Efforts to Promote the Comprehension of and Motivation for the Practice of Basic Life Support for Infants: A Novel Strategy for Pharmaceutical Education / 社会薬学

The mortality rate of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is more than 80% in Japan, which is markedly higher than that in adults. Basic life support (BLS) by bystanders is essential for preventing sudden cardiac death. In the model core curriculum for pharmaceutical education in 2024, students must acquire the ability to ensure public health. As part of our educational policy, pharmacy students provide a workshop on infant BLS. This workshop is incorporated after the PUSH course, an authorized training program for BLS focused on chest compressions and AED use of people over elementary school age, for convenience. We herein investigated whether infant BLS training promoted the comprehension of and motivation to perform BLS for infants and assessed the educational relevance of pharmacy students serving as instructors of the BLS training course. Questionnaire responses were obtained from participants before and after the workshop. The majority of participants were college students and childcare workers. Knowledge of infant BLS by childcare workers was significantly more extensive than that by the other participants; however, overall understanding of infant BLS and the motivation to contribute to it increased irrespective of participant backgrounds. Overall improvement was also observed in the items necessary to implement BLS excluding artificial ventilation even though the instructions were given only by pharmacy students. The present results demonstrate that infant BLS training effectively enhanced public motivation to perform BLS for infants with cardiac arrest.

Reform practice of first-class undergraduate personnel training in pharmacy specialty of colleges and universities of traditional Chinese medicine: with Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine as example / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on the requirements of first-class undergraduate talents training in pharmacy in the new era, this paper summarizes and analyzes the law, current situation and actual situation of pharmaceutical talents training in TCM colleges and universities in China, and discusses the reform and practice of first-class pharmaceutical talents training in terms of talent training mode reform, teaching staff construction, curriculum system optimization, teaching mode innovation, quality assurance system construction and innovation and entrepreneurship education in combination with the construction experience of national first-class undergraduate specialty construction point in the pharmacy of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, so as to further improve the quality of personnel training and provide a reference for excellent pharmaceutical personnel training.

Profile of activities developed by community pharmacists: do they corroborate the precepts of the pharmaceutical profession?

Studies that addressed the profile of pharmaceutical activities and behaviors in community pharmacies in the last decades pointed to a gap between community pharmacy practice and the precepts of the profession. Facing the need to analyze whether the new legislation has impacted this scenario, the objective of this study was to describe the general profile and academic profile of community pharmacists, and the profile of the activities they develop, as well as to know their place of work. This is a descriptive study, to which all pharmacists in charge of community pharmacies in the metropolitan area of ​​Belo Horizonte-MG (n = 1624) were invited. Data collection was performed through a questionnaire validated online, from October to December 2017, via Google Docs®. Responses were obtained from 109 pharmacists, most of them female, aged 31-40 years, being general graduates, and in private institutions. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, an activity linked to clinical management, is performed by only 37.60% of pharmacists, evidencing that there is still a lag in relation to the provision of clinical services by community pharmacists. Thus, we emphasize the importance of implementing the precepts established by Brazilian curricular guidelines for undergraduate pharmacy courses which focus on the development of clinical skills, since the insertion of the pharmacist into the health team and the provision of clinical services to the community can add new value to the use of medications, and contribute effectively to their rational use in Brazil.

The Effects of Short-term Clinical Pharmacy Learning Trips on English Learning Motives in 5th-year Pharmacy Students / 医学教育

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess changes in attitudes and motivation of selected Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences (TUPLS) student pharmacists who participated in two-week Clinical Pharmacy Educational Programs (CPEPs) at two US schools of pharmacy.Method: Questionnaires were distributed to the fifth-year pharmacy students who had participated in two CPEPs groups at University of Southern California (USC) or University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) between August 2013-2016. Questionnaires contained items assessing attitudes and motivation toward English learning. Items were in the form of statements to which participants' responses were measured using a numerical rating scale (0-10; ranging from 0 = "I do not agree at all" to 10 = "I agree completely").Results: 128 responses were analyzed between both participants at USC and UCSF (The follow-up rate was 100%). After participation in CPEPs, the mean score (confidence interval) of ‘I like English' and ‘I feel comfortable talking with English speakers' significantly increased in both groups relative to the baseline (USC group vs. UCSF group, 0.6 (0.2-1.1) vs. 0.5 (0.1-0.9), 1.0 (0.6-1.5) vs. 1.3 (0.9-1.7), respectively). However, the mean increase in score of ‘English ability comes to be needed for me to make in my future careers' and ‘I hope to have opportunities for studying or working abroad in the future' in UCSF group was significantly greater than the baseline, which showed a mean score increase of 0.5 (0.2-0.9) and 0.7 (0.3-1.2), respectively.Conclusions: The current study suggests that CPEPs even two-weeks programs, may stimulate English learning motivation, especially integrative motivation for pharmacy student participants.

