ABSTRACT
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el programa "Everybody has a body" para la prevención de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y obesidad en población preadolescente, que se ha impartido en varias escuelas de España durante el año 2021, contando con una muestra compuesta por 179 preadolescentes de entre 10 y 12 años. Este programa, elaborado por las investigadoras, tiene un carácter innovador, puesto que integra la prevención de los TCA y la obesidad, desde un enfoque que fomenta un estilo de vida saludable, a través del desarrollo de una conciencia crítica con los cánones de belleza, fortalecimiento de la autoestima e imagen corporal, entre otros. El impacto del programa ha sido positivo, y los participantes han mejorado en todas las dimensiones evaluadas. Los resultados obtenidos manifiestan, sin lugar a dudas, la necesidad de educar en salud en las escuelas. Se postula como una exigencia para cualquier sistema educativo, más allá de las fronteras nacionales, puesto que los TCA y la obesidad se han convertido en un problema global, que afecta a gran parte del planeta, minando la salud y calidad de vida de las personas, generando grandes costes económicos a los gobiernos y aumentando las desigualdades sociales.
Abstract This article presents the program entitled "Everybody has a body" for the prevention of eating behavior disorders (ED) and obesity in the preadolescent population. It was taught in several schools in Spain during the year 2021, with a sample composed of 179 tweens between 10 and 12 years old. This program, developed by the researchers, is innovative since it integrates the prevention of eating disorders and obesity, from an approach that promotes a healthy lifestyle, through the development of a critical awareness of the canons of beauty, strengthening self-esteem and body image, among others. The impact of the program has been positive, and the participants have improved in all the dimensions evaluated. The results obtained show, without a doubt, the need for health education in schools. It is postulated as a requirement for any educational system, beyond national borders, since eating disorders and obesity have become a global problem that affects a large part of the planet, undermining people's health and quality of life, generating large economic costs for governments and increasing social inequalities.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Este estudo analisou a relação entre suporte parental e habilidade de reconhecer expressões faciais emocionais em pré-adolescentes através de uma revisão integrativa de pesquisas empíricas dos últimos dez anos. Foram encontradas 12 publicações, as quais utilizaram principalmente tarefas computadorizadas para avaliar o reconhecimento de expressões faciais, sendo a maioria estudos transversais. Houve uma associação de práticas parentais positivas com uma melhor habilidade de reconhecimento de expressões faciais dos filhos, assim como aspectos negativos da parentalidade estiveram associados a um pior reconhecimento de expressões faciais e a um favorecimento do reconhecimento de expressões negativas, sendo que alguns resultados foram contraditórios. Discute-se a importância desta habilidade para o desenvolvimento infanto-juvenil e destacam-se lacunas metodológicas e sugestões para avançar os estudos na área.
Abstract This study analyzed the relationship between parental support and the ability to recognize emotional facial expressions in pre-adolescents through an integrative review of empirical research in the last ten years. Twelve publications were found, which mainly used computerized tasks to evaluate the recognition of facial expressions, most of which were cross-sectional studies. There was an association of positive parental practices with better ability to recognize children's facial expressions, as well as negative aspects of parenting were associated with worse recognition of facial expressions and favoring the recognition of negative expressions, with some of these results presenting contradictions. It discusses the importance of this ability for the development of youth, highlights methodological gaps and suggestions to advance studies in the area.
ABSTRACT
O acesso facilitado às tecnologias de informação e comunicação no dia a dia propicia a realização de diferentes atividades ao mesmo tempo. Este comportamento é chamado 'media multitasking' (MMT). Nos últimos anos, houve um aumento significativo no acesso a essas tecnologias por crianças na faixa etária de transição entre a infância e a adolescência. Com o objetivo de compreender as implicações desse fenômeno para a saúde mental e o bem-estar, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura, abrangendo estudos empíricos publicados de janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2020 em periódicos científicos indexados às bases de dados MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science e ERIC. Como resultado, identificou-se uma convergência no entendimento de que o comportamento de MMT pode afetar o desenvolvimento de habilidades componentes das funções executivas e de competências socioemocionais, interferindo no funcionamento cognitivo e psicossocial. O estudo revelou importantes demandas de pesquisa, atentando particularmente para possíveis associações entre MMT e características próprias da pré-adolescência. Além disso, concluiu-se que esse comportamento constitui uma variável relevante a ser considerada na prática clínica, em intervenções e ações psicoeducativas, bem como para assegurar assertividade em avaliações psicológicas e neuropsicológicas, especialmente tratando-se das novas gerações.
