ABSTRACT
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), caused by an infectious prion, emerged in the 1980s in Europe as a new disease in cattle and, since then, several actions are being taken for its prevention and control. Restricting the feeding of ruminants with animal by-products and the removal and destruction of specific risk materials (SRM) for the condition of carcasses in slaughterhouses have been proven effective to control the disease, in addition to the reduction of human exposure to the agent, as this is an important zoonosis. However, in 2004 the first atypical cases of BSE were diagnosed, in which the causative agents showed different molecular weights in Western blot (WB), compared to the classical form of the agent. In addition to the molecular differences, clinical presentations proved to be differentiated in atypical forms, affecting mainly cattle older than eight years. Because it is a new form of the disease, many studies are being conducted to elucidate the pathogenesis, epidemiology and zoonotic potential of atypical BSE. The aim of this study was to review the main aspects of atypical BSE emphasizing its etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and control and prevention measures.
A encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (EEB), causada por um príon infectante, surgiu na década de 1980 na Europa como uma nova doença nos rebanhos bovinos e, desde então, estão sendo tomadas várias ações para sua prevenção e controle. A restrição da alimentação de ruminantes com subprodutos de origem animal e a remoção e destruição dos materiais de risco específico para a doença das carcaças em frigoríficos se mostraram efetivas medidas para o controle da doença, além de reduzirem a exposição humana ao agente, pois se trata de uma importante zoonose. No entanto, em 2004 os primeiros casos atípicos de EEB foram diagnosticados, nos quais os agentes causais apresentavam alterações de peso molecular na prova de Western blot, em relação ao agente da forma clássica. Além das diferenças moleculares dos agentes, as apresentações clínicas mostraram-se diferenciadas nas formas atípicas, acometendo principalmente bovinos com idade superior a oito anos. Por se tratar de uma nova forma da doença, muitos estudos estão sendo conduzidos buscando elucidar a patogenia, epidemiologia e seu potencial zoonótico. Objetivou-se neste estudo revisar os principais aspectos relacionados às EEB atípicas enfatizando sua etiologia, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e medidas de controle.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform , Prions , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Homeopathic PathogenesyABSTRACT
A encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (EEB), causada por um príon infectante, surgiu na década de 1980 na Europa como uma nova doença nos rebanhos bovinos e, desde então, estão sendo tomadas várias ações para sua prevenção e controle. A restrição da alimentação de ruminantes com subprodutos de origem animal e a remoção e destruição dos materiais de risco específico para a doença das carcaças em frigoríficos se mostraram efetivas medidas para o controle da doença, além de reduzirem a exposição humana ao agente, pois se trata de uma importante zoonose. No entanto, em 2004 os primeiros casos atípicos de EEB foram diagnosticados, nos quais os agentes causais apresentavam alterações de peso molecular na prova de Western blot, em relação ao agente da forma clássica. Além das diferenças moleculares dos agentes, as apresentações clínicas mostraram-se diferenciadas nas formas atípicas, acometendo principalmente bovinos com idade superior a oito anos. Por se tratar de uma nova forma da doença, muitos estudos estão sendo conduzidos buscando elucidar a patogenia, epidemiologia e seu potencial zoonótico. Objetivou-se neste estudo revisar os principais aspectos relacionados às EEB atípicas enfatizando sua etiologia, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e medidas de controle.(AU)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), caused by an infectious prion, emerged in the 1980s in Europe as a new disease in cattle and, since then, several actions are being taken for its prevention and control. Restricting the feeding of ruminants with animal by-products and the removal and destruction of specific risk materials (SRM) for the condition of carcasses in slaughterhouses have been proven effective to control the disease, in addition to the reduction of human exposure to the agent, as this is an important zoonosis. However, in 2004 the first atypical cases of BSE were diagnosed, in which the causative agents showed different molecular weights in Western blot (WB), compared to the classical form of the agent. In addition to the molecular differences, clinical presentations proved to be differentiated in atypical forms, affecting mainly cattle older than eight years. Because it is a new form of the disease, many studies are being conducted to elucidate the pathogenesis, epidemiology and zoonotic potential of atypical BSE. The aim of this study was to review the main aspects of atypical BSE emphasizing its etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and control and prevention measures.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Prions , Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform , Homeopathic Pathogenesy , DiagnosisABSTRACT
La enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (ECJ) es una enfermedad neurológica fatal producida por la isoforma patológica de la proteína priónica humana. Se reporta las características clínicas de seis casos de la forma esporádica de ECJ con diagnóstico definitivo por histopatología, y cinco casos con diagnóstico probable, en pacientes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas del Perú. La edad de inicio en los casos definitivos fue de 55,8 años y, en los probables, de 59,6 años, con predominio del sexo masculino. El tiempo de enfermedad fue de 8,8 meses. Se encontró un EEG típico en 50% de los casos definitivos y 80% de los probables. La proteína 14-3-3 en líquido cefalorraquídeo fue positiva en un caso probable y los hallazgos típicos en resonancia magnética se observaron en dos casos probables. Todos los casos cursaron con una evolución clínica típica de la enfermedad, y se considera el primer reporte de ECJ en el Perú.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a fatal neurological disease caused by pathological isoform of the human prion protein. Clinical features of six cases of the sporadic form of CJD with definitive diagnosis by histopathology, and five cases with probable diagnosis were reported in patients treated at the Peruvian National Institute of Neurological Sciences. The average age of onset in definite cases was 55.8 years and in probable cases was 59.6, mostly males. The average disease duration was 8.8 months. A typical EEG was found in 50% of definite cases and in 80% of probable. The 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid was positive in a probable case, and typical MRI findings were observed in two probable cases. All cases studied had a typical clinical course of the disease, and it is considered as the first report of CJD in Peru.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/diagnosis , PeruABSTRACT
La enfermedad de Creutzfeld-Jakob (ECJ) hace parte de un grupo de enfermedades transmisibles que se caracterizan por la presencia de encefalopatía espongiforme, donde también se encuentran el kuru, el síndrome Gerstmann-Straussler- Scheinker, y el insomnio fatal familiar. De ellas, la más común es la ECJ (representando aproximadamente el 85 por ciento de casos de encefalopatías espongiformes), con una incidencia anual estimada en 1-2 casos por millón en la población general y de 5 casos por millón en personas entre 60 y 74 años. A pesar de que fue descrita hace ya más de 50 años, no hay hasta el momento ningún tratamiento efectivo, por lo cual la enfermedad es siempre fatal. El promedio de sobrevida es de apenas 1 año una vez hecho el diagnóstico. Describimos el caso de una paciente femenina de 62 años, quien ingresó a nuestra institución con un cuadro de 1 año de evolución de cambios en el comportamiento rápidamente progresivos, demencia y posteriormente alteraciones motoras. La enfermedad progresó hasta llevar a la postración e incapacidad de la paciente para entablar comunicación con su entorno, lo cual obligó a sus familiares a consultar a nuestro centro para su estudio. Los hallazgos neuropatológicos, clínicos e imagenológicos fueron compatibles con una enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob esporádica.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) belongs to a group of infectious diseases characterized by spongiform encephalitis, which also includes Kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler- Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. Amongst these, the most common is CJD (responsible for aproximately 85 per cent of all cases of spongiform encephalitis) with an anual incidence of 1-2 cases in the general population and 5 cases in people with ages 60-74 years. Even though it was described more than 50 years ago there is still no effective treatment, being invariably fatal. Life expectancy is only 1 year after diagnosis. We describe the case of a 65 year old female patient, who was seen at our institution with a 1 year history of rapid decline of her mental function, initially manifest as behavioral changes followed by dementia and later by motor disfunction. During the last months she was bedridden and unable to communicate, which led her family to seek help in our institution. Clinical, neuropathological and imaging characteristics were compatible with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dementia , Brain Diseases , PrionsABSTRACT
