Exogenous application of salicylic acid induces salinity tolerance in eggplant seedlings / Aplicação exógena de ácido salicílico induz tolerância à salinidade em mudas de berinjela

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.

Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid induces salinity tolerance in eggplant seedlings

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.

Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

Effect of Ethephon Application on Fruit Quality at Harvest and Post-harvest Storage of Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina) cv. Fortune

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations of ethephon on Fortune plum ripening, also observing the effect of ethephon concentration on the fruit parameters of yield, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, firmness, wooliness, diameter, length, and average fruit mass at harvest and post-harvest. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications, each experimental unit consisting of four plants. The ethephon concentrations of zero, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg∙L-1 were applied on the plums 20 days before the estimated harvest time. The results indicated that ethephon application induced a higher fruit yield in earlier harvest time, but with no effect on overall yield. Relative to the quality characteristics, the application of ethephon induced a reduction of fruit firmness, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity. Fruit length was not affected. The parameters of soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness presented a negative significant correlation with the ethephon dose. Relative to post-storage evaluation, the ethephon application induced a higher SS/TA ratio, and lower wooliness, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content. The parameters of soluble solids and titratable acidity presented a significant negative correlation, whereas the SS/TA ratio was positively correlated with the ethephon dose.

Screening and evaluation of PGPR strains having multiple PGP traits from hilly terrain

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with multiple beneficial traits serve as potentially, ecofriendly,and cost-effective alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. They have both direct and indirectaffirmative impacts on overall plant growth and health. PGPRs are well known to directly improve the plantgrowth by phytohormone production and availability of minerals in soil. A total of nine soil samples were takenfrom near the rhizospheric zone of different crops and 56 rhizobacterial strains were isolated. Only 16 out of56 rhizobacterial strains were found positive for more than one beneficial trait that included solubilization ofphosphate, indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, ammonia and H2S production. Among all PGPR strains,RKM15 was observed having the highest phosphate solubilizing index (3.4), solubilized phosphorus (339mg L−1) and also siderophore unit (70.54 %). The maximum IAA production was observed by RKM25 strain(35.56 µg ml−1). The most promising RKM15 isolate was identified as Pantoea dispersa (MN629239) through16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. This characterized PGPR strain may be used for the development ofbiofertilizers to enhance crop productivity and improvement in soil fertility

Effects of an Auxin and a brassinosteroid on physical, chemical and biochemical attributes of 'Galaxy' apples / Ação da auxina e do brassinosteroide nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos de maçãs 'Galaxy'

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to study the effect of the auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the brassinosteroid 28-homocastasterone (28-HCS) applied every 15 days (harvest 2015/16) or every 21 days (harvest 2016/17) after full bloom, on the physical, chemical and biochemical attributes of the 'Galaxy' apples. The study was performed at a commercial orchard at Vacaria county, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The following treatments were applied: water (control), NAA (0.1%), 28-HCS (10‒6 M) and NAA (0.1%) + 28-HCS (10‒6 M). For this purpose, 300 μL of the plant growth regulator solutions were applied to the fruit peduncles. Fruits treated with NAA every 21 days presented higher starch-iodine index and lower total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lightness index (L) and hue angle (h°) than 28-HCS-treated fruits. Fruits treated every 15 days with NAA presented reduced skin rupture force (SRF), total antioxidant activities (TAA) of the skin and flesh, and hydrogen peroxide content compared to the control fruits. In addition, NAA application every 15 and 21 days resulted in increased anthocyanin content in the skin. Application of NAA + 28-HCS reduced superoxide dismutase activity. 28-HCS applications increased TSS, color attributes (C and h°) of the skin, total antioxidant activity of the skin and flesh and peroxidase activity compared to control fruits. These results are expected to help to understand how plant growth regulators affect apple quality. In addition, results described here are also expected to help on the development of strategies to reduce post harvest losses and to increase fruit shelf life.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação do ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) e do brassinosteroide (catasterona), aplicados a cada 15 (safra 2015/16) ou 21 (safra 2016/17) dias a partir dos 40 dias após a plena floração, nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos de maçãs 'Galaxy'. O estudo foi realizado em um pomar comercial de macieiras 'Galaxy' no município de Vacaria, RS. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: água (controle), ANA (0,1%), catasterona (10‒6 M) e ANA (0,1%) + catasterona (10‒6 M). As aplicações foram realizadas no pedúnculo dos frutos, utilizando 300 µL de solução por pedúnculo. Frutos tratados com ANA a cada 21 dias tiveram maior índice de iodo-amido e menores valores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável e dos atributos de cor L e ângulo hue (h°) do que os frutos tratados com catasterona. Aplicações de ANA a cada 15 dias reduziu a força de ruptura da casca (FRC), atividade antioxidante (AAT) da casca, da polpa e conteúdo de peróxido de hidrogênio. Além disso, ANA aplicada a cada 15 ou 21 dias aumentaram o teor de antocianinas na casca. ANA + catasterona reduziu a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase. Entretanto, aplicações de catasterona a cada 15 dias aumentou o teor de SS, atributos de cor (C e h°) na casca, atividade antioxidante da casca e da polpa, compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e atividade da enzima peroxidase dos frutos de maçãs. Portanto, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para confirmar a ação desses fitorreguladores na manutenção da qualidade e redução das perdas pós-colheitas de maçãs 'Galaxy'.

