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Menopausal syndrome is a grouping of signs and symptoms associated with menopause. In Ayurveda, menopause is referred to as 'Rajonivrutti' (and menopausal syndrome as Rajonivruttianubandhaja vyadhies). Menopause's long-term risks include osteoporosis, cardiac problems, and Alzheimer's disease. Aims and objective: To study the Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and HPTLC of Vayasthapana Gana Choorna and Vayasthapana Ghrita. Material and methods: Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and HPTLC of Vayasthapana Gana Choorna and Vayasthapana Ghrita have been carried out as per standard protocol. Result: Vayasthapana Gana Choorna showed the presence of mesocarp, asicular crystals, stone cells, scleroids, brown content, starch grains, colencyma cells, rhomboidal crystals, pitted vessels, parenchyma cells, simple trichome. Phytochemical parameters showed refractive index 1.3660, specific gravity 0.913, acid value 1.285, iodine value 212.1085 and in HPTLC, Methanol extract of Vayasthapana Ghrita at 254nm showed 6 spots and at 366nm 2 spots whereas in methanol extract of Vayasthapana Gana Choorna at 254nm 5 spots and in 366nm 4 spots were present. Conclusion: The applied pharmacognostic and HPTLC method has been shown to be selective, linear, precise and accurate. The method will be useful for quality control of the raw material and pharmaceutical preparations.
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Background: Dental caries being the leading health issue worldwide has no specific cure due to its multifactorial etiology and genetic susceptibility. Hence, this paper attempted to correlate the clinical and hereditary factors between mother and child, to predict the caries occurrence in child in future, and thereby implement early preventive measures. Aim: The aim of the study was to look for an association between maternal and child's human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR4 levels and relate it with other physiochemical factors to assess caries susceptibility in children. Methodology: Saliva samples were collected from children who were in the age group of 0–6 years and their mothers by spitting method and swab method. The clinical indicators such as Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth, decayed, extraction needed, and filled teeth, salivary flow rate, and pH were recorded by clinical evaluation. The Streptococcus mutans count was measured by culture plate followed by colony count method, and the HLA-DR4 factor was assessed using ELISA. Results: The results revealed a statistically significant correlation between the physiochemical factors of the mother and the child. The genetic factor in which the HLA-DR4 caries indicator was checked also has a strong association between the mother and the offspring. Thus, a strong caries prediction formula was derived through which probability of caries occurrence in the child could be determined prematurely. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that using the clinical and genetic factors, the caries prediction can be done for the child and preventive protocol can be started before disease occurrence.
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In Bangladesh conditions, the end of the Boro season begins floods and natural calamities and loses more rice in farmer's fields. If we can select early maturity genotypes for the Boro season, we can harvest our rice from the farmer's field before flooding or any other natural calamities. The study attempted to determine the short duration and high yielding rice genotype for Boro season in Bangladesh amongst the 13 Boro rice F6 lines by contrast with two (2) test varieties. Keeping in view this idea, the output of the genotypes studied, the relationship between different morpho-physio-chemical and yield-contributing characteristics between all the genotypes were investigated there under field and laboratory conditions. Among these 15 lines, G11 line showed better in the most yield contributing parameters. It is therefore concluded that the G11 genotype will be considered an appropriate line for the Boro season in Bangladesh.
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Background: The Ganga River is a life-line, a symbol of purity and virtue for countless people of India. Nearly all the sewage, industrial effluent, runoff from chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture within the basin, and large quantities of solid waste, including thousands of animals carcasses and hundreds of human corpses are dumped in the river everyday which posed a considerable public health threat to the religious bathers and a large number of people living along the river who uses Ganges water for drinking and other household purposes. Objective: To assess the physiochemical and biological quality of river Ganges water and to study the seasonality pattern of pollution of River Ganges. Materials and Methods: Two points namely Samne ghat and Rajghat (entry and exit point of Ganga into the city) were selected as the first and the last sampling stations, beside 8 other intermediate sampling stations to assess the physiochemical and biological quality of River Ganga water. The study was conducted from April 2013 to March 2014 and this period was crudely divided into three seasons viz Winter, Summer and Rainy season for the purpose of studying seasonality pattern of pollution. Results: As the river progress through city of Varanasi, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Chloride, Conductivity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate, Nitrite and Most Probable Number (MPN) increases, DO decreases progressively and Temperature and pH remain same. Conclusion: As far as quality of water with regard to recreational and industrial purposes are concerned, Ganges water may be considered useful but most of the parameters observed across different seasons indicates that it may not be used as potable water.