Avaliação das atitudes de colaboração entre estudantes de graduação dos cursos de Farmácia e Medicina na Universidade de São Paulo / Evaluation of collaboration attitudes among undergraduate students of Pharmacy and Medicine courses at the University of São Paulo

A prática farmacêutica vem, ao longo dos anos, mudando o seu foco, uma vez que as mudanças de perfil epidemiológico, como a elevação da expectativa de vida, a diversidade de enfermidades crônicas, bem como a morbimortalidade associada ao uso de medicamentos e o aumento dos gastos com saúde, requerem acompanhamento prolongado de pacientes e abordagem integral que contemple as múltiplas dimensões da assistência à saúde dos usuários e da população em geral, com ênfase em prevenção e educação em saúde. Atributos importantes dos profissionais de saúde incluem, mas não estão limitados, à empatia cognitiva, a colaboração interprofissional e as orientações centradas no paciente. Instrumentos de pesquisa para medir cada um desses atributos foram projetados e validados em diferentes graus. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de cooperação entre estudantes de graduação dos cursos de Farmácia e de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Campus da Capital. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal, quantitativo, com aplicação de questionário online construído e validado especificamente para avaliar o grau de cooperação entre estudantes de todos os anos de graduação dos cursos de Farmácia e de Medicina. Os dados foram coletados por meio do envio do questionário aos estudantes dos dois cursos, o qual contempla dados sócio-demográficos, contato prévio com a prática interprofissional e a versão validada para o português do instrumento "Scale of Attitudes Toward Pharmacist-Physician Collaboration". Foi realizada análise estatística empregandose métodos descritivos (média, mediana e desvio padrão) e inferenciais (Software R - teste t de Student e ANOVA). Com o presente estudo, observou-se que, de maneira geral, os estudantes dos dois cursos são favoráveis às práticas interprofissionais, porém, os dados apontam que os estudantes de Farmácia se mostram mais favoráveis a estas práticas quando comparados aos de Medicina. São necessários mais estudos para aprofundar as causas das diferenças encontradas entre os dois grupos e no que diz respeito à relação das atividades de educação interprofissional e a percepção dos estudantes quanto à colaboração médicofarmacêutico

The pharmaceutical practice has, over the years, changing its focus, since the epidemiological profile changes, such as increased life expectancy, the diversity of chronic diseases, as well as the morbidity and mortality associated with the use of drugs and the increase in health spending, require prolonged follow-up of patients and require comprehensive approach that addresses the multiple dimensions of health care users and the general population, with emphasis on prevention and health education. Important health professionals attributes include, but are not limited to cognitive empathy, interprofessional collaboration, and guidance centered on the patient. Research tools to measure each of these attributes have been designed and validated to varying degrees. The objective of this study is to measure and evaluate the level of cooperation among undergraduate students of Pharmacy and Medicine courses at the University of São Paulo, Campus Capital. It is a transversal, quantitative study with online application of online questionnaire developed and validated specifically to evaluate the level of cooperation between students from all undergraduate years of Pharmacy and Medicine courses. Data will be collected by sending the questionnaire to students from both courses. The questionnaire will be prepared on the basis of the Federal University of Sergipe tool and every student can respond to even just once. It will be performed the statistical analysis employing descriptive methods (mean, median and standard deviation) and inferential (Software R - Student's t-test and ANOVA). With the present study, it was observed that, in general, the students of the two courses are favorable to interprofessional practices, however the data indicate that the students of pharmacy are more favorable when compared to those of medicine. Further studies are necessary to look into the causes of the differences found between the two groups and also regarding the relation of the activities of interprofessional education and the students' perception regarding the physician-pharmacist collaboration

