Primeros registros documentados y categorización del estado de conservación de Dressleria dodsoniana y Galeandra minax (Orchidaceae; Catasetinae) de Colombia

Registramos la presencia de Dressleria dodsoniana y Galeandra minax en Caquetá, Colombia, basados en dos poblaciones encontradas en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes y en el piedemonte Andino-Amazónico, respectivamente. Estas especies han sido previamente reportadas para el país en documentos impresos y en bases de datos, pero, sin la mención de ejemplares de herbario, siendo los registros fotográficos la única evidencia para su registro. Nuestros reportes resaltan la necesidad de confirmar la identidad y ocurrencia de las especies con la inclusión de colecciones botánicas en herbarios. Categorizamos ambas especies para Colombia como Críticamente Amenazadas (CR), debido principalmente, al deterioro de su hábitat y por el conocimiento de una única población registrada.

We document the presence of Dressleria dodsoniana and Galeandra minax in Caquetá, Colombia, based on two populations found in the eastern slope of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes and in the Andean-Amazonian Piedmont, respectively. These species were previously reported in the country through printed documents and databases, but without herbarium specimens mentioned, with photographic records being the only evidence for their record. Our reports emphasize the need to confirm the identity and occurrence of the species by including botanical collections in herbaria. Both species are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR) in Colombia, primarily due to habitat deterioration and the knowledge of a single recorded population.

Protocolo fotográfico estandarizado para análisis facial en Posición Natural de Cabeza

RESUMEN: Introducción: La fotogrametría es el proceso por el que se obtienen medidas a partir de una fotografía. Para realizar una correcta toma fotográfica es de suma importancia estandarizar la técnica con el objetivo de obtener registros confiables y reproducibles. Uno de sus requisitos es definir la posición de la cabeza, ya que una postura incorrecta puede conducir a errores en el diagnóstico y planificación del tratamiento. Objetivo: Establecer un protocolo clínico para estandarizar registro fotográfico y posicionamiento del paciente para fotogrametría facial. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron fotografías faciales estandarizadas a un total de 163 estudiantes. A 76 estudiantes se les realizaron mediciones faciales directas e indirectas. A 87 estudiantes se les comparó su Posición Natural de Cabeza en 3 momentos del día. Se compararon estadísticamente los resultados. Resultados: Al aplicar un protocolo estandarizado, no hubo diferencia estadística entre las medidas directas e indirectas ni al comparar la posición de la cabeza de cada estudiante. Conclusión: La estandarización del set fotográfico expuesto en este trabajo es válida para realizar registros fiables y útiles como examen complementario utilizando la Posición Natural de Cabeza, que permite mantener una posición confiable y estable en el tiempo.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Photogrammetry is the process by which measurements are obtained from a photograph. To take a correct photographic shoot, it is very important to standardize the technique in order to obtain reliable and reproducible records. One of its requirements is to define the position of the head. Thus, an incorrect posture can lead to errors in diagnosis and treatment planning. Objective: Establish a clinical protocol to standardize photographic registration and patient positioning for facial photogrammetry. Materials and methods: Standardized facial photographs were taken to a total of 163 students. 76 students had direct and indirect facial measurements. 87 students had their Natural Head Position compared at 3 times of the day. The results were statistically compared. Results: When applying a standardized protocol, there was no statistical difference between direct and indirect measurements, nor when comparing the head position of each student. Conclusion: The standardization of the photographic set exposed in this work is valid for making reliable and useful records as a complementary examination using the Natural Head Position, which allows to maintain a reliable and stable position over time.

Mediciones de imágenes fotográficas del pie como una metodología no invasiva y válida en la exploración clínica / Measurements of the Foot Photo Images as a Non-Invasive and Valid Methodology in Clinical Examination

Introducción: La evaluación anatómica músculo esquelética por imagen en la exploración clínica del pie diabético es la fotografía digital que evalúa la morfología superficial. Objetivos: Validar la obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie, calcular las mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar, de las imágenes fotográficas del pie por fotogrametría, y basados en estas, categorizar la normalidad de la forma en sujetos sanos. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio en 30 individuos sanos evaluados en la Unidad clínica de pie diabético en la ciudad de Trujillo, mediante un prototipo de cámaras alrededor de un podoscopio y un software de análisis de imágenes. La imagen fotográfica fue evaluada por mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar. Resultados: Los pacientes evaluados tenían una edad media de 25,06+/-11,95 años, y predominaron las mujeres. La longitud total del pie y anchura del metatarso en el lado derecho fue de 226,55 ± 36,49 mm y 98,99 ± 22,71 mm respectivamente; y en el lado izquierdo fue de 229,81 ± 42,25 mm y 104,49 ± 16,84 mm respectivamente. El ángulo intermetatarsal del 1-2 rayo, ángulo intermetatarsal del 4-5 rayo y ángulo del retropié para el lado derecho fueron 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente; para el lado izquierdo 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente, y el índice plantar del arco derecho e izquierdo fueron 0,23 ± 0,2 y 0,22 ± 0,1 respectivamente. La variabilidad solo se presentó en el antepie en el 20 percent de los casos. Conclusiones: La obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie fueron válidas, las mediciones fueron menores o similares a otros estudios. La variabilidad de la normalidad solo se presentó en el antepie(AU)