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@#Introduction: With the increasing clinical use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2), a better understanding of their safety in the human use is critical. The present study aims to review the potential application of nano-TiO2 as targeted cancer therapy based on their toxicity risk which highly dependent on their physio-chemical properties. Methods: This review was performed based on PRISMA-P protocol that begin with literature searching on the selected databases; PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct and general search engine; Google Scholar from 2013 to 2018. Studies retrieved by the pre-determined keywords (titanium dioxide nanoparticles, toxicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, targeted cancer therapy) that assessed toxicity risk of nano-TiO2 in cancer therapeutics were included. Results: The search retrieved 252 articles. Assessment of eligibility by application of inclusion criteria yielded 14 articles. Nano-TiO2 induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in dose and time-dependent manner killing the cancerous cells. All studies used primary particles size < 100 nm with mean of 39.38 and standard deviation of 30.47 which is lower than the mean denoting diameter distribution from selected studies are concentrated from the mean. Conclusion: This review suggest that TiO2 nanoparticles can be considered as an ideal candidate for drug-delivery vehicle for targeted cancer therapy by specifically tailored their physio-chemical properties of this nanoparticles according to desired target site and functions to ensure its optimal efficacy.
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Aims@#Shanineh is a traditional native buttermilk beverage in Jordan, where it is consumed to a great extent during spring and summer seasons. This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological and physiochemical properties of handmade Shanineh compared to that commercially produced by dairy plants in Jordan.@*Methodology and results@#A total of 280 Shanineh samples consisted of 100 handmade samples from different dairy farms (workshops), 170 handmade samples from local markets, and 10 commercially produced samples as controls. Physiochemical characteristics including pH, fat, specific gravity, solid non fat, total solid, salt and viscosity and microbiological quality including coliforms and yeast and mold were evaluated. The results revealed that the physiochemical and hygienic quality of commercially produced Shanineh (control) complied with Jordanian standards, and it was significantly different (P≤0.05) from the markets or workshops samples in all parameters, Moreover, Shanineh samples that were handmade in small farms or distributed to the markets did not comply with standards because it is produced under uncontrolled conditions. 100% of the workshop samples and 47% of the market samples gave positive results for coliform with a value ranged between (<1 -320 CFU/g), while all of the analyzed samples were highly contaminated with yeast and mold with highly significant difference from the control sample.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Handmade Shanineh did not meet the Jordanian standard in term of physiochemical and microbiological parameters and had low hygienic quality compared to commercial one, sources of contaminant should be verified and prevented to ensure the safety of this drink at point of consumption and to decrease the incidence of its health risk on consumers.
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Under the enforcement background of the newly issued Food Safety Law and combined with the work on registration and record of health food , the article put forward the problems and challenges of health food regulation according to the physiochemical quality standard for health food .The paper provided methods and suggestions for the establishment of physical and chemical indices for health food , and discussed how to improve the compositions of physical and chemical testing indicators for health food and improve the specificity of the standard , which can provide basis and guarantee for the post-marketing supervision of health food .
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In this experiment the seed oils of 30 Neem (Azadirachta indica. A. juss) biotypes were screened and evaluated for their physio-chemical parameters for oil content, biodiesel yield, density, viscosity, iodine value , free fatty acid, saponification value, flash point and fire point which were estimated for selection of the elite neem biotype. The best shoot regeneration (60%-80%) was observed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid NAA (0.2-0.4 mg/L) and benzyl amino purine BAP (0.2-0.4 mg/L). Root induction (80%) was successfully obtained in MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.05 mg/L) and IAA (0.05 mg/L). Acclimatization and hardening was quite successful with survival rate of 60%.