On the Actual Condition of Medicine Education at Junior High School and the Role Required for School Pharmacists / 社会薬学

In order to promote the proper use of medicines, it is important to conduct effective pharmaceutical education and establish a basic knowledge of medicines. We investigated to clarify the current situation and issues of pharmaceutical education. In June 2017, we administered surveys to 1,152 junior high school third graders and 23 health and physical education teachers who taught pharmacy in junior high schools. A total of 1,079 junior high school third graders and 23 health and physical education teachers answered the survey. We found that 6.5% of the students were taking health foods and supplements, and 17.9% always carried medicines. Further, 30.7% of the students regularly checked the effects and side effects of the medicines they took. Moreover, while only 9.0% of the students knew the word “self-medication,” 66.6% had a prescription notebook. Meanwhile, 39.1% of health and physical education teachers were conducting pharmaceutical education classes. Some of them developed their own textbook. All teachers answered that they would like to promote pharmaceutical education. As it was found that junior high school third graders take medicines daily, it is important to develop an educational system that enables them to further improve pharmaceutical education in junior high schools and to acquire correct knowledge. Therefore, it is important that school pharmacists actively participate in pharmaceutical education and promote close cooperation with physical education teachers.

On the Actual Condition of Medicine Education at Junior High School and the Role Required for School Pharmacists / 社会薬学

In order to promote the proper use of medicines, it is important to conduct effective pharmaceutical education and establish a basic knowledge of medicines. We investigated to clarify the current situation and issues of pharmaceutical education. In June 2017, we administered surveys to 1,152 junior high school third graders and 23 health and physical education teachers who taught pharmacy in junior high schools. A total of 1,079 junior high school third graders and 23 health and physical education teachers answered the survey. We found that 6.5% of the students were taking health foods and supplements, and 17.9% always carried medicines. Further, 30.7% of the students regularly checked the effects and side effects of the medicines they took. Moreover, while only 9.0% of the students knew the word “self-medication,” 66.6% had a prescription notebook. Meanwhile, 39.1% of health and physical education teachers were conducting pharmaceutical education classes. Some of them developed their own textbook. All teachers answered that they would like to promote pharmaceutical education. As it was found that junior high school third graders take medicines daily, it is important to develop an educational system that enables them to further improve pharmaceutical education in junior high schools and to acquire correct knowledge. Therefore, it is important that school pharmacists actively participate in pharmaceutical education and promote close cooperation with physical education teachers.

O ensino de farmácia no sul do Brasil: preparando farmacêuticos para o Sistema Único de Saúde? / Pharmacy education in southern Brazil: preparing pharmacists for the Unified Health System? / La enseñanza de farmacia en el sur de Brasil: preparando farmacéuticos para el Sistema Único de Salud?

Resumo O processo de formação em saúde enfrenta o desafio da transformação e está sendo direcionado para o atendimento das necessidades do Sistema Único de Saúde. Este artigo analisa a apropriação das diretrizes curriculares nacionais por cursos de graduação em Farmácia com foco na formação direcionada à assistência farmacêutica, além da participação docente e discente nas práticas de aproximação entre ensino e realidade de atuação no Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram realizadas análise documental das matrizes curriculares e projetos político-pedagógicos dos cursos de Farmácia de instituições de ensino superior públicas e privadas do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná, bem como entrevista semiestruturada com estudantes e professores de cursos de Santa Catarina. A adoção das diretrizes curriculares nacionais ocorreu em momentos diferentes a partir de 2002, e as bases teóricas, evidenciadas pela oferta de disciplinas, também se mostraram bastante desiguais entre os cursos. O estágio foi a estratégia mais comum para a aproximação entre ensino e serviço; nos cursos com o Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho em Saúde, observou-se melhor compreensão do Sistema Único de Saúde por parte dos estudantes. O estudo indica a necessidade de se repensar criticamente as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e de que forma vêm sendo implementadas pelos cursos de Farmácia.

