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Clinical pharmacy is an important part of hospital pharmacy. Education of clinical pharmacy is one of the most important tasks in clinical pharmacy personnel training. At present, there is a considerable progress in the development of clinical pharmacy education in China, however, the professional quality of clinical pharmacists is still insufficient and there is a gap between the disciplinary education and clinical practice. In this article, we discuss the origin, development, academic degree, curriculum, teaching methods and practice certification of clinical pharmacy education in China and in United States, in order to explore the applicable methods of clinical pharmacy education in China. It will provide ideas and references for the optimization of the training of clinical pharmacy professionals, accelerating the development of clinical pharmacy in China.
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the formulation of Chinese pharmacy accreditation criteria. METHODS： By literature method， the evolution of American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy （AACP） membership criteria were described， and the development of Chinese pharmacy accreditation criteria were also described. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： The membership criteria of AACP are characterized by attaching importance to investigation and research， highlighting goal orientation， keeping pace with the times， and strengthening process supervision. The pharmacy accreditation criteria in China was mainly promoted by the competent education department from top to bottom， which has the characteristics of government dominance， decision-making authority and caution. Compared with the American pharmacy accreditation criteria， there were some problems in our country， such as slow response to professional changes， poor flexibility of system and insufficient reflection of overall professional development. Although there is no real similar organization in China， the development of AAPA membership criteria can be used for reference in China， such as the close relationship between pharmacy industry associations and accreditation organizations， strengthening the construction of pharmaceutical accreditation organizations to maintain their independence and specialty， pharmacy standards dynamic adjustment， etc.
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The increase and flexibilization of e-learning in Brazil has generated concern about the low capacity to ensure the quality of institutions and courses. The objective is to identify the literature on experiences of pharmaceutical e-learning. A scope review was carried out, mapping key concepts and evidence. The selected articles, without period restriction, from the Scielo, Pubmed and Scopus databases provided data on the educational level of experience, modality, workload, content delivery method, instruments used, types of topics, evaluation information and purpose of the study. There were 87 articles on preparation for subsequent classes; feedback or continuation of previous classes; to specific training; the comparison between face-to-face and distance education modalities; and distance learning. Among the subjects treated, 51.8% involved pharmaceutical clinic and 42.5% basic science. Positive student assessment was found in more than 92% of cases. Isolation, and deficits in social and analytical skills were negative points. Technology infrastructure can impact learning. In Brazil, the health area has manifested opposition to the use of distance education in undergraduate studies. There is no evidence on the organization of undergraduate distance courses, but there are elements indicating risks to the results of training and development of professional skills in this modality.
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OBJETIVO: Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma revisão integrativa de literatura sobre integração ensino-serviço de acadêmicos de farmácia com o Sistema Único de Saúde, que buscou analisar as diferentes contribuições da integração ensino-serviço para o processo de formação do futuro proï¬ssional farmacêutico. FONTE DE DADOS: Pesquisaram-se publicações posteriores a 2002, nas bases de dados Literatura Latino- Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Scientiï¬c Electronic Library Online (SciELO) , utilizando como pergunta norteadora: "Quais as contribuições que as experiências vivenciadas no Sistema Único de Saúde trazem para o processo de formação de farmacêuticos?". Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão nas 1.189 publicações encontradas, a amostra ï¬nal incluiu 12 estudos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram as contribuições da integração ensino-serviço para a formação dos farmacêuticos, a importância das políticas interministeriais e o papel do Sistema Único de Saúde como cenário de prática no processo de formação. Conclui-se que a integração dos alunos de farmácia com os serviços públicos de saúde contribui para a formação de um proï¬ssional apto a responder aos desaï¬os contemporâneos da saúde e capaz de incorporar uma visão mais aprofundada dos problemas sociais do País.
