Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Analysis of Changeri Ghrita Prepared with Murchita and Amurchita Ghrita

Changeri ghrita is a medicated ghee formulation, mentioned in Grahani rog chikitsa. Sneha murchana is a procedure prior to Snehapaka. Snehapaka and Murchana bring changes in Sneha. Materials and Methods: Two batches of Changeri ghrita prepared using Murchita and Amurchit ghrita. Prepared Ghrita subjected to physico-chemical analysis. Result and Discussion: Specific gravity increased in Murchita ghrita. Refractive index, viscosity, saponification value, iodine values were increased. While acid value is decreased. Peroxide value is slightly increased. Unsaponifiable matter remains unchanged. There was change in organoleptic properties after Murchana. Physico-chemical changes have been occurring except in unsaponifiable matter and congealing point. Peroxide was present in both samples of Amurchit and Murchit Changeri ghrita. Saponification value was increased in Murchit Changeri Ghrita Conclusion: It can be concluded that antioxidants were added during Murchana. Murchana maintains stability of lipid preparation and offer good health impact, increases palatability.

Physico Chemical Analysis and HPTLC Evaluation of Kokilakshadi Kwatha Churna

Kokilakshadi Kashaya mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vataraktadhikara, it is a therapeutic formulation to treat Vatarakta. It is also used by Ayurvedic practitioners for treating hyperuricemia. The symptoms of hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis are similar to Vatarakta, a disease explained in classical Ayurvedic textbooks. Kokilakshadikwatha contains Kokilaksha and Guduchi and Pippalichurna given as Anupana of this formulation Physico chemical analysis of individual drug and formulation with modern parameters increase their scope and acceptance. The study was based on standard analytical parameters proposed by API. Method: Kokilakshadi Kwatha powder was evaluated for physico chemical analysis and phyto chemical screening. The analysis was done by using the parameters like Organoleptic features, loss on drying, acid soluble extractive, water soluble extractive. Results: Analytical parameters of individual drugs were done. All analytical parameter were within limit. Analytical parameter of Kokilakshadi Kwatha Churna like loss on drying 10.4%w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.79%, alcohol soluble extractive 11.2%w/w, water soluble extractive 7.8%w/w, pH 5.78 were obtained. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profile of Kokilakshadikwatha powder showed 13 peaks at 254nm and 14 peaks at 366nm. Preliminary phytochemical screening test revealed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids. Conclusion: The obtained data can be used for future comparative references

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Panchagavya Ghritha Prepared as per Ashtanga Hridaya Reference and Comparison with Market Samples

Panchagavya Ghritha is a widely used Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in Ashtanga Hridaya Utharastana Apasmara Patishedha indicated in conditions like Apasmara (epilepsy), Jwara (pyrexia), and Kamala (jaundice). It contains 5 ingredients namely Goshakrit rasa (cow dung juice), Amladadhi (sour curd), Goksheera (cow’s milk), Gomutra (cow’s urine) and Goghritha (ghee). Authentic sources of cow products are not often obtained and found adulterated. Collection and processing of fresh raw materials are an important area in this formulation This study was conducted to find out the non conformances and quality issues in Panchagavya ghritha production in industrial level. The comparative analysis of prepared and market samples based on standard analytical parameters proposed by PLIM reveals the variation in different organoleptic characters and physico-chemical parameters. The physico-chemical parameters among prepared and different companies were statistically analysed with ANOVA test and Scheffe’s pair wise comparison, showed significant difference at 0.01 levels.

