapeutic drugs of HepG2 and HepG2/ADM by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium method; detected the non toxic dose of Periplaneta americana CⅡ-3 and the skim cream of HepG2/ADM by MTT method; detected the inhibition rate differences of CⅡ-3, skim cream, ADM, CⅡ-3 and ADM, skim cream and ADM of hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance cell line HepG2/ADM by MTT method.Results Drug-resistant cell line doubling time was extended obviously compared with parent cells,HepG2/ADM showed resistance to variety of chemotherapeutic drugs, ADM resistant index was especially high,that was 15.25 times.When the concentration of CⅡ-3 and skim cream were 28.76 and 45.08μg/mL respectively, the growth inhibition rate of HepG2 and HepG2/ADM two cell lines were<10%,no obvious toxic effect.The inhibition rate of the drug-resistant cell of 7.5,15,30μg/mL concentration CⅡ-3 joint with ADM concentration (1/2 IC50 ) were (24.52 ±2.05)%,( 34.78 ±3.08)%,( 45.09 ±3.56)% respectively; The inhibition rate of the drug-resistant cell of 12.5,25,50μg/mL concentration skimmed cream joint with ADM concentration (1/2 IC50 ) were (19.28 ±2.56)%,(35.08 ±2.13)%,(43.85 ±3.05)%respectively.Conclusion The cell line HepG2/ADM established has basic multidrug-resistant biological characteristics.Periplaneta americana extract can inhibit the growth of HepG2/ADM,and has good effect to reverse drug resistance at the same time.
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Objective: To optimize the matrix formulation of Periplaneta americana Cream. Methods: To optimize the blank matrix formulation by D-optimal mixture design, using presentation, spread property, centrifugal stability, cold stability, and thermostability as evaluating indicators, and to investigate the dosage of P. americana extract. Results: The matrix formulation of P. americana Cream was as follows: glycerol 11.00 g, stearic acid 14.00 g, triethanolamine 3.50 g, atolein 18.00 g, petrolin 10.00 g, water 43.50 g, and the amount of P. Americana extract 1.0 g. Conclusion: D-optimal mixture design is an effective and systematic method which could optimize the matrix formulation to reach the optimum presentation and physical property.