Estimación de la sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de arveja en el municipio de Ipiales, Nariño-Colombia / Estimation of the sustainability of farm producers of vegetables in the municipality of Ipiales, Nariño-Colombia

RESUMEN Los agroecosistemas muestran una gran heterogeneidad en cuanto a las prácticas y características, debido a que dependen de las lógicas de la agricultura familiar, convirtiéndose en un recurso potencialmente valioso, cuando se estudia el uso y el soporte del medio productivo. Es por ello, que esta investigación evaluó el sistema de arveja (Pisum sativum L.) en el municipio de Ipiales, a través de una metodología multidimensional, usando 26 indicadores, agrupados en cuatro dimensiones de sustentabilidad agroecológica. La estimación, se realizó sobre 30 fincas, que representaron tres tipos de campesinos, previamente descritos, como C1, C2 y C3; los resultados permitieron identificar los Puntos Críticos de Sustentabilidad (PCS) y el Índice General de Sustentabilidad (IGS) del sistema, estableciendo que las diferentes situaciones sociales, ambientales, económicas y técnico-productivas determinan la existencia de PCS específicos. El IGS tuvo una calificación de 2,65, para C1; 2,90, para C2 y 2,62, para C3, evidenciando medidas de monitoreo y de manejo, que se deberían discutir en la región, para disminuir las externalidades generadas por el modelo productivo.

ABSTRACT Agroecosystems present great heterogeneity in terms of practices and characteristics, since they depend on the logic of family farming, which makes them a potentially valuable resource when studying the use and support of the productive environment. For this reason, this research evaluated the pea system (Pisum sativum L.) in the municipality of Ipiales, through a multidimensional methodology that uses 26 indicators grouped into four dimensions of agroecological sustainability. The estimation was made on 30 farms that represented three types of farmers previously described as C1, C2 and C3; the results allowed identifying the Critical Points of Sustainability (CPS) and the General Index of Sustainability (GIS) of the system. It was established that the different social, environmental, economic and technical-productive situations determine the existence of specific CPS, the GIS had a rating of 2.65 for C1, 2.90 for C2 and 2.62 for C3, this evidenced monitoring and management measures that should be discussed in the region to reduce the externalities generated by the production model.

Cambios fisiológicos de dos variedades de arveja almacenada en diferentes tipos de empaque y temperatura / Physiological changes of two varieties of pea stored in different types of packing and temperature

RESUMEN La arveja, una fuente económica para pequeños y medianos agricultores de la zona andina, evidencia un incipiente manejo pos-cosecha y un nulo nivel de transformación. Tras la cosecha y debido a su naturaleza temporal y perecedera, la arveja acelera su metabolismo, disminuyendo su calidad y vida útil. Una opción económica y que esté disponible para los productores y LOS comercializadores para conservar sus características es el uso de empaques y la refrigeración. El objetivo fue evaluar tipos de empaques (bolsa de polietileno de baja densidad -PE-LD-, envase plástico termoformado perforado -PE-HD- y bandeja de poliestireno -PS-) y temperaturas de almacenamiento (0°C, 4°C y 18°C) en dos variedades de arveja, Sureña y Obonuco Andina. Se utilizó un diseño irrestrictamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x3x2, teniendo como factores temperatura, empaque y variedad y como variables de estudio, las constantes cinéticas (K) de porcentaje de brotación, firmeza, pérdida de peso e índice de color. Los resultados mostraron que, para la brotación, se presentó el valor más bajo de K en Sureña, en PE-LD, a 0°C. La temperatura afectó la firmeza de los granos, conservándose a 0°C. La menor pérdida de peso se evidenció en PE-HD, a 0°C, independiente de la variedad. Para el índice de color, la K más baja se encontró en PS, a 0°C, en Obonuco Andina. Con la ecuación de Arrhenius en la variable índice de color, se estimó tiempos de vida útil de 13; 7; 5 y 2 días a temperaturas de 0°C, 6°C, 10°C y 24°C, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The pea, an economic source for small and medium farmers in the Andes zone, evidences an incipient postharvest handling and a null level of transformation. After the harvest and due to its temporary and perishable nature, the pea accelerates its metabolism, decreasing its quality and shelf life. An economic option that is available to producers and marketers to preserve their characteristics is the use of packaging and refrigeration. The objective was to evaluate types of packaging (low density polyethylene bag (PE-LD), perforated thermoformed plastic container (PE-HD) and polystyrene tray (PS)) and storage temperatures (0°C, 4°C and 18°C) in two pea varieties (Sureña and Obonuco Andina). An unrestricted random design with a 3x3x2 factorial arrangement was used, taking as factors temperature, packing and variety; and as study variables the kinetic constants (K) of percentage of sprouting, firmness, weight loss and color index. The results showed that, for the sprouting, the lowest value of K was shown in Sureña, in PE-LD at 0°C. The temperature affected the firmness of the grains, remaining at 0°C. The lowest weight loss was evidenced in PE-HD at 0°C, regardless of the variety. For the color index, the lowest K was found in PS at 0°C, in Obonuco Andina. With the Arrhenius equation in the variable color index, useful life times of 13; 7; 5 and 2 days were estimated at temperatures of 0°C, 6°C, 10°C and 24°C respectively.

Character Association Studies in M2 Generation of Fieldpea (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.).

An experiment was carried out with an objective to study the association among characters of fieldpea in M2 generation. The parent material, seeds of PUSA212 variety were irradiated with 10kR, 15kR, 20kR, 25kR and 30kR doses of gamma rays at NBRI, Lucknow. Next day after treatment, the seeds along with control were space planted for raising M1 generation. Each M1 plant was harvested separately. Desirable ten M1 individual plant progenies from each treatment were bulked and laid in RBD for rising M2 generation. Induced mutations delivered fairly good amount of genotypic correlation and phenotypic correlation. Grain yield per plant shown significant positive correlation with number of pods per plant, days to flowering, days to pod setting harvest index, seed protein content and negatively significant correlation with days to maturity as well as plant height at phenotypic level. Path coefficient analysis revealed that most of the characters under study exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level. However days to pod setting shown negative direct effect on grain yield per plant yield at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Thus pods per plant, harvest index determining grain yield indicating scope for improving fieldpea yield by selection. The mutants with small pods, tall and increased number of pods per plant were isolated in M2 generation.