Physico Chemical Analysis of Asanavilwadi Tila Tailam and Asanavilwadi Kera Tailam

Taila Kalpana- A liquid dosage form of Ayurveda used for both external and internal application, has an important role in clinical practice. Asanavilwadi taila is a preparation mentioned in Sahasrayogam taila prakaranam and in Chikitsa manjari Siro roga chikitsa. It is used in the treatment of diseases of eye, ear and head and found to be very effective. Based on the data collected about the production of Asanavilwadi tailam from various manufacturing companies, it was noted that large amount of Asanavilwadi tila tailam and Asanavilwadi kera tailam are produced. In the present scenario there is increase in the number of manufacturing companies, increased production of formulations and there is decreased availability of raw drugs. So, it is necessary to confirm the genuinity of formulations available in the market. But Asanavilwadi tailam has not been standardized yet in API. This work was initiated to develop a standard analytical parameter for Asanavilwadi tila tailam and Asanavilwadi kera tailam. Asanavilwadi taila is prepared both in the media of Tila taila and Kera tailam as both samples are used for clinical practice and physico-chemical analyses were done. Standard analytical protocol proposed by Pharmacopoeial Laboratory of Indian Medicine (PLIM) and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India were taken as the study tool.

Análise da qualidade da água do rio Jaguaribe, em um trecho situado no município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil / Analysis of the quality of Jaguaribe river water, in an area located in the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil

A água constitui-se um recurso natural essencial aos seres vivos presente em todos os processos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, o que torna seu acesso indispensável às populações em geral. Diante disso, o presente estudo avaliou as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água proveniente do rio Jaguaribe, no trecho urbano do município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil, visando diagnosticar sua atual situação, e dispor de informações que contribuam para o monitoramento e garantia da sustentabilidade do recurso. A pesquisa foi realizada em um trecho do rio Jaguaribe, que percorre a zona urbana do município de Jaguaribe durante o período seco (Dezembro/2017) e chuvoso (Março/2018), sendo, portanto, dois pontos de coleta, um deles a montante e outro a jusante da cidade, nos bairros conhecidos como "Curralinho" e "Cruzeiro", respectivamente. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos de pH, temperatura, Condutividade Elétrica (CE) e cloreto e as variáveis microbiológicos tais como: Coliformes Totais, Fecais e Escherichia coli, todas as coletas foram realizadas em triplicatas. As variáveis físico-químicas apresentaram-se mais elevadas no período seco, porém seus resultados mostraram-se dentro dos valores médios verificados em outros trabalhos, salvo os da condutividade. Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, não houve diferenças entre o período seco e chuvoso. Porém, em ambos foram encontrados, nos dois pontos de coleta, valores acima das médias estabelecidas pelo CONAMA. Diante dos resultados, constatamos que a contaminação do trecho não pode ser atribuída unicamente à cidade de Jaguaribe, comprovando que esta já chega à cidade com altos níveis de contaminação, principalmente por microrganismos (AU)

Water is an essential natural resource for living beings, present in all the biochemical and physiological processes, which makes its access indispensable to the populations in general. Therefore, the present study evaluated the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water from Jaguaribe River in the urban area of the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil, in order to diagnose its current situation, and to have information that contribute to the monitoring and the guarantee of resource sustainability. the research was carried out on a stretch of the Jaguaribe River, which runs through the urban area of the municipality of Jaguaribe during the drought (December / 2017) and rainy season (March / 2018) constituting, therefore, two collection points, one of them upstream and another downstream of the city, in the neighborhoods of "Curralinho" and "Cruzeiro", respectively. The physicochemical parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride and microbiological variables such as: Total Coliforms, Fecal and Escherichia coli were analyzed, all collections were done in triplicates. The physical-chemical variables were higher during the drought season, but their results were within the mean values verified in other studies, except those of the conductivity. Regarding the microbiological parameters, there were no differences between the drought and rainy season. However, in both points of collection, values above the averages established by CONAMA were found. In view the results, we verified that the contamination the stretch can not attributed only to the city of Jaguaribe, proving that it already arrives to the city with high levels of contamination, mainly by microorganisms (AU)

Physico-chemical and microbiological quality assessment of ice blocks sold in selected wet markets in Manila, Philippines