Abstract The process of training in health faces a challenge of transformation and is being guided to meet the needs of the National Health System. This article analyzes how undergraduate courses in pharmacy have addressed the national curriculum guidelines, with a focus on training directed to pharmaceutical assistance, as well as on faculty and student participation in practices aiming to bring together teaching and the reality of working in the National Health System. A documentary analysis was made of the curricula and political-pedagogical projects of Pharmacy courses at public and private higher education institutions in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews with students and professors of courses in Santa Catarina were also conducted. The National Curriculum Guidelines have been adopted at different times since 2002, and the theoretical bases, as evidenced by the offer of subjects, also showed quite substantial differences among the courses. Internships were the most common strategy to draw teaching and service closer together; in courses with the Program of Education through Work in Health, it was noted there was a better understanding of the NHS among students. The study points to the need to critically rethink the National Curriculum Guidelines and how they have been implemented by the Pharmacy courses.

Resumen El proceso de formación en salud enfrenta el desafío de la transformación y está siendo dirigido hacia la atención de las necesidades del Sistema Único de Salud. Este artículo analiza la apropiación de las directrices curriculares nacionales por cursos de graduación en Farmacia, centrándose en la formación dirigida a la asistencia farmacéutica, además de la participación docente y discente en las prácticas de aproximación entre enseñanza y realidad de actuación en el Sistema Único de Salud. Se realizó el análisis documental de las matrices curriculares y proyectos políticos y pedagógicos de los cursos de Farmacia de instituciones de enseñanza superior, públicas y privadas, de Río Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina y Paraná, así como una entrevista semiestructurada con estudiantes y profesores de cursos de Santa Catarina. La adopción de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales tuvo lugar en momentos diferentes a partir de 2002, y las bases teóricas, puestas de manifiesto por la oferta de disciplinas, también se mostraron bastante desiguales entre los cursos. La pasantía fue la estrategia más común para la aproximación entre enseñanza y servicio; en los cursos con el Programa de Educación por el Trabajo en Salud, se observó mejor comprensión del SUS por parte de los estudiantes. El estudio señala la necesidad de repensar críticamente las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales y de qué forma están siendo implementadas por los cursos de Farmacia.

Da sala de aula à práxis clínica no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde: o currículo de Farmácia frente às necessidades da população brasileira / From the classroom to the clinical practice within the National Healtcare System: Pharmacy's curriculum facing Brazilian population's needs

As mudanças ocorridas no Sistema Único de Saúde nos últimos anos, associadas às mudanças nas políticas educacionais, forçaram uma modificação na atuação do profissional farmacêutico. Nesse sentido, o farmacêutico necessita adquirir capacitação para atuar em conjunto com a Equipe Multiprofissional de Saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o ensino superior em Farmácia no Brasil capacita o farmacêutico a atuar em colaboração com a Equipe Multiprofissional de Saúde dentro dos preceitos do Sistema Único de Saúde. Com base em metodologia quanti-qualitativa, este trabalho analisou projetos político-pedagógicos e o cenário clínico de hospitais universitários de cinco instituições de ensino superior brasileiras, e estudou, a partir de questionários qualitativos, aplicados a diversos profissionais de saúde, as necessidades da equipe em relação à atividade do farmacêutico. Verificou-se inserção ainda modesta do farmacêutico, muitas vezes causada pela falta de conhecimento da equipe sobre sua função ou por uma sensação de falta de preparo do próprio profissional. Também, a análise dos documentos oriundos dos cursos permitiu a constatação da falta de um olhar direcionado para o Sistema Único de Saúde e para a formação clínica. Poucas iniciativas curriculares tem surgido nesse sentido. Por fim, são apresentadas propostas, por meio de mapeamento conceitual, para se pensar um currículo em que coexistam a formação técnica, já tradicional, e a formação clínica, permitindo abarcar essa última, deixada de lado a partir de meados do século XX, que retorna hoje como uma demanda social