Introduction: The musculoskeletal anatomical evaluation by imaging in the clinical examination of the diabetic foot is digital photography that assesses the superficial morphology. Objectives: To validate the obtaining of photographic images of the foot, to calculate the longitudinal and angular measurements and the index of the plantar arch, from the photographic images of the foot by photogrammetry, and to categorize the normality of the shape in healthy subjects, based on these photographic images. Methods: This an exploratory study in 30 healthy individuals evaluated at the Diabetic Foot Clinical Unit in Trujillo city, using a prototype of cameras around a podoscope and image analysis software. The photographic image was evaluated by longitudinal and angular measurements and the plantar arch index. Results: The patients evaluated had a mean age of 25.06+/-11.95 years, and women predominated. Total foot length and metatarsal width on the right side were 226.55 ± 36.49 mm and 98.99 ± 22.71 mm, respectively; and on the left side it was 229.81 ± 42.25 mm and 104.49 ± 16.84 mm, respectively. The 1st-2nd ray intermetatarsal angle, 4th-5th ray intermetatarsal angle and hindfoot angle for the right side were 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively; for the left side 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively, and the plantar index of the right and left arch were 0.23 ± 0.2 and 0.22 ± 0.1 respectively. Variability only occurred in the forefoot in 20 percent of cases. Conclusions: Obtaining of the photographic images of the foot was valid, measurements were smaller or similar to other studies. The variability of normality only appeared in the forefoot(AU)

Exactitud diagnóstica de la imagen fotográfica en la granulación de las úlceras diabéticas mediante segmentación / Diagnostic accuracy of photographic imaging in the granulation of diabetic ulcers by segmentation

Introducción: La evaluación del estado de las úlceras por imagen fotográfica se realiza cuando se encuentran los colores rojo y rosado, que corresponden a granulación. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de la imagen fotográfica con respecto al estudio histológico en la granulación de úlceras diabéticas. Métodos: El diseño fue una prueba diagnóstica realizada a 29 pacientes diabéticos con 45 úlceras diabéticas no infectadas, en la cual se comparó la observación directa de un área de granulación por imagen fotográfica como prueba diagnóstica en la evaluación referente al estándar por anatomía patológica, a través de una biopsia sacabocado. La imagen fotográfica se obtuvo mediante un Smartphone CATS61 y se analizó a través de la segmentación en colores rojo y negro con el software ImageJ. El estudio lo autorizó un comité de ética. Las estadísticas se realizaron con el software SPSS 22 y EPIDAT 4.4. Resultados: Las úlceras diabéticas presentaron un promedio de 3,03 ± 2,39 cm de largo y 2,26 ± 1,62 cm de ancho; de la úlcera tipo 2 según Wagner en 73,3 por ciento; y de la úlcera tipo A, según la Universidad de Texas en 60 por ciento. Las pruebas de diagnóstico por imagen fotográfica mostraron una sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud en 90 por ciento, 33,3 por ciento y 61,6 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La identificación de la imagen fotográfica y el estudio histológico de las úlceras diabéticas con granulación fueron factibles. La sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de la imagen fotográfica resultaron elevada, baja y moderada(AU)

Introduction: The evaluation of the state of the ulcers by photographic image is carried out when the red and pink colors are found, which correspond to granulation. Objective: Determine the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the photographic image with respect to the histological study in the granulation of diabetic ulcers. Methods: The design was a diagnostic test performed on 29 diabetic patients with 45 uninfected diabetic ulcers, in which the direct observation of an area of granulation by photographic image was compared as a diagnostic test in the evaluation referring to the standard by pathological anatomy, through a punch biopsy. The photographic image was obtained using a CATS61 Smartphone and analyzed through segmentation in red and black colors with the ImageJ software. The study was authorized by an ethics committee. Statistics were performed with SPSS 22 and EPIDAT 4.4 softwares. Results: Diabetic ulcers presented an average of 3.03 ± 2.39 cm long and 2.26 ± 1.62 cm wide; of type 2 ulcer according to Wagner in 73.3 percent, and type A ulcer, according to the University of Texas at 60 percent. Photographic imaging tests showed sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in 90 percent, 33.3 percent and 61.6 percent, respectively. Conclusions: The identification of the photographic image and the histological study of diabetic ulcers with granulation were feasible. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the photographic image were high, low and moderate(AU)

Validez por juicio de expertos de un instrumento audiovisual de consistencias de alimentos y viscosidad de líquidos (NutriDis®) adaptados para personas con disfagia / Validity by experts judgment of an audiovisual tool of food textures and thickness of liquids (NutriDis®) adapted for people with dysphagia

Resumen Introducción: las dificultades en la comprensión de las indicaciones sobre las dietas de textura modificada según la severidad de la disfagia por parte de pacientes y sus cuidadores, influyen negativamente en la adherencia y aumentan la morbimortalidad de los pacientes. La explicación escrita o verbal, no sería suficiente requiriendo recursos adicionales basados en imágenes y/o la realización de demostraciones prácticas. Por lo mencionado, se diseñó el instrumento audiovisual NutriDis®. Objetivos: determinar la validez aparente, de contenido y la factibilidad de un instrumento audiovisual basado en los descriptores de la "International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative" (IDDSI). Materiales y método: se utilizó la técnica Delphi por juicio de expertos, incluyendo a nutricionistas, kinesiólogos y fonoaudiólogos. En la primera ronda participaron 19 expertos y 9 en la segunda. Se determinó el grado de acuerdo entre éstos, a través del coeficiente V de Aiken para cada nivel de IDDSI y a nivel global. Resultados: el instrumento resultó presentar validez de contenido y el grado de acuerdo global aumentó entre la primera y la segunda ronda desde 90,8 a 94,1%, clasificándose como adecuado. El nivel IDDSI 4 presentó el máximo acuerdo e IDDSI 1 el menor. Conclusiones: según la opinión de expertos en el área, la herramienta audiovisual NutriDis®, presentó una validez de contenido adecuada en promedio y calificado globalmente como excelente por la mayoría. Se destaca que el instrumento es inédito, representando un gran desafío su desarrollo.

