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Abstract Introduction: Artificial fruit ripening agents such as ethanol, ethylene, ethephon, and calcium carbide (CaC2) is usually employed in stimulating the fruit ripening process. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding the effects of various artificial fruits ripening methods on the health status of consumers. In this study, the physiological effects and possible health hazards associated with the consumption of plantain ripened by CaC2 and other non-chemical methods on the kidneys were investigated. Methods: Artificially ripened plantain was mixed with rat feed and fed to Wistar albino rats for four weeks, and the levels of plasma electrolytes (Na+, HCO3−, K+, and Cl−), urea, creatinine, as well as histological changes in the kidneys were determined. Results: Results indicated that rats fed with carbide-ripened plantain had a significantly high level of plasma bicarbonate (HCO3−) compared to control rats., but there was no difference in the level of plasma sodium (Na+). However, the levels of plasma potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−) were significantly low in rats fed with CaC2-ripened plantain as compared to the control rats. Furthermore, the levels of urea and creatinine were significantly high in rats fed with CaC2-ripened plantain compared to the control animals. Histological analyses showed glomeruli atrophy and tubular necrosis in kidneys of rats fed with CaC2-ripened plantain, thereby further indicating toxicity to the kidneys. Conclusions: Histological evidence and alterations in the level of the plasma electrolytes, urea, and creatinine suggest that consumption of fruits ripened with calcium carbide may be harmful to the kidneys.
Resumo Introdução: Agentes de maturação artificial como etanol, etileno, etefon e carbureto de cálcio (CaC2) são comumente empregados para estimular o amadurecimento de frutas. Atualmente, há uma escassez de informações a respeito dos efeitos de diversos métodos artificiais de maturação de frutas no estado de saúde dos consumidores. Neste estudo, investigaram-se os efeitos fisiológicos e possíveis riscos à saúde associados ao consumo de plátano maturado por CaC2 e outros métodos não químicos nos rins. Métodos: O plátano artificialmente amadurecido foi misturado com ração de rato e fornecido a ratos albinos Wistar por quatro semanas, e determinaram-se os níveis de eletrólitos plasmáticos (Na+, HCO3−, K+, e Cl−), ureia, creatinina, bem como alterações histológicas nos rins. Resultados: Ratos alimentados com plátano amadurecido com carbureto apresentaram um nível significativamente maior de bicarbonato plasmático (HCO3−) em comparação com ratos controle, mas não houve diferença no nível plasmático de sódio (Na+). Entretanto, os níveis plasmáticos de potássio (K+) e cloreto (Cl−) foram significativamente baixos em ratos alimentados com plátano maturado com CaC2 comparados com ratos controle. Além disso, os níveis de ureia e creatinina foram significativamente mais elevados em ratos alimentados com plátano amadurecido com CaC2, em comparação com os animais controle. Análises histológicas mostraram atrofia glomerular e necrose tubular em rins de ratos alimentados com plátano amadurecido com CaC2, indicando assim ainda mais toxicidade aos rins. Conclusões: Evidências histológicas e alterações nos eletrólitos plasmáticos, ureia e creatinina sugerem que o consumo de frutas amadurecidas com carbureto de cálcio pode ser prejudicial aos rins.
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Aims: To contribute to solving plantain post-harvest losses, six preservation methods combining charcoal and polyethylene bags were experimented on three different varieties of plantain (SACI, Big-Ebanga, and Orishele). Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out at the Biocatalysis and Bioprocesses Laboratory of Nangui Abrogoua University in Abidjan and the Food Technology Laboratory of the National Center for Agronomic Research in Côte d'Ivoire. Methodology: Some Biochemical parameters of these fruits are monitored to know the effects of these preservation methods during storage. Results: The outcomes indicate an average shelf green life extension of up to 30 days for fruits preserved in polyethylene containing charcoal, while fruits preserved in polyethylene without charcoal have only 24 days on average. The control test (fruits stored in the open air) showed an average shelf green life of 12 days. During storage, total carbohydrate levels increase and values range from 92.49% to 70.05%. Those of total sugars also increase and the levels evolve from 0.47 to 30.83 g/100 g DM. On the other hand, there is a decrease in starch levels (42.66 and 64.05 mg/100g DM). Conclusion: Charcoal can extend the shelf green life of plantain bananas for up to a month. These methods can be recommended to actors in the sector to reduce post-harvest losses.