AIMS: This article presents the results of an integrative review of literature on the teaching- service integration of pharmacy undergraduate students with the Uniï¬ed Health System, which sought to analyze the diï¬erent contributions of the teaching-service integration to the process of training the future pharmaceutical professional. DATA SOURCES: Publications from 2002 on were searched in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Scientiï¬c Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases with the following guiding question: "What are the contributions the experiences in the Uniï¬ed Health System bring to the process of pharmacists training?". After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the 1,189 publications found, the ï¬nal sample included 12 studies . CONCLUSIONS : The results showed the contributions of the teaching-service integration to the training of pharmacists, the importance of interministerial policies and the role of the Uniï¬ed Health System as a practice scenario in the training process. It has been concluded that the integration of pharmacy students with public health services contributes to the formation of a professional capable of responding to the contemporary challenges of health management and capable of incorporating a deeper vision of the social problems of the country.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the motive force factors of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy emerging and provide advises for development of Chinese pharmacy education. METHODS: The motive force factors of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy emerging were analyzed using literature research and historical research methods based on text. RESULTS: The rapid development of American pharmaceutical education in nineteenth Century is the fundamental emerging motive force of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. They are mainly manifested in the way of teaching, teaching content, teachers' strength and the number of pharmaceutical colleges and universities. The problems faced by American pharmaceutical education are the realistic emerging impetus of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. They are mainly manifested in different qualifications for admission, different requirements for qualifications, different academic system, confusing degree, conservative and outdated association organization of pharmaceutical colleges and universities and vicious competition among pharmacy colleges and universities. The effort of the people of insight in the American pharmaceutical education is the direct emerging motive force of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. CONCLUSION: China pharmacy education should strengthen the connotation construction of the pharmacy colleges, deepen the reform of pharmaceutical education with a problem oriented approach and give full play to the role of experts and scholars in the pharmaceutical education field.
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OBJECTIVE:To introduce training mode of American Pharm. D. project,and to provide reference for pharmacy education mode reform and cultivation of new pharmaceutical talents meeting the needs of pharmaceutical care in the new era in China. METHODS:The training mode,teaching concept,course setting and teaching method of American Pharm. D. project were investigated by observing and learning teaching course of pharmacy practice department in University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC). The characteristics of American pharmacy education represented by UNMC were summarized,and the suggestion for pharmacy education reform in China was put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Based on the goal of pharmacy talent cultivation for pharmaceutical care,American pharmacy education confirms and improves training process and course system around the career development goal of pharmacists,pays attention to humanistic concern and pharmacist vocational ability training in teaching mode, focuses on modern teaching technology and diversified teaching methods during teaching course, and implements strict formative evaluation to evaluate teaching effectiveness. Chinese pharmacy education should learn from the successful experience of American Pharm. D. project,confirm the training goal of service-oriented pharmaceutical talents,optimize training procedure and course system of clinical pharmacy major adhere to the goal of vocational development,focus on vocational ability and humanistic care training,actively utilize modern educational technology and diversified teaching methods,gradually combin formative evaluation with summative evaluation,and eventually transfer to the formative evaluation-centered evaluation system,so as to cultivate service-oriented pharmaceutical talents who meet the actual needs of China.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the development trend of the American pharmacy education and provide reference for development of Chinese pharmacy education by analyzing American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Strategic Plan. METHODS: Adopting the methods of literature research and analysis of induction based on text, the article studies the development trend of American pharmaceutical education. RESULTS: The development trend of the American pharmacy education could be summarized following 6 aspects: maintaining the applicant pipeline, creating a new portrait of pharmacists and pharmacy careers, transformation of innovative pharmacy education and practice, paying more attention to the role of information technology in pharmacy education, displaying the leadership and collaboration role of AACP, showing the pharmacy value and sustaining development by advocacy. CONCLUSION: China pharmacy education should strengthen the study of mission and vision, attach great importance to the quality of students and reform and innovation of education teaching, shape pharmaceutical professional image by advocacy and show the leadership and collaboration role of industry associations.
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Community pharmacies in Nepal and other South Asian countries are in a mediocre state due to poor regulation and the fact that many pharmacies are run by people with insufficient training in dispensing. This has led to the inappropriate use of medicines. The problems due to poor regulation and the mediocre state of community pharmacies in South Asia encompass both academia and clinical practice. In this paper, a 2-week community pharmacy internship programme completed by 2 graduating pharmacy students of Pokhara University (a Nepalese public university) at Sankalpa Pharmacy, Pokhara, Nepal is illustrated. During the internship, they were systematically trained on store management, pharmaceutical care, counselling skills, the use of medical devices, pharmaceutical business plans, medicine information sources, and adverse drug reaction reporting. An orientation, observations and hands-on training, case presentation, discussion, and feedback from 2 senior pharmacists were used as the training method. A proper community pharmacy internship format, good pharmacy practice standards, and a better work environment for pharmacists may improve the quality of community pharmacies.