Abstract Introduction: patients and caregivers find it difficult to understand the indications of modified texture diets following dysphagia severity, and this negatively influences adherence and increases patient morbidity and mortality. The written or verbal explanation would not be enough, and additional resources based on images and / or the realization of practical demonstrations are required. As a result, the NutriDis® audiovisual tool was designed. Objectives: to determine the apparent and content validity and feasibility of an audiovisual tool based on the descriptors of the "International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative" (IDDSI). Materials and method: the Delphi technique was used following experts judgment, including nutritionists, speech therapists and kinesiologists. 19 experts participated in the first round and 9 in the second. The degree of agreement among them was determined through Aiken's V coefficient for each level of IDDSI and also at global level. Results: the tool turned out to be valid and the degree of global agreement increased between the first and second rounds from 90, 8 % to 94,1%, classifying as adequate. Level IDDSI 4 presented the highest agreement and IDDSI 1 the lowest. Conclusions: according to the opinion of experts in the area, the NutriDis® audiovisual tool presented an adequate content validity on average and was globally rated as excellent by the majority. It is highlighted that the tool is unprecedented and its development represented a great challenge.

Identificação dos parâmetros para o registro de ferida com câmera de telefone celular / Parameters identification for the record of wounds with cellphone cameras

Introdução: A ferida crônica demanda cuidados para a cura, o que exige planejamento, organização, execução e avaliação contínua dos pacientes e de sua ferida, de modo a promover uma assistência segura e de qualidade. Essa atividade pode ser apoiada pelo registro fotográfico para identificar alterações no leito e na borda da ferida, além da pele ao redor. Entretanto, o registro das feridas realizado sem a aplicação das técnicas impede a geração de imagens com qualidade documental e fornece dados pouco precisos sobre a condição da ferida. Objetivo: Analisar os parâmetros do registro fotográfico da ferida com câmera de telefone celular. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, realizado em seis etapas distintas. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada a revisão de escopo, a qual permitiu estabelecer parâmetros para o registro fotográfico. A segunda consistiu em testar os parâmetros utilizando simuladores no ambiente pré-clínico. Na terceira etapa, ocorreu o teste piloto em ambiente clínico com um paciente, o qual resultou em 12 fotografias, com o intuito de definir o equipamento e a avaliação dos parâmetros. Na quarta etapa, foram testados os parâmetros na prática clínica com três telefones celulares (Samsung Galaxy A51, Samsung Note 10 Lite, Iphone 11) e três pacientes com diferentes cores de pele (parda, preta e branca). Foram geradas 90 fotografias de feridas, posteriormente submetidas à validação cromática pelo Delta E. Na quinta etapa, os parâmetros foram avaliados para consistência da imagem fotográfica por meio do Delta E para a validação cromática, além da validação visual das imagens pelos enfermeiros (ruim, regular, bom, ótimo). Na sexta etapa, foi construído um protótipo para o registro fotográfico de feridas para profissionais da saúde. Resultados: Foram selecionadas oito publicações nas bases de dados pesquisadas, o que permitiu elencar 38 recomendações, agrupadas em 10 parâmetros: 1) termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido; 2) equipamentos; 3) posição e preparo do paciente; 4) identificação da ferida; 5) posicionamento da câmera; 6) iluminação; 7) fundo da imagem; 8) foco, profundidade de campo; 9) consistência de cor; 10) armazenamento de imagens. A etapa pré-clínica permitiu excluir do estudo o uso de câmera fotográfica e manter três tipos de celulares, o fundo branco e o azul para o registro fotográfico. Considerando o valor de Delta E, uma imagem com fundo branco teve 11,4 para pele parda, 8,2 para preta e 13,4 para branca. Nessa condição, a menor média foi para a cor preta, com celular Note 10. O Delta E médio das imagens dos três pacientes e três tipos de celulares foi menor sem cartela e obteve 10,6 para a cor parda, 8,2 para a preta e 13,6 para a branca, com a menor média para a cor de pele preta e celular Note 10; com iluminação LED, obteve-se 10 para a cor parda, 7,7 para a preta e 10,8 para a branca, com a menor média para a cor parda e celular Note 10. Na validação visual das imagens, os enfermeiros consideraram o posicionamento bom e ótimo (ângulo) do eixo da objetiva perpendicular ao plano da ferida (100%); fundo branco (90%) e fundo azul (70%); iluminação - sem brilho especular (80%); cor da pele preta e telefone Iphone (90%); pele parda e celular Note 10 (70%) e Iphone (70%); cor de pele branca e telefone Iphone (90%). Conclusão: Os resultados gerados podem contribuir para a melhoria da consistência das imagens para documentação de feridas por meio de registro fotográfico padronizado com telefone celular.

