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1.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 48(7): 650-653, 07/2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-751343

ABSTRACT

As it is a common observation that obesity tends to occur after discontinuation of exercise, we investigated how white adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal fat of animals with interrupted physical training transport and oxidize glucose, and whether these adaptations support the weight regain seen after 4 weeks of physical detraining. Male Wistar rats (45 days old, weighing 200 g) were divided into two groups (n=10): group D (detrained), trained for 8 weeks and detrained for 4 weeks; and group S (sedentary). The physical exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, at 50-60% of the maximum running capacity. After the training protocol, adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal adipose tissue were submitted to glucose uptake and oxidation tests. Adipocytes from detrained animals increased their glucose uptake capacity by 18.5% compared with those from sedentary animals (P<0.05). The same cells also showed a greater glucose oxidation capacity in response to insulin stimulation (34.55%) compared with those from the S group (P<0.05). We hypothesize that, owing to the more intense glucose entrance into adipose cells from detrained rats, more substrate became available for triacylglycerol synthesis. Furthermore, this increased glucose oxidation rate allowed an increase in energy supply for triacylglycerol synthesis. Thus, physical detraining might play a role as a possible obesogenic factor for increasing glucose uptake and oxidation by adipocytes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/chemically induced , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced , Pesticides/toxicity , California , Case-Control Studies , Models, Statistical , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Propensity Score , Risk Factors
2.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; mar. 2015. 120 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-836703

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: O destreinamento físico está relacionado com alterações moleculares associadas à perda de massa muscular, rápido acréscimo da massa adiposa, ganho de peso e resistência à insulina. Estudos apontam que a restrição calórica reduz a gordura corporal, contudo, associada com a inatividade física, altera o metabolismo proteico acelerando o catabolismo muscular. Nesse sentido, estudos com suplementação de aminoácidos essenciais, em especial a leucina, observam aumento na síntese proteica e redução da degradação proteica em situações de restrição ou recuperação nutricional. Dessa forma sugere-se que a restrição calórica associada à suplementação com leucina poderia atenuar os efeitos desencadeados pelo destreinamento físico. OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência da suplementação crônica de leucina na via de sinalização da síntese proteica e degradação proteica no tecido muscular a partir de parâmetros moleculares em ratos destreinados, submetidos à restrição calórica. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 64 ratos Sprague-Dawley machos e adultos, inicialmente distribuídos em 2 grupos: Controle (CON) (n = 16) representados pelos animais sedentários, e Treinamento (TREIN) (n = 48) que foram submetidos ao treinamento em esteira ergométrica durante oito semanas. Após esse período, os animais foram redistribuído em 6 grupos: Sedentário (SED), Treinamento (TREIN), Destreinamento (DT), Destreinamento + Leucina (LEU), Destreinamento + Restrição Calórica (DTRC) e Destreinamento + Restrição Calórica + Leucina (DTRC + LEU). Foram analisados massa corporal, consumo da ração, composição corporal, sensibilidade a insulina bem como os marcadores de inflamação (IL-6; IL-10; MCP-1; TNF-α; 1L-1α; PAI-1; leptina; adponectina) e parâmetros moleculares como genes e proteínas envolvidas na via de sinalização da síntese protéica (mTOR, P-4EBP1, P-s6K1 e eIF4E); degradação proteica (MAFBx e MURF) além de transportadores de aminoácidos (LAT-1 e SNAT 2 e CD98). ESTATÍSTICA: Os valores foram expressos em média e desvio padrão. As comparações entre os grupos após o período de destreinamento físico foram avaliadas por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Tukey. Em todas as análises foi considerado nível de significância de 5%. A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPSS versão 17.0. RESULTADOS: Em relação à composição corporal, foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa na gordura corporal e massa livre de gordura entre os grupos DTRC e DTRC+LEU, em relação aos demais grupos experimentais. Porém não houve diferença estatística entre o DTRC e DTRC+LEU. No entanto não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa quando avaliado a proteína da carcaça. Em relação aos parâmetros moleculares, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos, quando avaliada a expressão de proteínas relacionadas com a via de sinalização de síntese proteica (mTOR, P-4EBP1, P-s6K1 e eIF4E) e transportadores de leucina (LAT- 1;SNAT-2;CD(98). Quanto avaliada a expressão gênica da via de degradação, foi observada uma menor expressão do gene MURF quando suplementado com leucina, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÃO: A restrição calórica associada com a suplementação com leucina foi efetiva na redução da gordura corporal, e aumento da massa livre de gordura, porém não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos DTRC e DTRC+LEU, tampouco quando avaliada a proteína da carcaça desses animais. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a suplementação crônica com leucina não reverteu os efeitos desencadeados pelo destreinamento físico, e, além disso, não foi suficiente para alterar os parâmetros moleculares envolvidos na via de sinalização de síntese e degradação proteica desses animais