Recent modification in the Brazilian's Public Health System, associated with changes in educational policies for higher education, forced a change in the pharmacist's professional performance area. Accordingly, the pharmacist needs to acquire capacity to act in conjunction with the Health Multidisciplinary Team. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate whether higher education in Brazil Pharmacy Schools enables the professional to work in collaboration with the Health Multidisciplinary Team within the precepts of National Public Health System. Based on quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study analyzed political-pedagogical projects and the clinical setting of university hospitals of five Brazilian higher education institutions, and studied from qualitative questionnaires applied to various health professionals the needs of the Multidisciplinary Health Team in having as a team member the pharmacist. There was verified a still modest insertion of the pharmacist in health teams, often caused by lack of staff knowledge about their function or by a sense of lack of readiness of the professional himself. Also, the analysis of documents from Pharmacy courses led to confirmation of the lack of educational policies directed to the National Public Health System and clinical training. Few curriculum initiatives have arisen in this regard. Finally, proposals are developed through conceptual mapping, to think of a Pharmacy course curriculum that can coexist in both the technical training as clinical training, allowing embrace this professional area of actuation that was set aside from the mid-twentieth century and returns today as a social demand

A research on the setting and the selection mechanism of awards in American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore awards setting and selection mechanism in American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. METHODS: Adopting the methods of history and comparison, the article analyzes the establishment or the first presentation time, purpose, naming, eligibility, period, approach, award. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It is the main organization that American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy leads the development of America pharmaceutical education. Since 1969, 9 awards have been set up in pharmaceutical education category by American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. The article reveals the features and operation mechanism of the awards system and provides a reference for the study of the awards in the field of China pharmaceutical education.

Ensino farmacêutico no Brasil na perspectiva de uma formação clínica / Pharmacist education in brazil from a clinical perspective

O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir a interação entre ensino e prática farmacêutica voltada para a formação clínica. A metodologia consistiu na busca, leitura e discussão de materiais impressos ou em formato eletrônico relacionados à temática. Os resultados apresentam uma pequena introdução sobre a evolução da profissão farmacêutica, que foi acompanhada pelo ensino, para, então, discutir as propostas que vêm sendo empregadas para garantir o desenvolvimento das diversas habilidades necessárias à práxis farmacêutica, sobretudo no âmbito clínico. Por muito tempo, o ofício farmacêutico esteve relacionado com a manipulação dos medicamentos, mas, com a ascensão da indústria farmacêutica, o profissional perdeu esse papel, indo atuar nas análises clínicas e na indústria. Na tentativa de reaproximar o farmacêutico da farmácia, resgatando o seu papel social, surgiram diversas propostas, como a Farmácia Clínica e a Atenção Farmacêutica. Entretanto, a incorporação da dimensão clínica na prática profissional exige uma adequação dos cursos de formação. Algumas experiências foram adotadas e são praticadas há muito tempo, como projetos de extensão e Farmácia-Escola. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, tem se difundido o uso de metodologias ativas, como as estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem baseadas na problematização, uso de realidade virtual, jogos e outros tipos de simulação. Todas essas práticas pedagógicas, inovadoras ou não, são úteis no processo ensino-aprendizagem, mas apenas se forem utilizadas na perspectiva de otimizar os resultados da farmacoterapia, melhorando a qualidade de vida dos usuários de medicamentos...

The aim of this study was to discuss the interaction between education and the practice of pharmacy, with a focus on clinical training. The methodology consisted in the discussion of papers and books related to the theme. The findings constitute a short introduction to the development of the pharmaceutical profession, which evolved side-by-side with teaching, and then discuss the measures that have been proposed to ensure the development of the various skills necessary for pharmaceutical practice, above all in the clinical setting. For a long time, the pharmacist was related to the handling of medicines, but the rise of the pharmaceutical industry led to the loss of this role, so that the pharmacist went to work in the industry and clinical analysis. In an attempt to bring pharmacists back to the pharmacy, rescuing their social role, several proposals were put forward, such as Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care. However, the incorporation of the clinical dimension into professional practice requires adjustments in the training courses. Some experiments were put into practice long ago, such as Faculty extension and Faculty-Pharmacy projects. In recent years, the use of active methods has been spreading, such as strategies for teaching and learning based on the use of problems, virtual reality, games and other types of simulation. All these teaching practices, innovative or not, are useful in the teaching-learning process, but only if used with a view to enhancing the results of pharmacotherapy, thus improving the quality of life of patients...