Introduction: Chronic wounds demand healing, which requires planning, organization, execution, and continuous evaluation of patients and their wounds in order to provide safe and quality care. This activity can be facilitated by photographic recording to identify changes to the wound bed, the edge, and the skin around it. However, recording wounds without using the correct techniques interferes with creating images with documentary quality and provides inaccurate data on the condition of the wounds. Objectives: To analyze the parameters of the photographic record of the wound with a cell phone camera. Method: This descriptive research was carried out in six different stages, with the participation of 10 nurses in the fifth stage, chosen through convenience sampling. The scoping review enabled the establishment of parameters for the photographic record. The second phase consisted of testing the parameters using simulators in the preclinical environment. In the third stage, the pilot study took place in a clinical environment with a patient, resulting in 12 photographs to define the equipment and evaluate the parameters. In the fourth stage, those parameters were tested within clinical practice using three cellphones (Samsung Galaxy A51, Samsung Note 10 Lite, iPhone 11) and three patients with different skin colors (brown, black, and white). Ninety photographs of wounds were generated and subsequently submitted to chromatic validation by Delta E. In the fifth stage, the parameters were tested for consistency of the photographic image through Delta E for chromatic validation, in addition to the visual validation of the images by the nurses (ranked as poor, fair, good, excellent). In the sixth stage, a prototype was built for the photographic recording of wounds for healthcare professionals. Results: Eight publications were selected in the researched bases, which enabled the listing of 38 recommendations grouped into ten parameters: 1) a term of free and informed consent; 2) camera positioning; 3) focus, depth of field; 4) lighting; 5) image background; 6) wound identification; 7) image storage; 8) position and preparation of the patient; 9) color consistency; 10) equipment. The preclinical stage excluded the need for a camera for the study, and three types of cellphones were used instead, as well as a white and blue background for the photographic record. record. Considering the Delta E value, images with a white background received 11.4 for brown skin color, 8.2 for black, and 13.4 for white. In this condition, the lowest average was for black skin, with the Note 10 cellphone. The average Delta E of the images of the three patients and three types of cellphones was lower without the color card and obtained 10.6 for brown color, 8.2 for black color, and 13.6 for white, with the lowest average for black and Note 10 phone. As for the LED lighting, the brown color obtained 10, 7.7 for black, and 10.8 for white, with the lowest average for the brown color and the Note 10 phone. For the visual validation of the images, the nurses considered the positioning good and excellent (angle) for the objective axis perpendicular to the wound plane (100%); white (90%) and blue (70%) background; lighting - no specular glare (80%); black skin color and iPhone phone (90%); brown skin color and Note 10 phone (70%) and iPhone (70%); white skin color and iPhone phone (90%). Conclusion: The results may contribute to the improvement of the image consistency for the documentation of wounds through the standardized photographic record with a cellphone

Mediciones de imágenes fotográficas del pie como una metodología no invasiva y válida en la exploración clínica / Photographic imaging measurements of the foot as a non-invasive and valid methodology for clinical examination

Introducción: La evaluación anatómica musculoesquelética por imagen en la exploración clínica del pie es la fotografía digital que evalúa la morfología superficial. Objetivos: Validar la obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie, calcular las mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar de las imágenes mencionadas usando un podoscopio y fotogrametría en sujetos sanos y categorizar la normalidad de las mediciones. Métodos: Este estudio fue exploratorio y se realizó utilizando un prototipo de cámaras alrededor de un podoscopio y un software de análisis de imágenes. La imagen fotográfica fue evaluada por mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice plantar. Resultados: Los 30 sujetos sanos evaluados tenían una edad media de 25,06 ± 11,95 años, predominaban las mujeres con un 53,3 por ciento. La longitud total del pie, anchura del metatarso y altura del empeine media para el lado derecho en 226,55 ± 36,49mm, 98,99 ± 22,71 mm, y 36,32 ± 4,07 mm respectivamente; y para el lado izquierdo en 229,81 ± 42,25 mm, 104,49 ± 16,84mm y 36,31 ± 3,32 mm, respectivamente. El ángulo intermetatarsal del 1-2 rayo, ángulo intermetatarsal del 4-5 rayo y ángulo del retropié para el lado derecho fueron 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente, para el lado Izquierdo 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente y el índice plantar del arco derecho e izquierdo fueron 0,23 ± 0,2 y 0,22 ± 0,1, respectivamente. La variabilidad solo se presentó en el antepié en 20 por ciento. Conclusiones: La obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie fueron válidas, las mediciones fueron menores o similares a otros estudios. La variabilidad de normalidad solo se presentó en antepié(AU)

Introduction: Musculoskeletal anatomical assessment by imaging in clinical examination of the foot is digital photography assessing surface morphology. Objectives: To validate the acquisition of photographic images of the foot, to calculate the longitudinal, angular and plantar arch index measurements of the above images using a podoscope and photogrammetry in healthy subjects and to categorize the normality of the measurements. Methods: This study was exploratory and was performed using a prototype camera around a podoscope and image analysis software. The photographic image was evaluated by longitudinal, angular and plantar index measurements. Results: The 30 healthy subjects evaluated had a mean age of 25.06 ± 11.95 years, females predominated with 53.3 percent. The mean total foot length, metatarsal width and instep height for the right side at 226 55 ± 36.49mm, 98.99 ± 22.71 mm, and 36.32 ± 4.07 mm respectively; and for the left side at 229.81 ± 42.25 mm, 104.49 ± 16.84mm and 36.31 ± 3.32mm respectively. The 1-2 ray intermetatarsal angle, 4-5 ray intermetatarsal angle and rearfoot angle for the right side were 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively; for the Left side 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively and the plantar index of the right and left arch were 0.23 ± 0.2 and 0.22 ± 0.1 respectively. Variability was only present in the forefoot at 20 percent. Conclusions: The photographic images of the foot were valid, the measurements were lower or similar to other studies. The variability of normality was only present in the forefoot(AU)

A biotechnology survey in procedure for carrying out complex cadastral works for updating the position of land boundaries based on the data received using air photographic / 国际药学研究杂志