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Background and Objective: Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) remains one of themost important staple food crop and perhaps, one of the oldest cultivated fruit tree crop in the humid tropics of Africa, Central Asia, South America and the West Indies.Fourteen (14) elite plantain cultivars were evaluated for genetic diversity using agro-morphological yield related attributes and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Materials and Methods: Six (6) microsatellite markers that showed distinct fragments varying from 50 bp to 3.0 Kbp in size of polymorphic bands were selected and used for molecular characterization and fingerprinting, while agro-morphological (yield杛elated) attributes assessed included bunch weight, number of hands/bunch, number of fingers/hands, number of fingers/bunch, harvest interval, length of plant cycle, pulp hardness and pulp to skin weight ratio of the elite plantain cultivars. Results: The total number of amplified bands (TNB), mean percentage polymorphism (%P), mean polymorphic information content (PIC), average marker index (MI) and mean gene diversity for the SSR assay were 59, 70.24%, 0.79, 3.74 and 0.832 respectively. Results of agro-morphological fingerprint study revealed a significant variations in terms of the bunch weight, number of finger per hands/bunch, number of fingers per hand, number of fingers /bunch, harvest interval, length of crop cycle, pulp hardness and pulp/wt. ratio all showed significant variations among the cultivars. The distribution of the elite cultivars along with the principal components showed cluster pattern of distribution within the study location. Principal component analysis revealed four principal components contributing 99.91% to the observed morphological variations while analysis of molecular variance revealed 96.00% contributed by molecular characteristics to observed variations. The yield displayed revealed significant contributions of bunch weight, fingers/hand and fingers/bunch as the main indices for plantain yield. The dendrograms for both morphological and molecular characteristics delineated the cultivars into four distinct cluster groups and subgroups each varying in genetic distance. Conclusion: These good cultivars can be exploited for the improvement of low yielding cultivars in other region to increase and improve plantain yield, promote food security and income generation especially under the present economic realities where food security is threatened by the global food crises and declining crop productivity.
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RESUMEN La creciente demanda de productos libres de gluten ha dado lugar al estudio y desarrollo de alimentos que suplan las necesidades de los consumidores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar productos libres de gluten tipo tallarín y evaluar sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Para ello, se empleó plátano o yuca como fuentes alternativas a la harina de trigo. Se determinaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Se extrajeron harina y almidones y, a partir de ellas, se evaluaron sus propiedades térmicas, empleando calorimetría de barrido diferencial y termogravimetría. Se formularon y elaboraron productos similares a los tallarines empleando las harinas y se analizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales, usando, como control, un producto comercial de trigo. La yuca presentó mayor humedad que el plátano, lo que está relacionado con su susceptibilidad a la degradación. En el análisis termogravimétrico, los productos de yuca mostraron mayor reducción de peso en la zona de alta volatilidad, asociado a la pérdida de humedad. Las harinas y los almidones de plátano presentaron temperaturas de gelatinización mayores que las registradas para los productos de yuca. La humedad y acidez de los tallarines elaborados presentaron valores dentro de la norma (NTC 1055-2014). En ambos casos, su contenido de cenizas fue superior al fideo comercial. Los tallarines elaborados, se pueden considerar inocuos, con buenos parámetros de aceptación sensorial. Estos resultados constituyen un punto de partida en el estudio y aplicación de fuentes de harinas y almidones no tradicionales, permitiendo la generación de valor agregado a cultivos de importancia en la región.
ABSTRACT The growing demand of free gluten products has shown the necessity to study and develop new products in order to supply the consumer request. The objective of this research was to elaborate gluten-free products similar to noodles and to evaluate their physicochemical properties. Plantain or cassava were employed to replace wheat flour. Physical and chemical properties were determined in plantain and cassava samples. Both, Plantain and Cassava Flour and their starches were extracted. Thermal characteristics of flour and starch were evaluated employing differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. Products similar to noodle were formulated and elaborated employing plantain or cassava flour. Noodle physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics were analyzed, employing a commercial product as a control. Cassava presented higher humidity values than plantain, it is related to their susceptibility to degradation. In thermogravimetric analysis, cassava products shown upper weight reduction in high volatility zone associated to humidity lost. Plantain flours and starches presented gelatinization temperatures higher than registered for cassava products. Both plantain and cassava noodles presented humidity and acidity values according to the legal legislation (NTC 1055-2014). Developed products showed ash content higher than commercial noodles. According to microbiological and sensorial analyses, the plantain and cassava products could be considered innocuous with good consumer acceptation. These results could constitute a starting point in the study and application of different flours and starches from non-traditional sources, which allow to increase the value of crops in the region.