Evaluación de métodos de extracción para la obtención del ácido giberélico en semillas germinadas de maíz (Zea mays L.) / Comparison of different extraction methods for giberelic acid obtention from corn (Zea mays L.) germinated seeds / Avaliação de metodologias de extração para a obtenção do ácido giberélico em sementes germinadas de milho (Zea mays L.)

Resumen El maíz (Zea mays L.) es el segundo cereal de mayor cultivo a nivel mundial el cual es empleado como materia prima en diferentes industrias. Hasta el momento no se han encontrado reportes de la obtención del ácido giberélico (GA3) en esta planta. En el presente trabajo se compararon los métodos de extracción sólido-líquido por lixiviación y la extracción dinámica con disolvente asistida por sonicación (DSASE) para la obtención del GA3 a partir de semillas germinadas de maíz. Los factores trabajados en la extracción por lixiviación fueron el método físico, el solvente y el tiempo, mientras que los parámetros por DSASE fueron el flujo, el solvente y el tiempo. La mayor concentración del GA3 se obtuvo con el método DSASE (30,012 mg/kg), empleando como solvente acetonitrilo-ácido fórmico 5% (80;20, v:v) a un flujo de 0,4 mL/min y un tiempo de extracción de 25,0 min. La identificación y la cuantificación del GA3 se realizó mediante cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC) con detector de arreglo de diodos (DAD). Estos resultados evidenciaron que la DSASE es una alternativa novedosa para la obtención del GA3, dada su alta eficiencia, el bajo consumo de solvente y su simplicidad en la obtención del extracto.

Abstract Corn (Zea mays L.) is the second most cultivated cereal in the world and is used as raw material for different kind of industries. To date no reports about obtaining giberellic acid (GA3) from corn have been found. In the present study two methods for extracting solid samples were evaluated; lixiviation and dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction (DSASE), for obtaining giberellic acid from corn germinated seeds. In lixiviation, the physical method (agitation and sonication), solvent, and time were the parameters analyzed; while in DSASE the variables were; solvent, flow, and time. The most efficient technique was DSASE employing acetonitrile-formic acid 5% (80;20, v:v) as solvent at a flow of 0,4 mL/ min for 25,0 min, obtaining a concentration of 30,012 mg/kg giberellic acid. Identification and quantification were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD). These results showed that dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction (DSASE) is a novel and powerful alternative technique for obtaining giberellic acid, because of its high efficiency; low solvent consumption and simplicity in obtaining the extract.

Resumo O milho (Zea mays L.) é o segundo cereal mais cultivado no mundo e é usado como matéria-prima em diferentes indústrias. Até a data não foram encontrados estudos da obtenção do ácido giberélico (GA3) neste cereal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a comparação da metodologia de extração sólido-líquido por lixiviação e a metodologia de extração dinâmica com dissolvente assistida por sonicação (DSASE) para a obtenção do ácido giberélico a partir de sementes germinadas de milho (Zea mays L.). Na extração por lixiviação foram avaliados diferentes parâmetros; o método físico, o solvente e o tempo; e na metodologia DSASE estes parâmetros foram; o solvente, o fluxo e o tempo. A maior concentração de ácido giberélico (GA3) foi obtida com a metodologia DSASE, usando como solvente acetonitrila-ácido fórmico 5% v/v (80;20), fluxo de 0,4 mL/min e tempo de extração de 25,0 min. A identificação e a quantificação do GA3 foi realizada mediante cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção de arreglo de diodos (DAD). Os resultados evidenciaram que a DSASE foi uma excelente alternativa para a obtenção do ácido giberélico, por apresentar alta eficiência, pouco consumo de solvente e ser umatécnica simples para a obtenção do extrato.