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Humans , Asia , Asian People , Commerce , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Education, Pharmacy , Internship and Residency , Methods , Nepal , Pharmaceutical Services , Pharmacies , Pharmacists , Pharmacy , Students, PharmacyABSTRACT
Although all the pharmacy programs (1 public and 2 private) in Mongolia comply with the national standard for pharmacy higher education D 723400 (MNS 5323-126: 2012), competence based learning has not been introduced yet. Also, pharmaceutical public health service needs have not been assessed in community pharmacies of Mongolia. Our goal was to assess the learning needs of pharmacists’ public health competencies and link pharmacy education with the health needs of populations.This cross-sectional, in-pharmacy survey was conducted in a simple random sample of community pharmacies in 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar city central region, which provide price discount on selected drugs through national health insurance. The survey was developed with evidence for reliability and validity and focused on two main needs assessment: pharmaceutical public health (PPH) serviceprovision and PPH competencies learning. Open ended and 3 point scale (1=great benefit; 2=some benefit; 3=no benefit) questions were used to obtain: general information, public health service knowledge, and needs of learning PPH competencies. Descriptive statistics and comparisons using STATA 13 were performed.A total of 248 surveys were obtained (pharmacists n=82; customers n=166). Pharmacist knowledge/skills greatly impacted the public’s decision to use expanded services. The customers reported high levels (75.3%) of needs with pharmacists providing advice on health promotion and healthy life style. 47.6% of the pharmacists replied having knowledge on health promotion and disease prevention is a great benefit to their practice.Our findings indicate that the public is very interested in pharmaceutical public health services and believe they will benefit. Also pharmacists need to be trained ecessary competencies.
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Improvement of pharmaceutical qualification examination system is important for systematic and professional development of pharmaceutical industry.Korea has set up the pharmaceutical qualification examination system including pharmacy education eligibility test and pharmacist state examination.Pharmacy education eligibility test aims to select talents to get 2+4 years' pharmacy higher education and the competitiveness showed a trend of increase implemented since 2010.The candidates always major in engineering/natural/agriculture,chemistry,biology,humanistic society and ect,during preparatory course.While average pass rate of'pharmacist state examination was only 73.7％,which act as the passport to becoming a pharmacist of Korea,showed high difficulty compared to physicians and nurses.The pharmaceutical professional talents selection system in Korea was established through the difficult and sustainable pharmacy qualification examination system,and achieved the systematic,professional development of pharmaceutical industry,which can be used for reference for China.
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To cultivate more excellent pharmacists, ensuring patients rational drug use, standardiza-tion training of hospital pharmacists in Beijing has been carried out since 2000, and the wonderful effect has been achieved. The teaching methods mainly include centralized training model, small lectures, practice teaching and self-study. The training teaching content mainly includes prescription audit, drug dispensing and management as well as the pharmaceutical care. In this paper, based on the analysis of the status quo, it is recommended that detailed training formulate, teaching methods and content of the second stage of the training about the training management policy, and the clinicians teaching should be added to the contents of teaching. The thought moral qualities, laws and regula tions, as well as academic and research training should also be added to the teaching content.
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Taking Pharm .D .degree education in School of Pharmacy ,University of Pittsburgh as an example ,this pa-per introduced the American pharmacists training system ,degree setting for service-oriented pharmacy students ,training objec-tive ,course design ,teaching staff and other aspects .This paper also reviewed pharmacy education and professional develop-ments for licensed pharmacists in China .Based on the successful experience abroad ,proposals were made to modify the domes-tic pharmacy education .The process of personnel training should be emphasized to improve the quality and capability of licensed pharmacists in China .
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Nowadays, community pharmacist plays an important role in medication counseling, patients’ side effects monitoring and drug information delivery. The need of patient counseling has become a vital part of the pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care. Through Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) program, pharmacists can develop into professions in different areas including drug delivery, drug information, technology and patient education. This study was conducted to evaluate the perception of community pharmacists towards patient counseling and continuing education program in Sabah and Sarawak, East Malaysia. A cross-sectional study design utilizing questionnaires was prepared by an extensive literature review. The research was carried out in four major areas in Sarawak; Sibu, Kuching, Bintulu and Miri and in three major areas Sabah; Kota kinabalu, Sepilok, Tawau by convenience sampling method. Descriptive analysis was conducted using SPSS version 18. Perception of community pharmacists towards patients counseling and continuing education program was analysed using scaling method. A cut-off score of 25.8 was used to indicate the perception of community pharmacists. The Pharmacists scored a cut-off point of 25.8 and above were considered to have good perception. A sample of 174 community pharmacists from Sabah and Sarawak were participated in this study. All of the respondents except one had positive perception towards patient counseling and continuing education program. Overall, almost all the community pharmacists had positive perception towards patient counseling and continuing education program in Sabah and Sarawak, East Malaysia. Further research is needed to evaluate perception of community pharmacists in different states of Malaysia and explore more on continuing education program in Malaysia.