The State Real Estate Cadastre of the Russian Federation and its technologic methods were substantially modified at every step of their development. This has caused the following: to date, the State Cadastral Registration contains the data for land plots, the boundaries of which have been set in accordance with the law, as well as the data for earlier recorded land plots without descriptions of boundaries and their demarcation afield. Additionally, the boundary description for registered land plots is often inconsistent with their real site location. One of the reasons is that the visual checking of site location for boundaries described by a cadastral engineer during the registration of land plots is not provided; so, it is impossible to identify the errors at once. The timeliness of this work is that a large volume of records for land plots accumulated in the Real Estate Cadastre requires adjustment and correction; and the performance of complex cadastral works which have been described in Russian legislation recently makes it possible to correct the errors and simultaneously specify the locations of all land plots within the boundaries of one or several closely-spaced cadastral units at once. The mission of the study is the development of methods for the implementation of complex cadastral works for position updating of land plot boundaries based on the data received using an unmanned aerial vehicle. To achieve this goal, the following tasks should be solved: • Articulate the concept and detect the background for the introduction of complex cadastral works in the Russian Federation. • Analyze the data of the State Real Estate Cadastre for land plots which are the targets for complex cadastral works. • Describe the technique of aerial photography using unmanned aerial vehicles and provide the assessment of the accuracy of positioning using orthophotoplans. The work reveals the procedure of complex cadastral works based on digital orthophotoplans; the technique of aerial photography using the compilation of unmanned aerial vehicles and orthophotoplans is described; the assessment of the accuracy of positioning by a digital orthophotoplan is provided. The performance of complex cadastral works will allow updating the data of the State Real Estate Cadastre and improving the efficiency of territory management. The procedure for complex cadastral works based on the data received using unmanned aerial vehicles has been developed.

Repeatability and comparison of clinical tests in children with spastic diplegia and with typical development, / Repetibilidade e comparação de testes clínicos para crianças diparéticas e com desenvolvimento típico

Objective The aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability of three range of motion tests (Straight Leg Raise, Modified Thomas, and Duncan-Ely) using photographic measurements in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (SD) and with typical development (TD). Methods A cross-sectional test-retest design was applied to compare muscle-tendon unit shortening tests between groups. Results The tests showed reliability that ranged from good to excellent (ICC > 0.8), except for the Thomas Test for the bi-articular hip flexor muscle-tendon unit of the TD group (ICC = 0.7). Differences between groups were found in all tests (p < 0.05), except when the range of motion of the bi-articular hip flexor muscles was assessed using the Thomas test (p > 0.05). Conclusion Children with SD presents a smaller range of motion than the TD group. However, the Thomas Test for the bi-articular hip flexor muscles was unable to determine differences between children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy from that with typical development. .

Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a repetibilidade de três testes de amplitude de movimento (Elevação da perna reta, Thomas Modificado e Duncan-Ely) usando medidas realizadas por fotografia em crianças com paralisia cerebral do tipo diparesia espástica (SD) e com desenvolvimento típico (TD). Métodos O estudo teve design transversal do tipo teste-reteste para comparar o comprimento musculotendíneo entre os grupos. Resultados Os testes mostraram repetibilidade de boa a excelente (ICC > 0,8), com exceção do teste de Thomas para os flexores biarticulares do quadril para o grupo TD (ICC = 0,7). Diferenças entre os grupos foram encontradas em todos os testes (p < 0,05), à exceção da amplitude de movimento dos flexores biarticulares do quadril ao se utilizar o teste de Thomas (p > 0,05). Crianças com SD apresentam menores amplitudes de movimento que as crianças do grupo TD. Entretanto, o teste de Thomas para os flexores biarticulares do quadril não foi capaz de determinar diferenças entre as crianças com diparesia espástica e as crianças com desenvolvimento típico. .

Application of Oracle and Java for the development of medicine information search software in Wangjing Hospital / 药学实践杂志

Objective Since it is a common problem for medical practice that paper instructions for medicine information are difficult to update and inconvenient to search ,this article is to provide convenient service of pharmacy information for clini-cal practice by developing medicine information search software in our hospital .Methods According to the practical needs of clinical study and pharmacy research ,we took appropriate measures to collect data ,categorize contents ,scan pictures ,polish images and extract information for the medicine instructions .Based on the above work ,we applied Oracle 10G to establish medicine information database for our hospital and utilized Java to design medicine information search software .Results Our search software includes 1 201 kinds of medicines ,taking up 98 .85% of the medicines in our catalogue .The users can use four different search methods (including common name search ,commodity name search ,fuzzy search and key word search) to gain the written material and photographic information of medicine instructions .Conclusion With the help of the software of Oracle and Java ,the newly designed software for medicine information search can provide convenient pharmacy information service for clinical practice .

“ Un souvenir de los paisajes submarinos”: la fotografía subacuática y los límites de la visibilidad fotográfica, 1890-1910 / “ A souvenir of undersea landscapes”: underwater photography and the limits of photographic visibility, 1890-1910 / “ A souvenir of undersea landscapes:”: underwater photography and the limits of photographic visibility, 1890-1910

Los primeros intentos conocidos por tomar fotografías bajo la superficie del agua fueron llevados adelante poco después de la aparición del daguerrotipo en 1839. Los más antiguos registros datan de la década de 1850. Hacia fines de ese siglo y con el propósito de auxiliar a los estudios científicos de la vida marina se obtuvo lo que se consideran las primeras fotografías subacuáticas. En estos intentos se valoró la fotografía en tanto productora de evidencia al mismo tiempo que se discutían los límites y alcances de su visibilidad. Aquí compararemos algunas experiencias europeas y norteamericanas, particularmente aquellas emprendidas por los biólogos Louis Boutan y Jacob Reighard en sus estudios de la fauna marina realizados entre 1890 y 1910.