Research Progress of Different Temperatures Treated Plants Seed Germination / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

For seed plants,the seed germination is the beginning of plant growth and development.There are extensive methodological researches on improvement of seed germination with different temperature treatments,among which low temperature induction can effectively increase the frequency of seed germination.This paper summarized the research progress on methods of seed germination and molecular events such as the change of endogenous phytohormones.Finally the research direction for the low temperature induced plants seed germination is prospected.

Development of an Efficient Plant Regeneration System of Field Mustard (Brassica campestris).

Aims: The present study was conducted with a view to develop an efficient protocol for high frequency plant regeneration of Brassica campestris for further crop improvement program by biotechnological manipulation and to optimize this system for regeneration of a number of B. campestris genotypes. Study Design: Completely Randomized Design. Place and Duration of Study: This experiment was carried out in the Genetic Engineering Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh during the period of July 2013 to June 2014. Methodology: Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of B. campestris cv. BARI sarisha-12 were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for callus initiation and shoot regeneration. Later on subsequent subculturing is done for shoot elongation and multiplication. MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA were used for root formation. Results: From a total of 15 different combinations of BAP and NAA tested, the combination of 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA gave the highest frequency of callus initiation (94.44%) as well as shoot regeneration (63.89%) in case of cotyledon explants where as hypocotyl explants showed 47.62% callus initiation and 19.04% shoot regeneration frequency. Four days old cotyledon explants showed the highest shoot regeneration frequency (72.22%) and higher number of shoots per explant (3.94) than those from older seedling. The shoot regeneration frequency markedly enhanced to 83.33% by the addition of 2.0 mg L-1 AgNO3 to the MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and this combination also showed the maximum number of shoots per explant (6.86). Shoot regeneration potentiality of five B. campestris genotypes were investigated and indicated that this system would be widely applicable to all the genotypes. The regenerated shoots were easily rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L-1 NAA and the whole plants were transferred to pot soils and grown to maturity. Conclusion: MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 2.0 mg L-1 AgNO3 is more efficient for multiple shoot regeneration by using cotyledon explants and it may be utilized for In vitro improvement program of B. campestris.

Investigating the In vitro Regeneration Potentiality of Three High Yielding Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties.

Aims: An efficient and reproducible In vitro regeneration protocol is vital for varietal improvement research. The current research was conducted to optimize the callus induction, shoot and root regeneration of three indica rice varieties. Place, Duration and Design of Study: The experiment was conducted in the tissue culture and biotechnology laboratory of the department of Genetics and Plant Breeding of Bangladesh Agricultural University using completely randomized experimental design. Methodology: Dehusked mature seeds of three indica rice varieties namely, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29 and BINA dhan6 were cultured In vitro in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of phytohormones. Results: The callus induction ranged from 14 - 84% which showed a general increasing trend with the increase in the concentration of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) starting from 1.0 mg L-1 till 2.5 mg L-1. A further increase in the concentration of 2,4-D to 2.5 mg L-1, however, decreased the percentage of callus induction in all three varieties. MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was better than any other composition for callus induction. For size of callus and nature of callus, however, MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP was found to perfume best. The highest percentage of callus induction was observed in the variety BRRI dhan29 (84%) followed by BRRI dhan28 (74%). Almost all the varieties produced yellowish and compact calli except BINA dhan6 which produced creamy and friable calli. The desiccation treatment has shown to increase size but decrease the compactness of the callus. The differences are, however, not statistically significant. MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg L-1 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6 mg L-1 Kinetin (Kn) showed highest shoot regeneration in BRRI dhan29 (85%) followed by BRRI dhan28 (60%). Higher frequency of root formation was observed in all three varieties using Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The survival rate of the plantlet in acclimatization chamber (96%) and in field condition (93.33%) was higher for BRRI dhan29. BINA dhan6 has shown the least regeneration potentiality for all the aforementioned traits. Conclusion: Of the three varieties, BRRI dhan29 and BRRI dhan28 has shown higher regeneration potentiality. This optimized protocol will thus be useful in genetic improvement of these varieties using biotechnological manipulations.