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With the growing population and subsequent increasing demand for energy in Nigeria, coupled with the under-developed electrical energy platforms and the vast problems of the convectional energy sources such as continuous gas flaring, energy crisis is still lingering and enormous. The aim of this work is to compare the quality of different blends of biodiesel produced from several vegetable oils. The biodiesel was obtained from oil of animal fat and vegetable oils of bleached palm, corn, cottonseed, groundnut and soya through transterification reaction. The physiochemical properties of four blends were measured to ascertain their adherence with the ASTM standard for biodiesel. The results show a high percentage yield from most of the feedstock with the highest yield of 95% from bleached palm oil while the lowest value of 61.5% is from animal fat. Viscosity obtained at temperatures of 10ºC to 60ºC, with the highest value of 7.717mm2/sec is from B100 of animal fat at 10ºC and lowest value of 1.840mm2/sec is from B20 of corn oil at 60ºC. Also other values for density, flash point, cold point and sulfur content all conform to the ASTM standard range.
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Objective To prepare proanthocyanidins/bletilla striata polysaccharide/chitosan microspheres ( PC/BSP/CTS ) and the physic-chemical characterizations were investigated.Methods The PC/BSP/CTS microspheres were prepared by spray drying method.The morphology of PC/BSP/CTS microspheres was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), and its physic-chemical characteristics such as diameters, release in vitro, moisture content, swelling ratio, solid density were studied.ResuIts The PC/BSP/CTS microspheres were successfully prepared by spray drying method, SEM showed that PC/BSP/CTS microspheres had the spherical shape with smooth surfaces.The diameters of microsphere A, B and C were 10~20, 2~15, 10~25μm.The in-vitro release showed that the cumulative release of three kinds of microspheres A, B, C was 25.07 %, 38.83 %and 60.00 % in 24 h, which had no burst release, while with time prolonged to 48 h, the cumulative release was 28.89%, 43.17% and 72.86%, respectively.The results of moisture content, swelling ratio, solid density were 15.35% ~23.51%, 46.50% ~105.80%, 0.375 ~0.496. ConcIusion The PC/BSP/CTS microspheres are successfully prepared by spray drying method which possess good characteristics and sustained-release effect, which would be as a good pulmonary drug delivery system.
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The present research article reveals the pharmacognostic study of Trigonella foenum graecum. Standardization in medicinal plants is complicated by the complex chemical makeup of plants and the difficulty in obtaining the pure materials needed to compare and measure the amounts of any one particular compound in a plant mixture. In this, study standardization parameters are performed to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of given herbal drug according to Indian Ayurveda pharmacopoeia.
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The physical and chemical properties of soils and plants distribution in metropolitan dumpsites in Uyo, Nigeria were studied. Soil samples were collected from two popular dumpsites and analysed using standard scientific procedures. The Results showed that there were slight desparities in the nutrient profile of these dumpsites. Generally, the nutrients levels were high and soil heavy metals concentration were found to be within permissible limits. This study also revealed the monospecific nature of dumpsite 1 and higher species presence corresponding with increased nutrient levels in dumpsite site 2. This study encourages the use of dumpsites soils for agricultural purpose(s) when the soil heavy metal falls within permissible range.
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Objective: To present a detailed pharmacognostic study of the leaf of Cayratia trifolia (C. trifolia) Linn. (Vitaceae), an important plant in the Indian system of medicine. Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical analysis, preliminary testing, fluorescence analysis of powder of the plant and other WHO recommended methods for standardization were investigated. Results:Leaves are trifoliolated with petioles (2-3 cm) long. Leaflets are ovate to oblong-ovate, (2-8 cm) long, (1.5-5 cm) wide, pointed at the tip. The leaf surface shows the anisocytic type stomata covered with guard cells followed by epidermis layer. Leaf surface contents including veins, vein islet and vein termination were also determined. Transverse section of leaf shows the epidermis layer followed by cuticle layer and vascular bandles (xylem and phloem). The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. Abundant covering trichomes emerge from the upper epidermis. Trichomes are uniseriate and multicellular. Strips of collenchyma are present below and upper layer of epidermis. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the pharmacognostic profile of the C. trifolia is helpful in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To present a detailed pharmacognostic study of the leaf of Cayratia trifolia (C. trifolia) Linn. (Vitaceae), an important plant in the Indian system of medicine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical analysis, preliminary testing, fluorescence analysis of powder of the plant and other WHO recommended methods for standardization were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Leaves are trifoliolated with petioles (2-3 cm) long. Leaflets are ovate to oblong-ovate, (2-8 cm) long, (1.5-5 cm) wide, pointed at the tip. The leaf surface shows the anisocytic type stomata covered with guard cells followed by epidermis layer. Leaf surface contents including veins, vein islet and vein termination were also determined. Transverse section of leaf shows the epidermis layer followed by cuticle layer and vascular bandles (xylem and phloem). The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. Abundant covering trichomes emerge from the upper epidermis. Trichomes are uniseriate and multicellular. Strips of collenchyma are present below and upper layer of epidermis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It can be concluded that the pharmacognostic profile of the C. trifolia is helpful in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.</p>
Subject(s)
India , Pharmacognosy , Methods , Plant Leaves , VitaceaeABSTRACT
To study oil contents and fatty acid composition among the samples of Jatropha curcas L. seeds were collected from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Soxhlet extraction method and gas chromatography (GC) were employed to determine the oil contents of Jatropha seeds and the fatty acid composition of Jatropha oil. The seed oil contents (dry basis) was 46.27% .Physicochemical properties shows acid value (36.46), iodine value (106.00 mg/g) and saponification value (194.70 mg/g.The evaluation of fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC) revealed that, oleic (44.93%), linoleic acid (33.40 %), Palmitic acid (15.39%) and Stearic acid (6.26%).