Comparative analysis of knowledge maps in American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Education / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The number of papers published in American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Education from 2003 to 2013 was calculated .The knowledge maps of research hot spots and co-operation maps of research institutions in the two journals were plotted .The different research-oriented key points and the cooperative relationship between different research institutions in the two journals and the problems existed in domestic journals of pharmaceutical education were analyzed with certain suggestions put forward for the solution of the problems existed in domestic journals of pharmaceutical education .

Self-Evaluation of Pharmacy Students about the Learning Effects and the Feelings of Anxiety in Advanced Pharmacy Practical Experience / 医学教育

  In this study a questionnaire was administered to fifth–year pharmacy students at Meijo University who had participated in advanced pharmacy practical experiences（APPEs）. The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of acquisition（4 items）by these students after APPEs and the feelings of anxiety and fatigue（5 items）that resulted from the APPEs. The APPEs were provided at a community pharmacy and a hospital, and each session lasted 11 weeks.<br>1）Regardless of whether the participants had their first APPE sessions at a community pharmacy or a hospital, their self–evaluation revealed that after the first APPE session, their knowledge, skills, and attitude about their duties had improved and that their understanding of their mission was enhanced. These findings suggest that effective learning occurred during the first APPE session.<br>2）Throughout the APPE period, the participants did not feel intense anxiety about the instructions or advice they received from coaching pharmacists or faculty instructors.<br>3）The participants felt mental fatigue more intensely than physical fatigue throughout the APPE period. However, the fatigue they felt was less intense than that predicted before training. Perceived fatigue was more intense when the APPEs were held at a hospital rather than at a community pharmacy.

Perfil profesional del Licenciado en Farmacia de la Universidad de Oriente, Cuba / Professional profile of the Bachelor of Pharmacy in Universidad de Oriente, Cuba

Teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de un currículo que garantice una formación universitaria universal, contextual, flexible y comprometida con la realidad social y profesional, en el presente trabajo se diseñó el perfil profesional que caracterizará al egresado de la Licenciatura en Ciencias Farmacéuticas de la Universidad de Oriente, Cuba. Se utilizó para ello el Modelo de Actuación Profesional; se precisó el problema profesional, el objeto de la profesión y el objetivo profesional, y sobre la base del sentido articulador entre estas configuraciones se definieron los campos, esferas y modos de actuación, dejando explícito, además, los objetivos educativos e instructivos que se aspiran alcanzar

Taking into account the need of a curriculum assuring universal, contextual and flexible university formation that is committed to the social and professional realities of the country, the present paper designed the professional profile of the Pharmaceutical Sciences graduate in the University of Oriente, Cuba. To this end, the Professional Performance Model was used; the professional problem, the object of the profession and the professional objectives were defined. On the basis of the articulation of these configurations, the various fields, spheres and modes of performance were established, thus clearly stating the educational and learning objectives that are expected to be attained

Investigation of pharmacy postgraduate students' career planning at Peking University / 中华医学科研管理杂志

We carried out a questionnaire survey on the career planning situation of pharmacy postgraduate students at Peking university, so as to collect information for career planning education of pharmacy postgraduate students, which is expected to promote their employment on completion of degree. by. The results revealed the status quo of career planning and the demand for guidance in this aspect. Recommendations for career planning education of pharmacy postgraduate students were made thereby.

Practical Training at a Hospital Pharmacy Improved the Drug Information Literacy of Pharmacy Students / 医薬品情報学

<b>Objective: </b>Drug information literacy is necessary for pharmacists.  This study investigated the effect of practical training on the drug information literacy of pharmacy students.<br><b>Methods: </b>We conducted practical training in the drug information room of hospital pharmacy.  Then we asked the students two questions before and after the training.  We scored the drug information responses of students using four-point rating scales based on objective criteria.  We compared the scores obtained before and after training.  In addition, we researched the realization of several secondary and tertiary sources using a visual analog scale (VAS).  We then compared VAS findings before and after the training.<br><b>Results: </b>The score for drug information responses was significantly improved.  For sources other than MEDLINE (Pub Med), the VAS score also improved.  The students were aware of the information on package inserts before training.  There was significant improvement in awareness of books about pregnancy and lactation (e.g. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation) after training.  However, there were significant individual differences in awareness of MEDLINE, Up To Date, and the Cochrane Library.<br><b>Conclusion: </b>This practical training experience improved the drug information literacy of pharmacy students.  Before training, there were significant deficiencies in the process of literature search.  Therefore, this training was effective for advancement in drug information literacy of pharmacy students.