In vitro Plantlet Regeneration of Four Local Garlic (Allium sativum) Accessions of Bangladesh.

Aims: The genetic improvement of garlic can be achieved by biotechnological manipulations as breeding in this vegetatively propagated crop is limited. The current research was conducted with a view to develop an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for four local garlic accessions namely, G121, G122, G123 and G124. Place, Duration and Design of Study: The experiment was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University during the period from June 2013 to June 2014 using three-factorial experimental design. Methodology: The root tips, basal disc and leaf base were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) alone, and with both 2, 4-D and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) together for callus induction and the later for subsequent sub-culturing and proliferation of callus. MS medium supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and BAP was used for plantlet regeneration. Results: The percentage of callus induction increased with the increase in the concentration of 2,4- D, starting from 0.5 mg L-1 till 2.0 mg L-1 and declined with further increase in the concentration of 2,4-D. The MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP showed higher percentage of callus induction and callus proliferation compared to that of with 2,4-D alone. The highest percentage of callus induction was observed in the genotype G124 from the explant basal disc (85%) and in the genotype G121 from the explant leaf base (80%) with 2.0 mg L-1 2,4-D and 2.0 mg L-1 BAP. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg L-1 BAP showed highest percentage of callus proliferation (90%) in almost all the genotypes. The highest percentage of plantlet regeneration were observed in the genotype G124 for the explants basal disc (63.33%) in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 NAA + 1 mg L-1 BAP. The survival rate of the plantlets after acclimatization varied from 40% (in G123) to 70% (in G121). Conclusion: The optimized protocol of plant regeneration from local garlic accessions will be useful for any future garlic improvement programs using biotechnological means.

An Automated Dual-gradient Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Kinds of Plants Hormones in Different Parts of Soya Beans and Its Application to a Real Analysis / 分析化学

There are some common analysis challenges in the hormone detection in agriculture science, including matrix interference, complicated sample preparation, poor reproducibility, trace analyte content. An automated on-line SPE and innovative fast polarity switch analysis method employing dual-gradient liquid chromatography ( DGLC ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry ( DGLC-MS/MS ) was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of gibberellic acid ( GA3 ) , indole acetic acid ( IAA ) , zeatin ( ZT) and abscisic acid ( ABA) in the soybean plant ( leaf, grain and pod) . The method was applied in the actual sample detection successfully. In order to acquire higher sensitivity, recovery, stability and precision, some conditions including SPE column, analytical column, mobile phase, additive etc were optimized according to the selection and retain of hormone. Beans were cryogenically grinded by liquid nitrogen, extracted by 80% methanol, certrifugatel and dilluted with water, and then injected directly. Samples were transported and gradient eluted on the analytical column Acclaim PA2 by 0 . 1% formic acid in water and methanol, after retaining and separation on the SPE column Hypersep Retain AX. All analytes were detected in selection reaction monitoring ( SRM) mode in both positive and negative channels. The quantification was based on linear regression. The linear ranges of GA3, IAA and ZT were 0. 1-50 μg/L with the LOQ of 0. 0002 μg/g, and the linear of ABA was 0. 5-50 μg/L with the LOQ of 0. 0010μg/g. The recoveries of four kinds of plants hormones were 76 . 1%-93 . 5%, and RSDs were 0 . 82%-6 . 02% at low ( 0 . 8 μg/L ) , medium (4. 0μg/L) and high (40μg/L). The results noted that the content of ABA in seeds was apparently higher than others. This method could be used for the rapid and accurate detection of hormone in different parts of soya beans.

Dynamic analysis on endo phylohormone during bolting time of roots in Saponikovia cata / 中草药

Objective: Through determining the contents of growth hormone (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA) to make the content changes of IAA, GA, and ABA clear before and after bolting time in the roots of Saponikovia cata, so as to provide the theoretical basis for studying the early bolting mechanism in the roots of S. cata. Methods: The contents of IAA, GA, and ABA before and after the bolting time were determined by HPLC. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: C18 ODS RP column, temperature: 35°C, detection wavelength: 254 nm, volumn flow: 0.7 mL/min, mobile phase: methanol-acetonitrile -0.7% acetic acid (40:15:45). Results: The content variation trend of IAA and GA in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. cata was almost the same during the bolting time. The contents of IAA and GA in the roots of S. cata revealed the downgrade tendency sharply after bolting; The contents of IAA and GA in the roots of S. cata before bolting were obviously higher than those after bolting. The content variation trends of ABA in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. cata were the same during the bolting time, but far more different from IAA and GA. Although there was the little fluctuation of ABA before bolting, the contents of ABA after bolting were sharply upgraded and were obviously higher than those before bolting. Conclusion: The phenomenon of early bolting in the roots of S. cata directly relates to the endo phylohormone level, so we may extrapolate that the levels of endo phylohormone could straightly cause the bolting in the roots of S. cata or not.