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Objective To establish a method for determination and optimize the extraction process of the content of plantamajoside in plantain.Methods Plantamajoside content was determined by HPLC.The effects of ethanol concentration, ethanol amount and extraction time on the extraction of plantamajoside from plantain were studied by orthogonal design.Results The calibration curve was linear (r=0.999 6) over the range of 12.52-125.10μg/ml.The average recovery was 98.57％ (RSD=1.45％).The optimum extraction process was as follows:60％ethanol, 10times volumes, extracted 2times, 1heach time.Conclusion The established method was simple, accurate and reproducible for determination of the content of plantamajoside in plantain.The optimal extraction process was stable and feasible.
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The objective of this work was to investigate the use of Palm Male Inflorescence (PMI) and river-sand as substrate for the acclimatization of plantain. Plantlets from three plantain cultivars (Batard, Ebanga and French Clair) were obtained after 16 weeks of tissue cultures and the plantlets were subjected to routine acclimatization under screen house conditions using two different substrates mixed in different ratios (100% Sand, 100% PMI, 75% PMI, 60% PMI and 50% PMI). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with ten (10) replications; each replicate consisting of one micro-pot. The different substrates used significantly influenced the performance of the cultivars. The best medium for acclimatization for French Clair was 60% PMI in terms of percentage survival of plantlets (96.88%), plantlet height (6.03 cm), diameter (0.60 cm), number of leaves (4.42 leaves), leaf area (20.23 cm2), leaf emergence rate (1.64), number of roots (7.70 roots), and root length (18.86 cm). Ebanga plantlets had the best results with 75% PMI in terms of percentage survival of plantlets (96.88%), plantlet height (6.18 cm), diameter (0.62 cm), number of leaves (4.39 leaves), leaf area (20.48 cm2), leaf emergence rate (1.76), and total fresh weight (10.05 g). Meanwhile with Batard cultivar, 50% PMI was the best substrate in terms of percentage survival of plantlets (96.88%), plantlet height (4.41 cm), diameter (0.55 cm), number of leaves (4.55 leaves), leaf area (12.96 cm2), leaf emergence rate (1.55), and number of roots (5.73 roots). This study clearly show that PMI can be a viable substrate to use with sand in plantlet acclimatization; however, the different plant cultivars had optimal result at different proportions of PMI.
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ABSTRACT It is known the fact that the mining causes huge damages on the environment having negative biologic effects extremely severe on some groups of organisms of the food chain. The pollutants causes major damages at the level of leaves' cuticles, the vegetation reacting through irreversible modifications at the tissue's level and at substances and energy metabolism, like a riposte to the apparition of the stress induced by the ROS, stress that creates real disturbances on physiological and biochemical processes. Considering the fact that, on the one hand, the activity of oxidoreductases is strongly influenced by the presence of the pollutants factors, with direct effect on the oxidative's stress production, and on the other hand that the plants react at ROS accumulation, through self-protection and adaptability mechanisms, the aim of this study consisted in monitoring the activity of some oxidoreductases in the leaves of plantain and mint species harvested in 2015 from different mining areas of Suceava County. In parallel was determined the dehydrogenase activity of the soil, the samples being collected from the same areas subdued to anthropic pollution, using like reference swatch, samples from Putna. The obtained results signalize the accumulation of some quantities highly arisen by free radicals of oxygen at investigated species, the enzymatic activity being significantly higher in the mining plant comparatively to the control areal. The microbial dehydrogenases from the soil samples were remarked through different activities based on the types of heavy metals that pollute each harvesting area and on the deepness profile.
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Most reports on fruit antioxidant capacities are based on extraction of antioxidants using polar solvents. In banana, little is known about the fate of bioactive compounds during the digestion process, particularly in the food matrix under the gastric and intestinal conditions. In the present study, an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion method was used to simulate physiological conditions of the stomach and small intestine to evaluate the actual antioxidant capacity of banana. The simulated gastrointestinal extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant properties. The total phenol content of the physiological enzymatic extract was higher by almost 150% than the methanolic extract. Similarly, the flavonoid and flavonol contents were higher in the physiological enzymatic extract by 330.6 and 141.7%, respectively as compared to methanolic extract. These differences were also noticed in the antioxidant capacity measurement parameters. From the results, it can be concluded that the conventional extracts underrate the antioxidant value of banana and that they may have much higher health significance, as an antioxidant in particular.