Prion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are rare and fatal neurodegenerative conditions that affect both humans and animals. Although there is increased evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, the direct relationship between an accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) and the occurrence of oxidative stress has not been studied. In the present study, we have investigated the cellular localization of proteins modified by lipid peroxidation end products and its correlation with PrP(Sc) accumulation in the brain of mice infected with the ME7 prion strain. Intense immunostaining of malondialdehyde (MDA)- and hydroxynonenal (HNE)-modified proteins were observed in the hippocampus of prion-infected mice. In serial section study, we found that these immunoreactivities were co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes as well as with PrP(Sc). These results clearly indicate that the heightened oxidative stress in the form of lipid peroxidation is closely associated with PrP(Sc) accumulation in astrocytes of prion-infected mice.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Astrocytes , Brain , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein , Hippocampus , Lipid Peroxidation , Malondialdehyde , Oxidative Stress , Prion Diseases , Proteins , Sprains and StrainsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the relationship between polymorphism at codon 129 of prion protein gene and the phenotypic features of sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob disease(CJD)in China Methods The prion protein genotype of 14 cases with sporadic CJD were tested and clinical data were analysed Results (1) 8 cases with definite CJD and 6 cases with probable CJD were diagnosed depending on diagnostic criteria (2) Of the 8 definite CJD cases,6 were homozygous for methionine at codon 129, 2 cases were methionine/valine at codon 129,while all the probable CJD cases were methionine homozygotes (3) There were four group symptoms at onset in 12 cases with methionive homozygous at codon 129: cognitive and mental impairment as first symptom in 8 cases,ataxia in 1 case,blurred sight in 2 cases,myoclonus in 1 case;during illness there were epilepsy in 5 cases,myoclonus in 6 cases,blurred sight in 6 cases,PSD in 7 cases The longest illness duration was 20 months,and the shortest was two and a half months (4) Ataxia was the first symptoms in 2 cases with metionine/ valine at codon 129 The illness duration was 6 and 20 months,and there was no PSD (5) Spongyform degeneration in different degree and neuronal loss were seen in the 8 cases with definite CJD,synaptic deposition of abnormal PrP was shown in 5 cases Conclusions (1)Of the 14 cases with CJD, homozygosity for methionine at condon 129 of the prion protein gene was shown in 12 cases,but there was distinct phenotypic variant (2)The frequence of methionine and valine of 129 allilic distribution for sCJD was similar to that in Japan,and different from that in Western cases There was no sCJD case with valine homozygous genotype at codon 129 in our study
ABSTRACT
Though the aetiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) remains uncertain, proteinase resistant prion protein (PrP-Sc), a converted form of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP-C), accumulates in the lysosome of cells of the nervous systems of animals with TSEs. In this study, clinical and epidemiological examinations of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were conducted in Korea. During the investigated period, none of the cattle exhibited typical clinical signs of BSE, such as behavioral disturbances, high sensitivity, and abnormal locomotion. Immunohistochemical analysis and western immunoblotting were established to detect PrP-Sc in the brain tissue using monoclonal antibody (MAb) F89/160.1.5, produced by immunizing mice with a synthetic peptide which corresponds to bovine PrP residues 146-159, NH2-SRPLIHFGSDYEDRC-COOH. Although some BSE-like spongiform changes were observed in bovine brains randomly collected from Korean slaughterhouses from 1996 to 1999, no PrP-Sc was detected in those brains with the established immunohistochemistry and western immunoblotting assay. Also, no positive reaction was observed in bovine brains infected with rabies. These immunohistochemical and western immunoblotting methods using MAbs, specifically reactive with conserved epitopes on ruminant PrP, can be used for postmortem diagnosis of BSE. Further, the method can be applied to antemortem and the preclinical diagnosis of ovine scrapie by detecting PrP-Sc in lymphoid tissues, such as the tonsils, third eyelid or peripheral lymph nodes.