The first known attempts to take photographs below the surface of the water were carried out shortly after the appearance of the daguerreotype in 1839. The earliest records date from the 1850s. Towards the end of that century, in order to help advance scientific study of marine life, what are considered to be the first underwater photographs were taken. In these attempts, photography was valued as producing evidence, while at the same time the limits of its range of visibility were debated. Here we compare some European and American experiments, particularly those of biologists Louis Boutan and Jacob Reighard in their studies of marine fauna from 1890 to 1910.

Otolith atlas of fish of the Sinos River / Atlas de otólitos de peixes do Rio dos Sinos

Otoliths are calcium carbonate structures located in the inner ear of fish; they are responsible for hearing and balance. The inner ear has three pairs of otoliths: the lapilli, the sagittae and the asterisci. The sagittae otoliths are the largest and their format is species-specific. Because of their composition, otoliths can resist to the digestive tract of ichthyophagous species, and they can be used as an important tool for identifying species of fish found in stomach contents. The purpose of this work is to provide a photographic guide of the sagittae otoliths of the main fish species from the Sinos River. This atlas consists of photographs of the sagittae otoliths of 36 species belonging to 15 families distributed in five orders.

Otólitos são estruturas formadas por cristais de carbonato de cálcio, localizadas no labirinto do ouvido interno dos peixes. São responsáveis pela audição e pelo equilíbrio. O ouvido interno possui três pares de otólitos, os lapilli, os sagittae e os asterisci. Os denominados sagittae são os maiores e seu formato é espécie-específico. Devido a sua composição os otólitos conseguem resistir ao trato digestivo das espécies ictiófagas, dessa maneira podem ser empregados como uma importante ferramenta para a identificação de espécies de peixes em trabalhos com conteúdos estomacais. O objetivo deste trabalho é a disponibilização de uma referência visual dos otólitos sagittae das principais espécies de peixes do Rio dos Sinos, para que possam servir de base para trabalhos com conteúdos estomacais de espécies ictiófagas. Este atlas é composto de fotografias dos otólitos sagittae de 36 espécies de 15 famílias distribuídas em cinco ordens.

A pesquisa intervenção como exercício ético e a metodologia como paraskeué / The intervention research as an ethical exercise and the methodology as an paraskeué

A partir da leitura dos estudos de Michel Foucault sobre a ascese como exercício ético e a paraskeué como equipamento deste exercício, traçamos possíveis relações destes elementos teóricos com as estratégias metodológicas propostas pela pesquisa intervenção e pela intervenção fotográfica. A reflexão teórica deste estudo sugere que tais estratégias são condições de possibilidade para que o processo da pesquisa se constitua como um exercício ético. As referências teóricas estão baseadas no livro "A Hermenêutica do Sujeito" de Michel Foucault e em artigos sobre a pesquisa intervenção e a intervenção fotográfica, indicando esta metodologia como um "equipamento" da ascese na pesquisa.(AU)

Based on the Michel Foucault's studies about the ascesis as an ethical exercise and the paraskeué as an instrument of this exercise, the possible relations of these theoretical elements with the methodological strategies proposed by the research's intervention and the photographic intervention were traced. The theoretical thinking of this study suggests that these strategies are possibility conditions for the research's process be constituted as an ethical exercise. The theoretical references are based on the book "The Hermeneutics of the Subject" by Michel Foucault and articles about the intervention research and photographic intervention, designating this methodology as an "instrument" of the research's ascesis.(AU)

Fotogrametría del perfil facial en ortodoncia / Photogrammetry of facial profile in orthodontics

Se incorporaron dos sencillos elementos en las fotografías del perfil facial en ortodoncia. La aplicación de un sello, automático, de tinta común con una escala preestablecida de aplicación fácil, ágil y reproducible, directamente sobre la piel del paciente, para otorgar mayorprecisión en la comparación de imágenes en el tiempo; como así también, la utilización de un plano de referencia denominado plano lefraconformado por dos puntos que unen ojo y oído, permitiendo evaluar los cambios producidos en el rostro por medio de la superposición fotográfica. Al finalizar el presente trabajo se concluyo que la utilización del sello y la superposición sobre el plano lefra permiten asimilar eltamaño de las fotografías y a su vez dar una zona referencial estable, facilitando la comparación entre el pre y post tratamiento.

Two simple elements were incorporated in the photographs of facial profile in orthodontics. The application of a seal, automatic, common ink on a prescribed scale of easy, fast and reproducible application, directly on the skin of the patient profile, which gives more accurate comparison of images in time; as well as the use of a reference plane called lefra plane, which consists of two points linking eye and ear, allowing to evaluate the changes in the face by means of photographic superimposition. Upon completion of this work, was concluded that the use of the seal and the overlay on the lefra plane allow to assimilate the size of the photographs and in turn provide a stable reference area to facilitate the comparison between pre and post treatment.

O arquivo fotográfico do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e o olhar de Tibor Jablonszky sobre o trabalho feminino / The photographic archive of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística and Tibor Jablonszky's view of female labor

No intuito de dar visibilidade ao arquivo fotográfico das excursões geográficas promovidas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística para reconhecimento do território nacional, o artigo mostra suas condições de formação e seu uso como fonte histórica. Aborda a apresentação das imagens e o inventário de temas e lugares na produção de Tibor Jablonszky no que se refere às representações construídas sobre trabalho feminino no Brasil nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, segundo o ponto de vista do fotógrafo a serviço de uma instituição de governo.