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In this study, we explored the effects of consumption of banana in thirty hypercholesterolemic and fifteen type 2 diabetic subjects. They were given a daily dose of 250 or 500 grams of banana for breakfast for 12 weeks. Fasting serum lipid, glucose and insulin levels were measured initially as well as every 4 weeks. Daily consumption of banana significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (from 99±7.7 to 92±6.9 and 102±7.3 to 92±5.7 mg∙dL-1 (p<0.05) after consuming banana 250 or 500 g/day for 4 wk, respectively) and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (from 2.7±0.98 to 2.4±0.85 and 2.8±0.95 to 2.5±0.79, p<0.005) in hypercholesterolemic volunteers. Analysis of blood glycemic response after eating banana showed significantly lower 2 h-postprandial glucose level compared to baseline in hypercholesterolemic volunteers given a dose of 250 g/day. The changes of blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic patients were not statistically significant, but for plasma levels of adiponectin, there were significantly increased (from 37.5±9.36 to 48.8±7.38 ng∙ml-1, p<0.05) compared to baseline. Although it remains to be confirmed with larger group of volunteers, this pilot study has demonstrated that daily consumption of banana (@ 250 g/day) is harmless both in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic volunteers and marginally beneficial to the later.
Subject(s)
Adiponectin/blood , Adult , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Eating/physiology , Fasting/blood , Female , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Insulin/blood , Lipids/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Musa , Pilot Projects , Time Factors , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
A source of dietary fiber obtained from plantain peel (Musa AAB) was characterized in terms of dietary fiber, total phenols and antioxidant capacity in order to generate proposal for use of the byproducts of plantain agribusiness. Thereafter, the effect of the inclusion of the source of dietary fiber was evaluated at levels of0 g, 5.5 g, y 6.5 g (treatment) of adding source of dietary fiber /100 g in a hamburger-type meat product during a time period of 28 days (with sampling on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28) on lipid and protein spoilage in terms of malonaldehyde production per gram of meatproduct and volatile nitrogenous bases per 100 g of meat product. Treatments including dietary fiber had no significant effect on lipid degradation (p>0.05) while protein degradation had statistically significant differences (p<0.05), volatile nitrogenous bases values were lower on treatments with 5.5, y 6.5 g of adding source of dietary fiber /100 g in a hamburger. It is concluded that the high fiber source obtained from dietary plantain peels by applied process may be used to increase hamburger's dietary fiber level and to prevent protein degradation.
Con el objetivo de generar una propuesta de aprovechamiento de los subproductos de la agroindustria del plátano, en esta investigación se caracterizó una fuente de fibra dietaria obtenida a partir de cáscara de plátano (Musa AAB) en términos de fibra dietaria, fenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante; posteriormente se evaluó el efecto de la inclusión de la fuente de fibra dietaria a niveles de 0 g, 5,5 g, y 6,5 g de inclusión de la fuente de fibra dietaria /100 g de producto cárnico tipo hamburguesa (tratamientos) durante un periodo de tiempo de 28 días (con muestreos los días 0, 7, 14, 21 y 28) sobre la degradación lipídica y proteica en términos de producción de malonaldehído por gramo de producto cárnico (hamburguesa) y bases nitrogenadas volátiles por cada 100 g de producto cárnico tipo hamburguesa. Los tratamientos con inclusión de fibra dietaria no tuvieron efecto significativo sobre la degradación lipídica (p>0,05) mientras que en la degradación proteica sí se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) siendo menores los valores de bases nitrogenadas volátiles obtenidos de los tratamientos con 5,5 g, y 6,5 g de inclusión de la fuente de fibra dietaria /100 g de hamburguesa. Se concluye que la fuente de fibra dietaria obtenida a partir de cáscara de plátano mediante el proceso aplicado, puede utilizarse para aumentar el nivel de fibra dietaria en un producto cárnico tipo hamburguesa y para obtener un efecto protector sobre la fracción proteica del producto cárnico.
Subject(s)
Dietary Fiber , Lipid Peroxidation , Musa , Proteolysis , Meat Products , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
Los errores innatos del metabolismo se definen como trastornos genéticos que ocurren en la estructura y/o función de las moléculas proteicas. Uno de estos trastornos, es la fenilcetonuria (PKU, por sus siglas en inglés), la cual se presenta debido a la alteración en la reacción enzimática de la hidroxilación de fenilalanina (F). El tratamiento de la PKU es básicamente nutricional, por lo cual, en Venezuela, se están evaluando nuevas materias primas con bajo contenido de F, de manera que puedan ser incluidas en dietas de niños fenilcetonúricos. Estas materias primas, deben ser validadas a través de pruebas biológicas in vivo usando animales experimentales, antes de suministralos a los humanos. En el presente estudio se evaluó la harina de plátano Musa paradisíaca (como ingrediente único) como coadyudante en el manejo nutricional de ratones fenilcetonuricos inducidos experimentalmente utilizando un bloqueante de la enzima a-metilfenilalanina a una dosis de 24 µM/10 g peso vivo (PV) y el aminoácido D-fenilalanina a una dosis de 52µM/10 g p.v. Se observó que los ratones presentaron solo una elevación de los niveles de F (P≤0,05) alcanzando una hiperfenilalaninemia leve (4-10mg/dL de sangre) durante la etapa predestete. Sin embargo, al ser sometidos a una alimentación postdestete con la harina de plátano, como única fuente nutritiva, se pudo observar una diferencia en el desarrollo del animal (P≤0,05), evidenciándose un marcado deterioro y desnutrición. Se recomienda realizar estudios adicionales, que incorporen junto con la harina de plátano, un glicomacropéptido que supla los requerimientos mínimos nutricionales de los ratones en crecimiento y mantenga bajo los niveles de F.