Pós-colheita de lichia 'Bengal' tratada com etileno e 1-metilciclopropeno / Postharvest of lychee 'Bengal' treated with ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene

Objetivou-se determinar as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas associadas ao uso de etileno e 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) na conservação pós-colheita de lichias, assim como a influência desses tratamentos isolados ou combinados no escurecimento desses frutos. Após a colheita, foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: sem aplicação de 1-MCP ou etileno; etileno (20µL L-1, por 6 horas); 1-MCP (300nL L-1, por 12 horas) e etileno (20µL L-1, por 6 horas) + 1-MCP (300nL L-1, por 6 horas). Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados a 5°C e 90 por cento UR durante 30 dias, sendo avaliados a cada 10 dias (+3 dias de comercialização simulada a 25°C e 65 por cento UR). Avaliou-se a produção de etileno, taxa respiratória, sólidos solúveis (SS), perda de massa fresca, coloração (luminosidade - L* e a*) e atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO). A produção de etileno e taxa respiratória não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e os SS decresceram ao longo do armazenamento, mas também sem diferenças entre os tratamentos. A atividade da enzima PPO foi aumentada, sendo correlacionada com os índices decrescentes de L* e a* presentes nos frutos, ocorrendo, paralelamente, aumento da perda de massa dos frutos. Conclui-se que o escurecimento do pericarpo da lichia está relacionado à perda de massa fresca e aumento da atividade da PPO e que nenhum dos tratamentos utilizados evitou o escurecimento dos frutos.

The objective was to determine the physiological and biochemical changes associated with the use of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on postharvest conservation of lychees as well as the influence of these treatments alone or in combination on skin browning of fruit. After harvest, it was applied the following treatments: without application of 1-MCP or ethylene, ethylene (20mL L-1 for 6 hours), 1-MCP (300nL L-1 for 12h) and ethylene (20mL L-1 for 6 hours) + 1-MCP (300nL L-1 for 6 hours). After treatments, fruits were stored at 5°C and 90 percent RH for 30 days and were evaluated every 10 days (+3 days of simulated marketing at 25°C and 65 percent RH). The ethylene production, respiration rate, soluble solids (SS), weight loss, color (lightness - L * and a*) and polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO) were evaluated. Ethylene production and respiration rate showed no significant differences between treatments, and SS decreased over the storage, but there was also no difference between treatments. The enzyme activity showed an increase in PPO, which was correlated to the decreasing rates of L * and a*, occurring in parallel, increased fruit weight loss. It is concluded that the skin browning of lychee is related to weight loss and increased activity of PPO, and that none of the treatments prevented the sking browning of fruit.

Efecto de diferentes concentraciones de ácido antranílico en el crecimiento del maíz / The effect of different anthranilic acid concentrations on maize growth

La rizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense basa su capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal en la producciónde auxinas y otras hormonas, entre ellas el ácido antranílico (AA). En este trabajo se determinó el efectodel AA (0, 500, 1000, 3000 y 5000 ppm) en el crecimiento y la acumulación de biomasa del híbrido de maíz83G66 en condiciones de invernadero. El AA de 500 a 3000 ppm promovió un mayor crecimiento (área foliary altura de planta), y el AA de 1000 y 3000 ppm incrementó significativamente la biomasa seca en maíz encomparación con el testigo. El 90% de la asimilación del AA en las plantas ocurrió durante los primeros 10días después del tratamiento.

The plant growth-promoting ability of rhizo-bacterium Azospirillum brasilense is based on production of auxins and other hormones, among them outstanding antranilic acid (AA). In this work we determined the antranilic acid (0, 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm) effects on maize growth and dry biomass accumulation under greenhouse conditions using the hybrid 83G66. From 500 to 3000 ppm of AA significantly increased plant growth (leaf area and plant height) while 1000 and 3000 ppm of AA significantly increased dry biomass accumulation in maize compared with control (0 ppm). The 90 % of AA in maize plants was assimilated during the early 10 days after treatment.