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> The study aimed to determine the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of ice blocks sold in selected wet markets located in the city of Manila.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Twenty-eight samples were collected from three markets. Microbiological quality was analyzed in terms of the presence or absence of coliforms with E. coli as indicator organism. Physico-chemical quality was determined by measuring turbidity, apparent color, pH, iron, and residual chlorine. Measurements obtained were compared with the 2007 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Results showed that all samples tested positive for coliforms while 25 out of the 28 samples were positive for E. coli. Mean turbidity was 2.74 ± 3.68 NTU; for both apparent color and iron tests, all samples complied with the PNSDW standard limit set; mean pH was 6.15 ± 0.64; and mean residual chlorine was 0.06 ± 0.02 mg/L. Average values of apparent color and iron comply with the PNSDW standards. Six out of 28 samples had turbidity values exceeding the standards. All samples were found to have residual chlorine levels below the standards.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Ice in markets do not comply with key 2007 PNSDW standards and findings warrant strict compliance of ice quality from manufacturers to the point of distribution to protect consumer health.</p>

Physicochemical and elemental studies of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.for standardization as herbal drug

Objective:To explore the leaves of Hydrocotylejavanica Thunb.as a source of safe and effective antibacterial herbal medicine.Methods:The standardization was validated by stepwise physicochemical studies,element analysis,determination of ash values,fluorescence analysis,assessment of moisture content,extractive values in different solvent systems and extraction methods.Heavy metal contents,mineral and element contents were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry,inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and CHNS/O analyser,respectively.Results:The methanol extract of the folklore medicinal plant having antibacterial efficacy contained flavonoids and phenolic OH groups.The ICP multi standard indicated the presence of three major compounds with molecular mass of 161 190 and 221 Da.Heavy metals viz.lead,mercury and copper content were 4.38 ppm,＜ 0.05 ppm and 24.70 ppm,respectively.Minerals content of calcium,phosphorus,potassium and iron were 1 190.94 mg/100 g,375.57 mg/100 g,2820 mg/100 g and 340.20 mg/100 g of plant sample,respectively.Elements like carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and sulphur contents were 38.18％,5.67％,2.23％ and 0.51％,respectively.Heavy metal profile of the tested plant was within the permissible limits of the regulatory authorities.Conclusions:Hence the present physicochemical and elements studies reveals that the plant Hydrocotylejavanica Thunb.could be a potent source of herbal preparation as well as a safe and novel synthetic antibacterial drug.

Physicochemical and elemental studies of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. for standardization as herbal drug

Objective To explore the leaves of Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. as a source of safe and effective antibacterial herbal medicine. Methods The standardization was validated by stepwise physicochemical studies, element analysis, determination of ash values, fluorescence analysis, assessment of moisture content, extractive values in different solvent systems and extraction methods. Heavy metal contents, mineral and element contents were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and CHNS/O analyser, respectively. Results The methanol extract of the folklore medicinal plant having antibacterial efficacy contained flavonoids and phenolic OH groups. The ICP multi standard indicated the presence of three major compounds with molecular mass of 161 190 and 221 Da. Heavy metals viz. lead, mercury and copper content were 4.38 ppm, < 0.05 ppm and 24.70 ppm, respectively. Minerals content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron were 1 190.94 mg/100 g, 375.57 mg/100 g, 2 820 mg/100 g and 340.20 mg/100 g of plant sample, respectively. Elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents were 38.18%, 5.67%, 2.23% and 0.51%, respectively. Heavy metal profile of the tested plant was within the permissible limits of the regulatory authorities. Conclusions Hence the present physicochemical and elements studies reveals that the plant Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. could be a potent source of herbal preparation as well as a safe and novel synthetic antibacterial drug.