Inborn errors of metabolism are defined as genetic disturbances that occur in the structure and/or function of protein molecules. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a good example of this type of disturbance, which is due to an alteration in the enzymatic reaction responsible for phenylalanine (Phe) hydroxylation. Treatment of this disease is basically nutritional. In Venezuela, new raw materials with a low content of Phe are being tested, so that they can be included in the diets of children suffering from PKU. Previous administration to humans, these raw materials should be validated by in vivo biological tests, using laboratory animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the plantain (Musa paradisíaca) meal, as the only ingredient, in the nutritional management of experimentally induced PKU in laboratory mice, using a-methyphenylalanine, as the agent responsible for blocking phenylalanine hydroxylase, at a dose of 24 µM/10 of body weight (BW). To help blockade, a dose of D-phenylalanine (52 µM/10g of BW), was also administered. The results of the investigation showed that during the pre-weaning stage, mice exhibited a slight elevation in Phe levels that was statistically significant (P≤0.05), reaching a hyperphenylalalinemia level of 4-10 mg/dL of blood. In contrast, when mice were subjected to a post-weaning diet with plantain meal as the only nutritional source, a difference (P≤0.05) in their development could be observed, which evidenced marked deterioration and malnutrition. It is recommended that additional studies be performed that include a glycomacropeptid along with the plantain meal, so that minimum nutritional requirements can be supplied, keeping low levels of Phe in PKU patients.
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The profiles of amylase activity, soluble sugars and proteins in unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and for a comparison, unripe banana (Musa sapientum), from harvest to ripening were investigated to provide basic information about their nutritional status at the different stages of the ripening process. Unripe plantain contained about a quarter of the soluble sugars found in ripe plantain. Conversion of the insoluble sugar (starch) to soluble sugar by amylase during ripening was an almost linear process. And as such, activity of amylase in plantain was highest at the ripe stage (2400 ± 120 Units/mg protein) and lowest immediately after harvest when it was still green (700±100 Units/mg protein). The soluble proteins increased from first day when it was harvested, at maximum around the third day and began to decline gradually. In contrast, amylase activity was highest in unripe banana (3900 ± 310 Units/mg protein) and decreased rapidly to a very low value (100 ±15 Units/mg protein) when it was fully ripened. The soluble sugar level in unripe banana was 3.8 ±0.5 mg/ml and around 6.0 ±1.0 mg/ml of extract when fully ripened. The soluble protein was 3 ± 1.0 mg/ml of extract when unripe and increased nine folds to a value of 27± 3.0 mg/ml of extract when fully ripened. The overall results suggest that the highest amount of starch, and the lowest amount of soluble sugars were present on the day when the mature plantain was just harvested.
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The effects of extrusion cooking on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of raw and extruded blends of pigeon pea and unripe plantain flours were evaluated. Pigeon pea seeds were cleaned and processed into flour while unripe plantain was peeled, sliced, dried and milled into flour separately and sieved to pass 0.85mm mesh. The moisture content of the flours was determined. Unripe plantain flour was added to pigeon pea flour at 25% levels of substitution. The moisture content of the blends was adjusted to 25% levels. The blends were extruded using a Brabender laboratory single-screw extruder (Duisburg DCE 330 model) at 120rpm and temperature of 1000c. The proximate composition, minerals, amino acid profile and some vitamins of raw and extruded samples were determined. Antinutrients (Phytate, saponnis, oxalate, tannin, trypsin inhibitor, lectin and hydrogen cyanide content) of raw and extruded samples were also estimated. Results of proximate composition, showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in fat content (1.97%) and energy value (1420 kj/100g), while marginal decrease was noticed in protein (22.98%), ash (3.72%) and crude fibre (7.04%). The results of mineral content showed significant (p<0.0.5) increase in the extrudate iron (5.02mg/100g) zinc (4.35mg/100g) calcium (32.35mg/100g) and potassium (333.07mg/100g). Vitamin content was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the extrudate Vitamin A (4.29mg/100g), Vitamin B1 (4.03mg/100g), Vitamin B2 (0.40mg/100g), and Vitamin C (0.01mg/100g). The amino acid profile was affected by extrusion process but the essential amino acids in the extrudate met requirements for adults. Blending pigeon pea and unripe plantain flour at 25% of unripe plantain flour substitution resulted in the reduction of anti-nutrients evaluated. Extrusion cooking further considerably lowered these anti-nutrients to safer levels.