Survey of Education about Over-the-counter Drugs in Pharmaceutical Universities / 医薬品情報学

<b>Objective: </b>Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs play an important role in medical treatment.  Triage and counseling by pharmacists are important to ensure that self-medication with OTC drugs is effective.<br><b>Methods: </b>We conducted a questionnaire survey to evaluate the education about OTC drugs offered by 79 Japanese pharmaceutical universities, from August to September 2009.  The questionnaire asked whether or not lectures and practical training concerning OTC drugs are given to students, and if so, the number of hours and the school year in which they are given.  Questions about future plans were also included.<br><b>Results: </b>The response rate was 70 %.  Eighty percent of respondent universities gave lectures on OTC drugs, and 98 % expected to do so in the future.  Lectures on OTC drugs were most commonly given in the fourth year.  Fifty percent of universities offered practical training about OTC drugs, and 75 % expected to do so in the future.<br><b>Conclusion: </b>Compared with our 2005 survey, the number of universities offering lectures had increased more than twofold.  Although education about OTC drugs in pharmaceutical universities has improved, it remains insufficient.

O lugar da farmacognosia na formação em farmácia: questões epistemológicas e suas implicações para o ensino / The place of pharmacognosy in the pharmaceutical education: epistemological issues and their implications for teaching

O presente ensaio propõe a discussão de questões epistemológicas referentes ao ensino de Farmacognosia e seu papel na formação e apropriação de uma cultura científica entre os estudantes dos cursos de Farmácia, além das possibilidades de contribuição da disciplina para o estabelecimento de um novo modelo de prática profissional. Defende que há uma estreita relação entre a crise de identidade profissional da Farmácia e incongruências epistemológicas na matriz disciplinar da Farmacognosia, o que, do ponto de vista pedagógico implica em obstáculos para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da disciplina. Além disso, o caráter experimental da Farmacognosia comporta uma concepção de ciência e do objeto de conhecimento que influenciam na seleção de conteúdos e pode constituir obstáculos na mediação e apropriação de conhecimentos e demandas necessárias para a prática profissional da Farmácia.

This paper proposes the discussion of epistemological issues concerning the teaching of pharmacognosy and its role in training and ownership of a scientific culture among students of the courses of Pharmacy, in addition to the potential contribution of the discipline for the establishment of a new model of professional practice. It argues that there is a close link between the crisis of professional identity of Pharmacy and epistemological inconsistencies in the disciplinary matrix of pharmacognosy, which from a teaching point of view it involves obstacles to the process of teaching and learning the discipline. Moreover, the experimental nature of pharmacognosy includes a conception of science and the object of knowledge that influences the selection of content and may constitute obstacles in mediation and appropriation of knowledge and demands for the pharmacy practice.

Exploration of Long-term MTO Training Mechanism for Pharmaceutical Staff / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the long-term "market to order" (MTO) training mechanism for pharmaceutical employees,and provide reference for the development of college-level pharmaceutical education.METHODS:The characteristics of MTO training were studied and the difficulties and problems of the training model were analyzed to put forward countermeasures.RESULTS:Cooperation between schools and employers of MTO training model was influenced by social environment factors,and it also was limited by operating risk of employers and two-way choice of employment.CONCLUSION:MTO training is new type of personnel training model based on schools,students and employers.The training model completely demonstrates the role of schools and employer in personnel training.It contributes to improve comprehensive quality of students and resolve disconnection between school education and demands of employer.

Exploration and Practice to Enhance the Quality of Graduation Practice in Pharmaceutical Education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Under the guidance of the principle of combining practice with employment,we make the exploration to enhance the quality of graduation practice in pharmaceutical education by establishing the corresponding system as the basis,mobilizing students to practice actively as the gurantee,and keeping effective management of papers as the strategy means.