Quality control and TLC profile data on selected plant species commonly found in the Brazilian market

The use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a commonplace practice and can be of significant help to different laboratories with quality control, especially those that work with plant extracts and phytotherapeutics. This study evaluated ten species of plants (Schinus terebinthifolius; Arctium lappa; Trichilia catigua; Camellia sinensis; Mikania glomerata; Croton echioides; Achyrocline satureioides; Heteropterys aphrodisiaca; Plantago major; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) that are commonly sold by compounding pharmacies, using TLC with reference substances and pharmacopoeic physical and chemical tests (loss on drying, level of extractives, and total ash content). The results showed that the ten species showed losses on drying consonant with the literature. The level of extractives for two species and total ash for five species were also consonant with the literature, and those of the other species were established in this study. The semipurified extracts of the ten species were assayed by TLC, and the analysis with the use of reference substances proved to be effective, in addition to being practical, simple, versatile, and economically viable.

Análise da qualidade da água e dos peixes do lago Aratimbó, Umuarama Pr - Brasil / Qualitative analysis of water and fish from lake Aratimbó in Umuarama Pr ? Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os padrões qualitativos da água e do pescado do Lago Aratimbó, localizado na cidade de Umuarama PR, por meio de análises físico-químicas, bacteriológicas e de metais. As coletas foram realizadas in loco em três (3) pontos estratégicos do lago que foram encaminhadas para análises físico-químicas, tendo os resultados como insatisfatórias e positividade nas análises da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e óleos e graxas. As análises microbiológicas da água obtiveram resultados insatisfatórios para coliformes totais. As análises de metais na água que foram cromo, cobre, ferro, potássio, sódio, níquel, chumbo e zinco todas foram satisfatórias dentro dos parâmetros analisados. No exame microbiológico do pescado os resultados foram satisfatórios para coliformes totais, termotolerantes, Salmonella sp e Staphylococcus aureus. Os metais analisados na amostra 1 dos peixes, tiveram presentes o potássio, sódio, zinco e ferro nas brânquias, músculo e vísceras, o cobre foi detectado somente nas vísceras. Na amostra 2 nas brânquias, músculo e vísceras encontrou-se potássio, sódio e ferro. O zinco foi detectado nas brânquias e músculo e o cobre somente nas vísceras. Na amostra 3 detectou-se potássio, sódio, zinco e ferro nas brânquias, músculo e vísceras. O cobre foi detectado exclusivamente nas vísceras. Quando comparados os resultados deste estudo aos aspectos visuais do lago Aratimbó, observou-se algumas irregularidades existentes, como algumas galerias de águas pluviais e a falta de vegetação arbórea nas margens do lago, esses fatores são associados aos malefícios, como contaminação da água e dos peixes e o assoreamento causado pelas chuvas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality standards of water and fish from Lake Aratimbó located in Umuarama PR, through physical-chemical, bacteriological and metal analyses. Samples were collected on site at three (3) strategic points of the lake that were referred to physical-chemical analysis, and the results were: unsatisfactory and positive for the analysis of biochemical demand of oxygen, oil and grease. The results of the microbiological analysis of water was unsatisfactory for total coliform. The analyzed metals in water were chromium, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, nickel, lead and zinc, and they were all within satisfactory parameters. In the microbiological examination of fish, the results were satisfactory for total coliform, coliform, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The detected metals in the fish sample 1 were potassium, sodium, zinc and iron in the gills, muscle and viscera; copper was only detected in the viscera. In sample 2, potassium, sodium and iron were found in the gills, muscle and viscera. Zinc was detected in the gills and muscle, and copper only in the viscera. In sample 3, potassium, sodium, zinc and iron were detected in the gills, muscle and viscera. Copper was only detected in the viscera. When comparing our results to the visual aspects of Lake Aratimbó, some irregularities as some existing storm sewer and the lack of trees along the lakeshore were observed, and these factors are associated with harmful effects such as contamination of water and fish and siltation caused by rains.

Study of fluoride content in groundwater of Nawa Tehsil in Nagaur, Rajasthan.