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Aim: This study aims at determining the antioxidant properties of plantain flour fortified with okra seed flour (full fat and defatted). Methodology: Plantain Musa paradisiaca and fibrous okra Abelmoschus esculentus that cannot be cut with kitchen knife were used for this work. The plantains were made into flours while the seeds were removed from the okra pod, sundried, milled and sieved. The Okra seed flour (full fat and defatted) was used to fortify the plantain flour separately in the following ratio 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30. The order of antioxidant activity was evaluated by measurement of total phenolic content, vitamin C content, ABTS scavenging ability and the ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) of the fortified plantain flour. Results: The process of defatting caused a significant reduction in the total phenolic content (2.85%), vitamin C content (2.63%), ABTS scavenging ability (17.2%) and the reducing power (13.75%) of the okra seed flour. The antioxidant properties of the okra seed flour were significantly higher(P ≤ 0.05) than that of the plantain flour except the vitamin C where there was no significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) (plantain flour: 6.30mg/100g, defatted okra seed flour: 6.66 mg/100g and full fat okra seed flour: 6.84 mg/100g). The fortification of the plantain flour with the okra seed flour resulted in significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the total phenolic content, ABTS scavenging ability and the ferric reducing power of the fortified plantain flour as the percentage of okra seed flour increased. Conclusion: The addition of okra seed flour to plantain flour should be encouraged because it increased the antioxidant properties of the resultant fortified plantain flour.
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Introduction: In Nigeria, nursing mothers are advised to give their infants plantain flour paste ‘amala ogede’ with ‘ewedu’ Corchorus olitorius soup during the process of weaning. Over-matured okra is typically discarded resulting in substantial post-harvest waste; the seed could be processed into okra seed flour for the fortification of plantain flour. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of okra seed flour on the nutrients, functional properties, minerals and zinc bioavailability of plantain flour. Methods: Okra seed flour was used to fortify plantain flour in the ratio 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30. Results: The addition of okra seed flour to the plantain flour resulted in a significant increase in the protein, fat, fibre and ash content of the fortified plantain flour, while that of moisture and carbohydrate decreased. The mineral levels of Zn, K and Fe increased significantly while the calcium content decreased. The calculated phytate - zinc molar ratio and [Ca][Phytate]/[Zn] molar ratio of the fortified plantain flour were below the critical levels. Conclusion: The study showed that fortifying plantain flour with okra seed flour resulted in an increase in several nutrients, rendering the zinc more bioavailable. This fortified food has potential as a complimentary food in Nigeria.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos de hortelã e melissa na germinação e vigor de sementes de tanchagem. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no mês de abril de 2011. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (testemunha, 25 por cento, 50 por cento, 75 por cento e 100 por cento do extrato aquoso de hortelã e melissa) e quatro repetições. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando a parte aérea das plantas, na proporção de 100g de planta para 1 L de água destilada. Foram utilizadas 50 sementes de tanchagem em cada caixa gerbox, previamente umedecido com os extratos aquosos (correspondentes aos tratamentos), estas foram levadas para germinar em câmara de germinação, em temperatura de 20°C, fotoperíodo de 16 horas luz e 8 horas escuro, por 14 dias. Durante esse tempo foram feitas às contagens diárias das sementes germinadas para calcular o índice de velocidade de germinação e ao final dos 14 dias foi calculada a porcentagem de germinação. Sementes de tanchagem não submetidas aos extratos aquosos de melissa e hortelã apresentaram-se mais vigorosas quando comparado com as concentrações, evidenciando o potencial alelopático de melissa e hortelã sobre a sua qualidade fisiológica.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Melissa officinallis and Mentha x villosa for the germination and vigor of Plantago major seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, in April 2011. The design was a completely randomized design with five treatments (control, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent and 100 percent of the aqueous extract of Mentha x villosa and Melissa Officinallis) and four replications. The extracts were prepared utulizando the shoots of plants at the rate of 100g of plant to 1 L of distilled water. We used 50 Plantago major seeds in each box incubator and these were subsequently placed in a germination chamber. 14 days during the counting of germinated seeds per day to calculate the index of germination speed and the end of 14 days was the germination percentage. Plantago major seeds not subjected to aqueous extracts of lemon balm and mint showed higher values in the variables studied when compared to other concentrations, showing the allelopathic potencial of Melissa officinallis and Mentha x villosa on the development of plantain, determined by germinating.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/analysis , Mentha/metabolism , Melissa/metabolism , Plantago/classification , Seeds/growth & development , Germination , AllelopathyABSTRACT
Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar fitotecnicamente as características vegetativas e de rendimento de cinco cultivares de bananeira tipo Terra, em primeiro ciclo de produção sob irrigação nas condições semiáridas da região de Guanambi - BA. Utilizaram-se descritores fenotípicos relevantes para a identificação e seleção de indivíduos com características superiores, visando a disponibilizar aos produtores dos perímetros de irrigação uma alternativa para a diversificação da bananicultura. Avaliaram-se as seguintes características: número de dias do plantio ao florescimento e à colheita, altura da planta, perímetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas vivas nas épocas do florescimento e colheita, o intervalo florescimento-colheita, peso do cacho, da ráquis e das pencas, número de pencas e de frutos, comprimento e diâmetro do fruto. O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, constituídos pelas cultivares AAB: Terra, Terra-Maranhão, Terrinha e D'Angola e pelo híbrido AAAB: FHIA-21 com cinco repetições. Cada parcela foi constituída por 20 plantas (quatro fileiras de cinco plantas), com seis plantas úteis no espaçamento de 3,0 m x 3,0 m. Destacaram-se as cultivares avaliadas a Terra e a Terra Maranhão como as mais produtivas, porém, com maior altura e mais tardias em ciclo. O híbrido FHIA-21 e as cultivares Terrinha e D'Angola, apresentaram-se com maior número de folhas vivas à época da colheita. A cultivar D'Angola apresentou a menor produtividade dentre as cultivares avaliadas.
The goal of this work was to make a agronomical evaluation of the vegetative characteristics and income of five cultivars of banana type Plantain, in the first production cycle under irrigation in the semi-arid conditions of the region of the city of Guanambi -Bahia State. Relevant phenotypic descriptors were used for the identification and selection of individuals with superior characteristics, so as to make available to the producers of the perimeters of irrigation an alternative for the diversification of the banana crops. The evaluated genotypes AAB were the varieties Terra, Terra-Maranhão, Terrinha and D'Angola and the hybrid AAAB: FHIA-21. The following characteristics were analyzed: number of days from the sowing to the flowering and to the harvest, height of the plant, perimeter of the pseudostem, number of alive leaves at flowering and harvest, gap flowering-harvest, weight of the bunch, of the peduncle and of the hands, number of hands and fruits per bunch, length and diameter of the fruit. The procedure employed was randomized blocks, with five treatments, consisting of the cultivars AAB: Terra, Terra-Maranhão, Terrinha and D'Angola and the hybrid AAAB: FHIA-21, and five repetitions. Each plot was comprised by 20 plants: four rows of five plants, with six useful plants in the spacing of 3,0 m x 3,0 m. Terra and Terra Maranhão were the most productive varieties, however, with larger load and late cycles. The hybrid FHIA-21 and the varieties Terrinha and D'Angola showed a larger number of living leaves in the harvest. The variety D'Angola presented the smallest productivity between the evaluated cultivars.
ABSTRACT
Se presenta una sinopsis de los escarabajos de la subfamilia Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) asociados a cultivos de plátano y banano en Colombia. Adicionalmente se ofrecen claves ilustradas para las especies del país. Se registran seis especies asociadas a dichos cultivos: Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824), Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758), Metamasius hebetatus (Gyllenhal, 1838), Metamasius submaculatus Champion, 1910, Rhyncophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) y Polytus mellerborgii (Boheman, 1838).
This synopsis is about beetle&#’;s subfamily Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated to plantain and banana crops. Additionally keys illustrated for the species of the country are offered. Six species associated to these cultures are registered: Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824), Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758), Metamasius hebetatus (Gyllenhal, 1838), Metamasius submaculatus Champion, 1910, Rhyncophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) y Polytus mellerborgii (Boheman, 1838).