Shining a light on the photographic archive of geographic missions assigned to do reconnaissance of the country's territory, sponsored by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the article describes the conditions under which this archive was compiled and how it can serve as a historical source. It addresses the presentation of images and the range of topics and places found in Tibor Jablonszky's work as far as the representations that this photographer constructed of female labor in Brazil during the 1950s and 1960s, from the viewpoint of a photographer working for a government agency.

A fotografia nos arquivos: produção e sentido de documentos visuais / Photographs in archives: the production and meaning of visual records

Discute, com base nos debates travados pela teoria e metodologia arquivística, o estatuto da fotografia como documento de arquivo. Mediante a análise de alguns atributos e características do registro fotográfico, é destacada sua particularidade como documento, bem como a necessidade de um enfoque contextual de sua produção e de seus papéis no processo de constituição dos próprios arquivos. O objetivo do trabalho é questionar os métodos tradicionais de organização de fotografias em arquivos, que consideram esses documentos desvinculados do restante da documentação e que valorizam os conteúdos factuais das imagens sobre quaisquer outros elementos de significação.

Based on discussions dealing with archival theory and methodology, the intention is to discuss the status of the photograph as an archival record. By means of the analysis of some attributes and characteristics of the photographic record, its specificity as a record is highlighted, as well as the need for a contextual approach to its production and its roles in the process of constituting the archives per se. The scope of this work is to question traditional methods of organizing photographs into archives, which perceive these records as being removed from the remaining documentation and which value the factual content of the images above any other elements of meaning.

Comparison of three quick methods to estimate crab size in the land crabs Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 and Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae and Ucididae) / Comparación de tres métodos rápidos para estimar el tamaño del cangrejo en los cangrejos terrestres Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 y Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae y Ucididae)

Quick, reliable and non destructive methods are necessary to estimate size structure on commercial land crabs, in order to acquire relevant information concerning the health of their populations. Cardisoma guanhumi and Ucides cordatus are two land crabs that are exploited at a high scale and also in an artisan way in the Caribbean area and in the coasts of Brazil, which populations are endangered due to uncontrolled exploitation. The purpose of this work is to provide various methods to estimate indirectly crab body size. Sampling was carried out in Carenero (C. guanhumi) and Cumaná (U. cordatus) (Venezuela). For each species, three methods were used to measure burrow diameter (Vernier, internal spring caliper and photograph), and these were correlated with real body size of the crabs. Model II linear regression analyzes, i.e. Ordinary Least Squares and Mayor Axis, were used to build and test the performance of forecasting models. Cardisoma guanhumi showed a high bivariate data dispersion using Vernier and photo measuring methods, increasing these towards larger animals. Less dispersion was achieved with the spring caliper method; this resulted in the most accurate measurements of indirectly estimated body size in C. guanhumi (r²= 0.61), whereas Vernier measurements were the least precise. On the other hand, all three methods gave reliable estimates for U. cordatus, being the Vernier method the most accurate (r²= 0.71). However, in both species, all forecasting equations overestimated the size of smaller crabs (those below the mean) but underestimated the size of larger crabs. Nevertheless, all three methods were statistically significant for each of the species, and looking at the above mentioned underand overestimations, they can serve as reliable and fast non-destructive tools to be used by resource managers and field biologists to acquire size structure information concerning these two species. Vernier and internal spring caliper ...

Para la estimación de la estructura de tamaños en cangrejos terrestres comerciales y la obtención de información relevante para su manejo, es necesario utilizar métodos rápidos, confiables y no destructivos. Cardisoma guanhumi y Ucides cordatus son dos cangrejos terrestres que son explotados comercialmente en el Caribe y en Brasil. El propósito de este trabajo es suministrar métodos indirectos para la estimación del tamaño del caparazón de los cangrejos y por consiguiente, de la estructura de tallas. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en Carenero (C. guanhumi) y en Cumaná (U. cordatus) (Venezuela). Se utilizaron tres métodos para estimar el diámetro de sus madrigueras: Vernier, compás y fotografía. Estos se correlacionaron con el tamaño real del cangrejo. Se aplicó el análisis de regresión Ordinary Least Squares Model II y la capacidad de predicción se probó utilizando el modelo II Mayor Axis para las regresiones. Cardisoma guanhumi mostró una fuerte dispersión de sus datos en los métodos de Vernier y fotografía. Menos dispersión se obtuvo con el método del compás y fue el más preciso (r²= 0.61). Para U. cordatus las medidas con Vernier fueron la más adecuadas (r²= 0.71). Sin embargo los tres métodos fueron confiables. Los diferentes métodos mostraron ventajas y desventajas y dependerá del que aplique los métodos, decidir cuál será el más adecuado para sus propósitos.

Urban vegetation change after a hundred years in a tropical city (San José de Costa Rica)

Urban vegetation is of key importance because a large proportion of the human population lives in cities. Nevertheless, urban vegetation is understudied outside central Europe and particularly, little is known about the flora of tropical Asian, African and Latin American cities. We present an estimate of how the vegetation has changed in the city of San José, Costa Rica, after about one century, with the repeat photography technique (based on a collection of 19th and early 20th century photographs by José Fidel Tristán and others) and with data from the Costa Rican National Herbarium. We found little vegetation change in the landscape of San José during the 20th century, where a total of 95 families and 458 species were collected in the late 19th and early 20th century. The families with most species were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cyperaceae, Acanthaceae, Malvaceae, Piperaceae and Verbenaceae. Similar results have been found in Europe, where the number of plant species often is stable for long periods even when the individual species vary. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1367-1386. Epub 2010 December 01.