There is a severe fluoride problem in Nawa tehsil of Nagaur district. Villagers are suffering from dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. So an extensive geochemical study of 27 villages of eastern, south-eastern and southern zone of Nawa tehsil was done. Total 46 ground water samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters as well as fluoride content. The ground water samples collected in clean polyethylene plastic containers were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, chloride and alkalinity. The fluoride concentration in the three different zones ranged from 0.64 to 14.62 mg l-1 where 13.04% samples were found within permissible limit while 86.96% had fluoride beyond permissible limit (> 1.5 mg l-1). It was found that among the three different zones south-eastern zone was under serious fluoride contamination where fluoride concentration ranged between 1.10 to 14.62 mg l-1. In the eastern zone fluoride concentration was recorded from 1.52 to 5.13 mg l-1 whereas in the southern zone it was found between 0.64 to 3.63 mg l-1.

Estudo sensorial e nutricional da merenda escolar de uma escola da cidade de Lauro de Freitas-BA / Sensorial and nutritional study on scholar lunches served at a school in Lauro de Freitas city, Bahia, Brazil

O cardápio escolar deve oferecer refeições saborosas e nutritivas, pois representa para o aluno um atrativo para permanência nas escolas públicas brasileiras. Este estudo analisou a composição centesimal, a aceitação e a preferência da merenda servida em uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental da cidade de Lauro de Freitas-BA. O cardápio semanal da merenda avaliada era composto de: sopa (A), arroz doce (B), achocolatado (C), suco e biscoito (D) e banana e maçã (E). Foram utilizadas uma escala hedônica facial de sete pontos para avaliação da aceitação e uma escala de cinco pontos em ordem crescente de preferência e, aplicadas em 106 alunos da 5ª a 8ª séries. As amostras foram analisadas nos parâmetros: umidade (%), cinzas (%), proteínas (%), lipídios (%) e glicídios totais (%). A merenda D teve a maior média de aceitação (5,63) e de preferência (440), e apresentou 283,54 kcal, que correspondem a valores de 75,6% e 65,18% de kcal recomendados, respectivamente, pelo PNAE de 2000 e 2009. Nenhuma merenda alcançou as taxas de kcal recomendadas pelo PNAE. Portanto, a valorização da qualidade nutricional da merenda desta escola seria necessária, a fim de assegurar as necessidades diárias de nutrientes aos alunos e não comprometer o aprendizado.

A tasty and nourishing scholar lunch served at school has been a means of attracting the students to the Brazilian public schools. The present study analyzed the centesimal and calorific compositions, and sensory features of scholar lunches served at a municipal primary school in the city of Lauro de Freitas, BA. The analyzed samples corresponded to those for a week-lunch, being: soup (A), sweet rice (B), chocolate milk drink (C), juice and biscuit (D), and banana and apple (E). A facial hedonic scale of seven points was used for assessing the food acceptability. Sensory tests were applied to 106 students in the 5th to 8th grades. The food samples were analyzed on moisture (%), minerals (%), lipids (%), protein (%), and carbohydrate (%) contents. Sample D had the highest score of acceptability (5.63) and preference (440), and it presented 283.54 kcal which corresponded to 75.6% and 65.18% of kcal required by PNAE 2000 and 2009, respectively. None of these lunches reached the calorific values recommended by the PNAE. Thus, the nutritional quality of scholar lunches served at this school might be improved to ensure the daily nutrients needs to the students and to avoid the learning impairment.