The facilitated access to information and communication technologies in everyday life promotes engaging in different activities simultaneously. This behavior is called media multitasking (MMT). In recent years there has been a significant increase in access to such technologies among children in the age group between childhood and adolescence. In order to understand the implications of this phenomenon to mental health and well-being, an integrative literature review was carried out, covering empirical studies published from January 2010 to January 2020 in scientific journals indexed to the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC databases. As a result, a convergence was identified in the understanding that MMT behavior can impact the development of constituent abilities of executive functions and social-emotional skills, interfering with cognitive and psychosocial functioning. The study revealed important research demands, particularly related to the possible associations between MMT and the characteristics of pre-adolescence. Furthermore, it led to the conclusion that this behavior constitutes a relevant variable to be considered in clinical practice, in interventions and psychoeducational efforts, as well as to ensure assertiveness in psychological and neuropsychological assessments, especially concerning the new generations.
El acceso facilitado a las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el cotidiano promueve la realización de diferentes actividades al mismo tiempo. Este comportamiento es llamado 'media multitasking' (MMT). En los últimos años, ha sucedido un aumento significativo en el acceso a esas tecnologías por niños en el grupo de edad de transición entre la infancia y la adolescencia. Para comprender las implicaciones de este fenómeno para la salud mental y el bienestar, se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura, abarcando estudios empíricos publicados desde enero de 2010 a enero de 2020 en revistas científicas indexadas a las bases de datos MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science y ERIC. Como resultado, se encontró una convergencia en el entendimiento de que el comportamiento de MMT puede afectar el desarrollo de habilidades que componen las funciones ejecutivas y las competencias socioemocionales, interfiriendo con el funcionamiento cognitivo y psicosocial. El estudio mostró importantes demandas de investigación, particularmente con atención a las posibles asociaciones entre MMT y características de la preadolescencia. Además, se concluyó que este comportamiento es una variable relevante a considerar en la práctica clínica, en las intervenciones y acciones psicoeducativas, así como para asegurar asertividad en las evaluaciones psicológicas y neuropsicológicas, especialmente con las nuevas generaciones.
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O enfrentamento da obesidade demanda suporte psicossocial frente à prevalência de psicopatologias associadas ao viés do peso na adolescência. Analisou-se percepção corporal em 63 sujeitos, 37 meninos e 26 meninas, de 9 a 14 anos, de Monteiro Lobato, São Paulo, por meio do Desenho de Percepção Corporal. Avaliaram-se correlações entre consciência, persona corporal, sexo, idade e IMC por Qui-quadrado. Resultados: IMC influencia na percepção do Contorno Corporal. Sexo e idade influenciam na integração. Meninas e meninos pré-adolescentes obesos apresentaram, respectivamente, alteração limítrofe na percepção de Contorno e Postura Corporal. Para a psicologia junguiana, a obesidade na adolescência ativa conflitos inconscientes, altera o equilíbrio do ego, reforça o isolamento e realimenta a crise identitária. Percepção corporal, tema pouco explorado, demanda pesquisa, amostra ampliada e validação de instrumentos para estudo da obesidade na adolescência.
The confrontation of obesity demands psychosocial support in face of the high prevalence of psychopathologies associated with weight bias in adolescence. Body perception was analyzed in 63 subjects, 37 boys and 26 girls from 9 to 14 years old from Monteiro Lobato, São Paulo, through the Body Perception Drawing. The evaluation was based on body conscience and persona, correlated to sex, age and BMI via Chi-Square. Results: BMI influences the perception of Body Contour. Sex and age influence Integration. Obese pre-adolescent girls and boys presented borderline alteration in the Contour and Body Posture perception, respectively. For jungian psychology, obesity in adolescence activates unconscious conflicts, alters the ego balance, reinforces isolation and feeds the identity crisis. Body perception, an unexplored topic demands for research and validation of instruments for the understanding of obesity in adolescence.
Hacer frente a la obesidad requiere apoyo psicosocial en vista de la prevalencia de psicopatologías asociadas con el peso en la adolescencia. La percepción corporal se analizó en 63 sujetos, 37 niños y 26 niñas, de 9 a 14 años, de Monteiro Lobato, São Paulo, a través del Dibujo de Percepción Corporal. Se evaluaron las correlaciones entre Consciencia, Persona del cuerpo, Sexo, Edad e IMC por Chi-Square. Resultados: el IMC influye en la Percepción del contorno corporal. El género y la edad influyen en la integración. Niñas y niños obesos pre-adolescentes, respectivamente, presentaron cambios limítrofes en la percepción del contorno y la postura corporal. Para la psicología junguiana, la obesidad en la adolescencia activa conflictos inconscientes, altera el equilibrio del ego, refuerza el aislamiento y alimenta la crisis de identidad. La percepción corporal exige investigación, muestra ampliada y validación de instrumentos para el estudio de la obesidad en la adolescencia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent , Obesity , Psychology , Body ImageABSTRACT
Resumen En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre la satisfacción con la imagen corporal, la autoestima y el autoconcepto físico. Los participantes fueron 310 alumnos, de 5º y 6º de Educación Primaria, y 22 profesores en activo, de la zona educativa Motril-Costa (España). Como técnicas cuantitativas, se utilizaron: el Cuestionario de Siluetas Corporales, Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Como técnica cualitativa, se utilizó la entrevista semi-estrucutrada. Los resultados muestran que difiere la imagen que tienen y que les gustaría tener. También se aprecia que los chicos tienen un mayor nivel de autoestima. Son las chicas las que se consideran menos hábiles para realizar actividad física y disfrutan en menor medida de estas actividades.