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.], em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem (Plantago major L.) e determinar a população de plantas dessas espécies medicinais, em consorciação mais eficiente, visando o aumento produtivo e retorno econômico. Foram constituídos seis tratamentos:duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40m (M0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25m (M0,25); duas fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,75m (T0,75); três fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,40m (T0,40); duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com três fileiras de tansagem (M0,40T0,40) e duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com duas fileiras de tansagem (M0,25T0,75). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram efetuadas colheitas de marcela aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. Os tratamentos não influenciaram as alturas das plantas da marcela e da tansagem. As produções da marcela foram influenciadas apenas pelas três épocas de colheita sendo significativamente superior nas duas primeiras, apresentando massas de flores frescas de 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectivamente, aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. A massa de folhas frescas da tansagem não foi influenciada pelo consórcio mas foi maior sob o espaçamento T0,40 (6,13 t ha-1) do que sob o T0,75 (3,32 t ha-1). A Razão de Área Equivalente do consórcio M0,40T0,40, foi 1,6 e o de M0,25T0,75 foi 2,4. Quanto à renda bruta observaram-se acréscimos de 30% para o tratamento M0,40T0,40 e 77% para o tratamento M0,25T0,75 comparadas ao tratamento da marcela solteira M025 e de 70% e 131%,respectivamente, em relação à tansagem solteira T0,40.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and the yield of marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.] biomass, in a monocrop system and intercropped with common plantain (Plantago major L.) as well as to determine the population of these medicinal plants in a more efficient intercrop system, in order to increase the yield and the economic return. Six treatments were established: two rows of marcela spaced 0.4 m from each other (M0,40), two rows of marcela spaced 0.25 m (M0.25), two rows of common plantain spaced 0.75 m (T0.75), three rows of common plantain spaced 0.40 m (T0.40), two rows of marcela alternated with three rows of common plantain (M0.40T0.40), and two rows of marcela alternated with three rows of common plantain (M0.25T0.75). The experimental design was the randomized blocks with four replications. Harvests of marcela were performed at 180, 210 and, 225 days after the transplantation. The treatments did not influence the heights of marcela and common plantain. Yields of marcela were influenced only by the harvest dates and they were significantly higher in the first and the second dates, showing fresh mass of flowers of 2.51; 2.63 and 1.28 t ha-1, respectively, at 180, 210 and 225 days after the transplantation. Fresh mass of common plantain leaves was not influenced by the intercropping, but it was higher under T0.40 (6.13 t ha-1) space than under T0.75 (3.32 t ha-1). Land Equivalent Ratio of the M0.40 T0.40 intercropping was 1.6 and that of M0.25T0.75 was 2.4. Regarding the gross income, increases of 30% were observed for the treatment M0.40 T0.40 and 77% for the treatment M0.40 T0.40 when compared to the treatment M0.25 and 70% and 131%, respectively, when compared to T0.40.
ABSTRACT
Salted noodles were prepared with different contents of wheat grits and plantain starch (PS). The blends were hydrated with 2% NaCl (w/v), homogenized, and the resulting doughs were sheeted through a pasta machine, cut into strips ~30cm in length, cooked, and their composition and in vitro starch digestibility was assessed. Moisture (6.43-7.60%) and ash contents (2.08-3.12%) increased by the addition of PS. Fat level decreased from 0.41 to 0.31% as the substitution of wheat grits increased. Results showed a 7.39% lower total starch content in the control sample as compared to the noodle containing 30% PS. A similar pattern was observed for potentially available starch content, but the difference was greater (12.46%). Approximately 50% of total resistant starch (RS) in the noodles was resistant starch associated to fiber, showing that a part of RS is due to the physically inaccessible and retrograded starch fractions. Pure wheat (control) noodles presented a greater final a-amylolysis value, which is suggestive of potentially lower glycemic impact for the plantain/wheat products.
Se elaboraron tallarines salados con diferentes contenidos de sémola de trigo y almidón de plátano (AP). Las mezclas fueron hidratadas con solución NaCl 2% (p/v), homogenizadas y las masas laminadas en una máquina para elaborar pasta. Se cortaron en tiras de ~30cm de longitud, se cocinaron y se estudió su composición, así como la digestibilidad del almidón in vitro. El contenido de humedad (6,43-7,60%) y cenizas (2,08-3,12%) incrementaron con la adición del AP. El contenido de lípidos disminuyó de 0,41 a 0,31% conforme el nivel de sustitución de la semolina incrementó. El contenido de almidón total fue 7,39% menor en la muestra control comparado con el tallarín con 30% de AP. Un comportamiento similar se encontró en el almidón disponible, pero la diferencia fue mayor (12,46%). Aproximadamente 50% del almidón resistente total (AR) en los tallarines fue almidón resistente asociado a fibra, mostrando que una parte del AR es debido al almidón físicamente inaccesible y al almidón retrogradado. El valor final de la a-amilólisis fue mayor en el control de trigo puro, lo cual sugiere que los tallarines elaborados con la mezcla semolina/AP tienen menor impacto glucémico.