Efeito da adição de xarope de glicosenas propriedades físico-químicas e ceitabilidade do doce de gabiroba / Effect of glucose syrup addition on physical and chemical properties and acceptability of gabiroba marmalade

Gabiroba marmalades were prepared with coconut, pectin, citric acid anddifferent concentrations of glucose syrup (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) using a1:1:1 ratio of pulp:sugar:milk, for evaluation of physico-chemical propertiesand acceptability. The formulations with acceptable sensory attributeswere stored at room temperature and monthly evaluated for physical andchemical characteristics (pH, titrable acidity, soluble solids and moisture)until completing 180 days. The overall acceptability (aroma, taste, texture)and appearance averaged 6.2 ? 7.8 in a 9-point hedonic scale consumeracceptance study. During storage of marmalades, a tendency for decrease in the pH value was observed, this is also indicated by the negative linear effect (p < 0.05). The variation in the values of titrable acidity, soluble solids and moisture was not linear or quadratic during storage. Gabiroba marmalades with increasing levels of glucose syrup (0-15%) and good level of acceptance present adequate physical and chemical characteristics.

Mermelada de gabiroba fue preparado usando una proporción de pulpa:azucar: leche de 1: 1: 1 respectivamente, coco rallado, pectina,ácido cítrico y diferentes concentraciones de jarabe de glucosa (0, 5, 10 y 15%) para evaluar las características físico-químicas y su aceptabilidad. Las formulaciones aceptadas fueron almacenadas a temperatura ambiente y evaluadas mensualmente en relación a sus características físico-químicas (pH, acidez, sólidos solubles y humedad) hasta completar 180 días. Las puntuaciones de aceptación en cuanto a aroma, sabor, textura y apariencia del producto variaron de 6,2 a 7,8, utilizando unaescala hedónica de 9 puntos. Durante el almacenamiento, los mermeladas mostraron tendencia de reducción del pH, confi rmado por el efecto linear negativo en función del tiempo (p < 0,05). La variación en los valores de acidez titulable, sólidos solubles y humedad no fue linear ni cuadrática con el tiempo de almacenamiento. Mermeladas de gabiroba conniveles crecientes de jarabe de glucosa (0 hasta 15%) y buen nivel de aceptación presentaron características físico-químicas adecuadas.

Doces em pasta de gabiroba foram elaborados com a proporção de polpa:açúcar:leite de 1:1:1, coco ralado, pectina, ácido cítrico e diferentesconcentrações de xarope de glicose (0, 5, 10; 15%) para avaliação das características físicoquímicas e da aceitabilidade. As formulaçõesconsideradas aceitas foram arazenadas à temperatura ambiente e avaliadas quanto às características físicas e químicas (pH, acideztitulável, sólidos solúveis e umidade), mensalmente até completar 180 dias. Os escores para aceitação global (aroma, sabor, textura) e aparência dosdoces variaram de 6,2 a 7,8 usando-se escala hedônica de 9 pontos. Durante a estocagem, os doces apresentaram tendência na redução dopH, isto também é confi rmado pelo efeito linear negativo em função do tempo (p<0,05). A alteração dos valores de acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e umidade não foi linear ou quadrática com o tempo de armazenamento. Doces de gabiroba com níveis crescentes dexarope de glicose (0% a 15%) e bom nível de aceitação apresentam características físicas e químicas adequadas.

Quality standard of Shengxue Micro Capsules / 中成药

AIM:To establish the quality standard for Shengxue Micro Capsules(melanteritum,Cortex Cinnamo-(mi,) Endoconcha Sepiae,Colla Corii asini,Placenta Hominis). METHODS: The melanteritum,Endoconcha sepiae was identified by physic-chemical analysis. Cortex Cinnamomi was identified by TLC.UV was employed for the assay of FeSO_4.GC was used to determine Cinnamaldehyde of Shengxue Micro Capsules. RESULTS: Green vitriol,Endoconcha sepiae could be identified by physico-chemical analysis.Cortex Cinnamomi could be identified by TLC.The linear range of FeSO_4 was within 0～20 mg,r = 0.999 8;The average recovery of assay was(96.7%.) The linear range of cinnamaldehyde was within 0.157 5～0.551 4 ?g,r = 0.999 8;The average(recovery) of assay was 101.52%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, reproducible.It could be used for(quality) control of Shengxue Micro Capsules.