INTRODUCTION: Physical detraining is related to molecular changes associated with loss of muscle mass, rapid increase in fat mass, weight gain and insulin resistance. Studies show that caloric restriction reduces body fat; however, associated with physical inactivity, it alters protein metabolism accelerating muscle catabolism. Accordingly, studies with supplementation of essential amino acids, particularly leucine, observed increase in protein synthesis and reduced protein degradation in situation of nutritional restriction or recovery. Thus, it is suggested that caloric restriction associated with leucine supplementation could attenuate the effects triggered by physical detraining. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of chronic leucine supplementation in the signaling pathway of protein synthesis and degradation in muscle tissue from molecular parameters in detrained rats, subjected to caloric restriction. METHODS: Sixty-four adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were used, initially divided into 2 groups: Control (CON) (n = 16) represented by sedentary animals, and Trained (TRAIN) (n = 48) who underwent treadmill training for eight weeks. After this period, the animals were re-distributed into 6 groups: Sedentary (SED), Trained (TRAIN), Detrained (DT), Detrained + Leucine (LEU), Detrained + Caloric Restriction (DTRC) and Detrained + Caloric Restriction + Leucine (DTRC + LEU). Body mass, food consumption, body composition, insulin sensitivity were analyzed, as well as inflammation markers (IL-6; IL-10; MCP-1; TNF-α; 1L-1α; PAI-1; leptin; adiponectin) and molecular parameters, such as genes and proteins involved in signaling pathways of protein synthesis (mTOR, P-4EBP1, P-s6K1 and eIF4E); protein degradation (MAFBx and MURF) and also amino acid transporters (LAT-1, SNAT 2 and CD98). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Values were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons between groups after physical detraining, followed by Tukey's test. A 5% significance level was considered in all analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 17.0. RESULTS: In relation to body composition, a statistically significant difference was observed in body fat and fat free mass between groups DTRC and DTRC+LEU, compared with other experimental groups. However, there was no statistical difference between groups DTRC and DTRC+LEU. Nevertheless, no statistically significant difference was found when carcass protein was assessed. In relation to molecular parameters, no statistically significant difference was observed between groups, when protein expression related to the signaling pathway of protein synthesis (mTOR, P-4EBP1, P-s6K1 and eIF4E) and leucine transporters (LAT-1;SNAT-2;CD(98) was assessed. When gene expression of the degradation pathway was investigated, a lower expression of gene MURF was found with leucine supplementation; however, this was not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Caloric restriction associated with leucine supplementation was effective in reducing body fat, and increasing fat free mass; however, no statistically significant difference was found between groups DTRC and DTRC+LEU, nor when carcass protein of these animals was assessed. Therefore, it was concluded that chronic leucine supplementation did not reverse the effects triggered by physical detraining and, in addition, it was not sufficient to change the molecular parameters involved in the signaling pathway of protein synthesis and degradation of these animals


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Caloric Restriction , Leucine/administration & dosage , Muscles , Body Composition/physiology , Amino Acids
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