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This study aimed to compare the perceptions of pharmacy clerkship students and clinical preceptors of preceptors' teaching behaviors at Gondar University. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacy clerkship students and preceptors during June 2014 and December 2015. A 52-item structured questionnaire was self-administered to 126 students and 23 preceptors. The responses are presented using descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to test the significance of differences between students and preceptors. The response rate was 89.4% for students and 95.6% for preceptors. Statistically significant differences were observed in the responses regarding two of the five communication skills that were examined, six of the 26 clinical skills, and five of the 21 parameters involving feedback. The mean scores of preceptors (2.6/3) and students (1.9/3) regarding instructors' ability to answer questions were found to be significantly different (P= 0.01). Students and preceptors gave mean scores of 1.9 and 2.8, respectively, to a question regarding preceptors' application of appropriate up-to-date knowledge to individual patients (P= 0.00). Significant differences were also noted between students and instructors regarding the degree to which preceptors encouraged students to evaluate their own performance (P= 0.01). Discrepancies were noted between students and preceptors regarding preceptors' teaching behaviors. Preceptors rated their teaching behaviors more highly than students did. Short-term training is warranted for preceptors to improve some aspects of their teaching skills.
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Humans , Clinical Competence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Education, Pharmacy , Ethiopia , PharmacyABSTRACT
Medicinal plant courses represent an essential part of the applied sciences component in the curriculum of pharmacy education in Egypt. One of the intended learning outcomes of these courses is to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in the theory and practice of herbal medicine. The aim of the current work was to improve pharmacy students' knowledge and understanding of the herbs used for medicinal purposes. The students, in groups, conducted direct interviews with staff members of the university using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions about medicinal herbs used by the participants, purpose for use, method of preparation, and sources to obtain. The educational impact of this assignment was evaluated by a questionnaire distributed to the participated students. The majority of students agreed that carrying out the assignment helped them in improving their knowledge and understudying about medicinal herbs. Moreover, their oral communications skills were improved. The described active-learning assignment offered a great opportunity for the students to improve their communication skills and to gain knowledge about the commonly used medicinal herbs in their community.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore the new mode of industry-university-institute unification for pharmacy professionals. METHODS:The research-teaching interactive platform was established through the principles of“complementary advantages, shared interests and mutual benefits”. RESULTS:It changed the traditional teaching mode,and it ensured the professional plan-ning,curriculum development and training objectives of students based on“4 analysis,2 setting and 1 implementation”. CONCLU-SIONS:The opportunities for cooperation between students and employers were broadened and students’awareness of innovation and entrepreneurship was enhanced. It cultivates project-based pharmaceutical,technical and skilled personnel,solves the problem of industry-university-institute unification and has certain significance for the development of China’s pharmaceutical education.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the establishment of clinical skills evaluation system in students majored in clinical pharmacy and pharmacy of China. METHODS:Retrieved from pharmacy OSCE literatures and the related websites,phar-macy OSCE contents and evaluation in the United States,the United Kingdom,Canada,Japan,Malaysia and other countries were introduced to provide suggestions for clinical skills evaluation system in students majored in clinical pharmacy and pharmacy of Chi-na. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:OSCE had widely applied in medicine,nursing and other professional clinical skills,the United States,the United Kingdom and other countries had applied OSCE into pharmacy,and confirmed its important role in assessment of clinical competence in pharmacy students. There was no uniform standard in OSCE,and OSCE examinations were slightly different in different countries and different schools. Pharmacy OSCE usually based on school courses such as pharmacotherapy,clinical pharmacokinetics,medicine information,pharmaceutical care,doctor-patient communication,identification and solving ability of clinical drug-related issues. Numerous college of pharmacy in domestic colleges and universities has added the practice-based cours-es,but evaluation system and assessment methods are poor. Almost no OSCE is applied for the assessment of pharmacy students. OSCE has short application time in pharmacy education and relatively less study,therefore,pharmacy OSCE in foreign countries should be learnt to assess clinical skills of pharmacy students,establish and improve the pharmacy OSCE that is suitable for China by combining with the pharmacy education status.