La vegetación urbana es de vital importancia ya que una proporción importante de la población humana vive en ciudades. Sin embargo, esta vegetación es poco estudiada fuera del centro de Europa y se sabe particularmente poco sobre la flora urbana de las ciudades tropicales de Asia, África y América Latina. Aquí presentamos una estimación de cómo ha cambiado la vegetación en la ciudad de San José, Costa Rica, durante un siglo, con la técnica de la fotografía repetida (sobre la base de una colección de fotografías del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX hechas por José Fidel Tristán y otros) y con los datos del Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica. Encontramos pocos cambios en el paisaje de San José durante el siglo XX. En la ciudad se recolectaron 95 familias y 458 especies entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Las familias con más especies fueron Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cyperaceae, Acanthaceae, Malvaceae, Piperaceae y Verbenaceae. Los resultados son similares a los de Europa, donde el número de especies de plantas a menudo es estable durante largos períodos, aunque las especies individuales varíen.

Experiencia grupal en trastornos de alimentación empleando la tecnica de Fotolenguaje® / Experiência em grupos com distúrbios alimentares, usando a técnica de Foto-linguagem® / Groupal experience about eating disorders using Fotolenguaje®

El objetivo de esta presentación es pensar el grupo terapéutico y la producción de subjetividad, en una experiencia con pacientes que padecen trastornos de alimentación. En el dispositivo de abordaje grupal, junto al grupo-palabra, se emplean dinámicas grupales como técnicas de dramatización de escenas y situaciones vivenciales; así como, mas recientemente, el empleo de la Técnica del Fotolenguaje®. Esta estrategia de abordaje multidimensional de la problemática, oficia a modo dinamizante de los procesos grupales. Esta sostenido en la necesidad de movilizar, de forma más organizada que aquella que discurre en el discurso libremente, la emergencia de aspectos relativos a lo que las patologías alimentarias muestran y silencian a la vez a traes del exceso, incluso de la circulaciones de la palabra. La técnica del Fotolenguaje® es una herramienta privilegiada para el trabajo con grupos con pacientes que presentan dificultades de control de impulsos y en los procesos de mentalización.

O objetivo desta apresentação é pensar o grupo terapêutico e a produção de subjetividade, em uma experiência com pacientes que sofrem de transtornos alimentares. No dispositivo de abordagem grupal, além do grupo-palavra, utilizam-se dinâmicas grupais como técnicas de dramatização de cenas e situações vivenciais, bem como, mais recentemente, o uso da técnica de Foto-linguagem®. Esta estratégia, de abordagem multidimensional da problemática, trabalha como dinamizadora dos processos grupais. Está sustentada na necessidade de mobilizar, de forma mais organizada do que a do discurso livre, a emergência de aspectos que os transtornos alimentares apresentam e silenciam através do excesso, incluindo a circulação da palavra. A técnica de Foto-linguagem® é uma ferramenta privilegiada para o trabalho em grupo, com os pacientes que apresentam dificuldades no controle dos impulsos e nos processos de mentalização.

The aim of this presentation is to think the treatment group and the production of subjectivity, in an experiment with patients suffering from eating disorders. In the device group approach, with the group-word, group dynamics are used as techniques of dramatization of scenes and experiential situations as well as, more recently, the use of the technique of Fotolenguaje®. This multidimensional strategy to address the problems, acts by way of energizing group processes. Is supported the need to mobilize, more organized than that which runs on free speech, the emergence of aspects of what eating disorders are and silence at once to bring the excess, including the circulation of the word. The technique of Fotolenguaje® is a prime tool for group work with patients who have difficulties in impulse control and awareness processes.

O uso da imagem fotográfica no campo da sociologia da saúde: uma experiência na formação de alunos do curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / El uso de la imagen fotográfica en el campo de la sociología de la salud: una experiencia en la formación de alumnos del curso de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do arte, Brasil / The use of photographic images within the field of healthcare sociology: an experience during the training of nursing students at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Discute-se o uso da imagem fotográfica em sala de aula conferindo-lhe a qualidade de fonte de informação para a interpretação do contexto sociocultural do qual foi captada, refletindo-se sobre a compreensão do seu significado para a educação. A experiência que nos serviu como argumento para esta discussão foi realizada em uma sala de aula com trinta alunos do curso de Enfermagem, na disciplina de Sociologia da Saúde, oferecida pelo Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, no ano de 2006. Os dados foram coletados a partir da observação das fotografias em sala de aula, dos seminários promovidos e das avaliações utilizando a imagem fotográfica como mediação da aprendizagem no ensino superior da área da saúde.

This paper discusses the use of photographic images inside the classroom as an information source for interpreting the sociocultural context from where it was taken, and it reflects on the comprehension of their meaning for education. The experience that served as the argument for this discussion was obtained in a classroom with 30 nursing students at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, within the subject of Healthcare Sociology, provided by Social Science Department in the year 2006. The data were collected through observation of the photographs in the classroom, through seminars and evaluations, using the images as a mediator for learning within higher education for healthcare.

Se discute el uso de la imagen fotográfica en sala de aula confiriéndole la cualidad de fuente de información para la interpretación del contexto sociocultural del cual se capta, reflejándose sobre la comprensión de su significado para la educación. La experiencia que nos ha servido como argumento para esta discusión se realizó en una sala de aula con 30 alumnos del curso de Enfermería, en la disciplina de Sociología de la Salud ofrecida por el Departamento de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte en el año 2006. Los datos se colectaron a partir de la observación de fotografías en sala de aula de los seminarios promovidos y de las evaluaciones utilizando la imagen fotográfica como mediación del aprendizaje en la enseñanza superior del área de la salud.