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Introducción: Este artículo presenta los resultados fisicoquímicos realizados a muestras de panela de consumo humano, consignados en las bases de datos del Laboratorio de Salud Pública de la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá, entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre del 2009, dentro del programa de vigilancia y control sanitario que adelantan las empresas sociales del Estado. Objetivo: Determinar fisicoquímicamente la calidad de la panela que se distribuyó durante el 2009 en Bogotá. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo basado en análisis estadístico en Excel de 343 datos consignados en el Silasp, dentro del periodo objeto de estudio y obtenidos de información registrada luego de las pruebas fisicoquímicas practicadas al alimento panela en el Laboratorio de Salud Pública. Resultados: Durante el 2009, en Bogotá, el 84,26% (289/343) de las panelas arrojó calidad fisicoquímica que cumple con la normatividad vigente (Resolución 779 del 2006); sin embargo, el 15,74% (54/343) de las muestras analizadas presentó calidad fisicoquímica que no cumple; el 15,45% (53/343), por presencia de blanqueadores (sulfitos), y el 0,3% (1/343) por colorantes, los cuales son aditivos químicos prohibidos.
Introduction: This article presents the results obtained from the tests made to jaggery samples for human consumption recorded at the databases of the Laboratory of Public Health of Bogotás District Health Secretariat, from 01 January to December 31, 2009, within the Program of public health surveillance and control carried out by State Social Enterprises. Objective: To establish the physicochemical quality of unrefined whole sugar cane blocks distributed in 2009 in the Capital District. Methodology: This is a retrospective, descriptive study based on a statistical analysis of 343 Excel data from the SILASP (Public Health Labs Information System) for the period of study and obtained from information recorded pursuant to physico-chemical tests made to panela food at the Laboratory of Public Health. Results: 84.26% (289/343) of the jaggery blocks produced in Bogotás Capital District appeared to have physicochemical opperties that fulfill the current standard (Resolution 779/2006), whereas 15.74% (54/343) of the samples analyzed had physicochemical properties under the standard; 15.45% (53/343) of non-compliant samples contained whitening products (sulphites), and 0.3% (1/343) artificial colors, i.e. banned chemical additives.
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Humans , Male , Female , Public Health , Public Health Surveillance , Food , Sulfites , Health Surveillance , Chemistry, Physical , Coloring Agents , Sugars , LaboratoriesABSTRACT
Object To study the phsiochemical properties of storax ? cyclodextrin (? CD) inclusion complex Methods The inclusion complex was identified by the methods of TLC, X ray powder diffractometry and IR The solubility and dissolution rate of cinnamic acid in inclusion complex were investigated by HPLC Results The TLC showed that the main composition of storax had no change before and after being included by ? CD The spectra of X ray powder diffractometry and IR of the inclusion complex were remarkably different from those of storax and storax ? CD mixture It was shown a great improvement of the solubility and dissolution rate of cinnamic acid in the inclusion complex in 0 1 mol/L HCl, pH 6 6 and pH 7 5 phosphate buffer solution Conclusion The storax ? CD inclusion complex exhibits some new physical characteristics and its physiochemical properties are greatly changed comparing with those of storax