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PURPOSE: In Pakistan, courses in pharmacy practice, which are an essential component of the PharmD curriculum, were launched with the aim of strengthening pharmacy practice overall and enabling pharmacy students to cope with the challenges involved in meeting real-world healthcare needs. Since very little research has assessed the efficacy of such courses, we aimed to evaluate students' perceptions of pharmacy practice courses and their opinions about whether their current knowledge of the topics covered in pharmacy practice courses is adequate for future practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted over two months among the senior pharmacy students of two pharmacy colleges. A content- and face-validated questionnaire was used to collect data, which were then analysed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Research in pharmacy practice (30.2%), applied drug information (34.4%), health policy (38.1%), public health and epidemiology (39.5%), pharmacovigilance (45.6%), and pharmacoeconomics (47.9%) were the major courses that were covered to the least extent in the PharmD curriculum. However, hospital pharmacy practice (94.4%), pharmacotherapeutics (88.8%), and community pharmacy practice (82.8%) were covered well. Although 94% of students considered these courses important, only 37.2% considered themselves to be competent in the corresponding topics. Of the participants, 87.9% agreed that the pharmacy courses in the present curriculum should be redesigned. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the pharmacy practice courses in the current PharmD curriculum do not encompass some important core subjects. A nationwide study is warranted to further establish the necessity for remodelling pharmacy practice courses in Pakistan.
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Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Curriculum , Delivery of Health Care , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Education, Pharmacy , Epidemiology , Health Policy , Logistic Models , Pakistan , Pharmacies , Pharmacovigilance , Pharmacy , Public Health , Students, PharmacyABSTRACT
Pharmacy education and training is continuously evolving to meet the requirement from the society in the UK. Most pharmacy schools offer the Master of pharmacy degree which is a four year undergraduate programme followed by a year of pre-registration placement spanning a year supervised by a professional pharmacist who has at least 3 years' post-registration experience; however, some universities provide either a 5-year sandwich course where the pre-registration training is split up into two periods of 6 months or a 2-year OSPAP programme for those who are already qualified as a pharmacist outside of the UK. The GPhC has announced that the format of the registration assessment is set to change in 2016. The exam questions from 2016 will be more clinical, practical and based around a patient in a real-life scenario. This article addresses important aspects of UK pharmacy education such as university curriculum, training programme, and licence exam, therefore, could potentially offer a significant contribution to the debate about raising academic standards of pharmacy education in South Korea.
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Humans , Curriculum , Education, Pharmacy , England , Korea , Pharmacists , Pharmacy , Schools, Pharmacy , WalesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pharmacy schools newly adopted a 6-year program strengthening clinical knowledge since 2011 in Korea. The clinical training under the guidance of preceptors at hospital sites is a requisite for pharmacy students during the last year of undergraduate course. It has been rarely studied on the hospital pharmacists' perspective regarding being a preceptor or teaching pharmacy students. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the hospital pharmacists' intention toward student training and to identify the relevant factors among the individual pharmacists' characteristics and working environment within the theoretical frame of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). METHOD: A mail-survey was conducted for pharmacists working in tertiary hospitals in Seoul and Incheon. The survey questionnaire consisting of 131 questions with a 5-likert scale was developed for investigating pharmacists' attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and the intention to teach pharmacy students as well as other demographic variables. To estimate the construct validity of components, factor analysis was conducted and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to estimate the reliability of the observed variables. Statistical analyses of one-way variance analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 53% (116/210) and the three constructs of attitude (r = .519), subjective norm (r = .233) and perceived control (r = .392) have appropriate correlations with the intention, proving the appropriateness of using the TPB model. Pharmacists working in inpatient (mean = 3.45) and outpatient clinics (mean = 3.34) generally showed positive intention for teaching. The attitude (beta = .432, p < 0.01) and perceived control (beta = .270, p < .01) constructs were significant predictors of the intention. Both age (r = 0.246, p = 0.017) and length of career (r = 0.310, p = 0.002) were positively related with the perceived control. CONCLUSION: Hospital pharmacists showed generally positive intention to provide student training in spite of the concern on their limited perceived behavioral control. Future research to find the actual barriers pharmacists faced in educating students need to be conducted.