Abstract In this paperis analyzed the relationshipbetween satisfaction withbody image,self-esteem andphysical self.Participants were310students,grades 5 and 6primary and22practicing teachers,the educationalareaMotril-Costa (Spain). Asquantitative techniquesQuestionnairebody silhouettes, Physical SelfQuestionnaire and theRosenbergSelf-Esteem Scale.Asthe qualitative technique was used semi-structured interview. The results show thatdifferent fromthe image they haveand would like tohave.It is also appreciatedthat the boyshave a higher levelofself-esteem.It isthe girls whoare consideredless abletoenjoyphysical activityandto a lesser extentof these activities.
Subject(s)
Self Concept , Body Image/psychology , AdolescentABSTRACT
Resumen En la actualidad hay suficiente evidencia científica que relaciona directamente la adquisición, exposición y prevalencia del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) con el cáncer del cuello de uterino. Por ello, el artículo aborda el VPH en la mujer teniendo en cuenta la naprotecnología, que permite conjugar evidencia científica y planteamientos éticos. Se busca que se tengan en cuenta tanto el aspecto biológico de la sexualidad como la capacidad de hacerse persona en su núcleo sexual. De ahí que se analicen programas dirigidos a la educación sexual, basados tanto en la prevención sanitaria como en la antropología de la sexualidad, y apoyados por las instituciones familiares, que han demostrado una mejor acogida ante los riesgos de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, y entre ellas la infección por el VPH.
Abstract There currently is sufficient scientific evidence directly linking acquisition, exposure and prevalence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) to cervical cancer. The article addresses HPV in women by taking NaProTechnology into account, which makes it possible to combine scientific evidence with ethical approaches. It looks at both the biological aspect of sexuality and the ability to become a person within one's sexual nucleus. There is an analysis of sex education programs based on preventive health and on the anthropology of sexuality, and supported by family institutions, that have demonstrated better acceptance in dealing with the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV infection.
Resumo Na atualidade, há suficiente evidência científica que relaciona diretamente aquisição, exposição e prevalência do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) com o câncer do colo do útero. Por isso, este artigo aborda o HPV na mulher considerando a naprotecnologia, que permite conjugar evidência científica e proposições éticas. Procura-se que sejam levados em conta tanto o aspecto biológico da sexualidade quanto a capacidade de se fazer pessoa em seu núcleo sexual. A partir disso, são analisados programas dirigidos à educação sexual, baseados tanto na prevenção sanitária quanto na antropologia da sexualidade, e apoiados pelas instituições familiares, que têm demonstrado uma melhor acolhida diante dos riscos das infecções de transmissão sexual e, entre elas, a infecção pelo HPV.
Subject(s)
Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Sexuality , Carcinogenesis , GenitaliaABSTRACT
Esse estudo investiga o desenvolvimento do modo narrativo de pensamento em 33 pré-adolescentes (10-13 anos) por meio de narrativas autobiográficas, coletadas através de entrevistas individuais. Foram analisadas duas das principais características do modo narrativo de pensamento: a complexidade estrutural da narrativa e a presença de aspectos sociopsicológicos. A análise de clusters revelou dois grupos com níveis de desenvolvimento diferentes, um mais avançado do que o outro. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a formação dos grupos foram: o uso do enredo mais simples com ênfase na intenção dos personagens ou de enredos mais complexos que enfatizam a intenção dos personagens ou fazem interpretações sobre os mesmos; a presença de interpretação das experiências; e a descrição de personagens por suas características físico-demográficas ou intencionais. Os resultados demonstram que a pré-adolescência marca o início da transição para um tipo mais interpretativo de pensamento
This study investigates the development of the narrative mode of thinking in 33 preadolescents (10-13 years) by analyzing their autobiographical narratives collected through individual interviews. Two characteristics of the narrative mode of thinking were analyzed: the structural complexity of the narrative and the presence of socio-psychological aspects. Cluster analysis revealed that the sample could be divided into two groups with different development levels, one more advanced than the other. The variables that most contributed to forming these groups were: the use of a simpler plot focusing on characters' intentions or of a more complex plot focusing on characters' intentions or making interpretations about them; the attempt of interpreting experiences; and the description of the characters according to their physical-demographic or intentional characteristics. Results show that preadolescence represents the beginning of the transition to a more interpretative type of thinking
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Cognition , NarrationABSTRACT
Objective Androgen is an important precursor for the synthesis of estrogen in vivo and is involved in the regulation of female reproductive function.In this study, we explored the influence of different lengths of prepubertal exposure to hyperandrogen on the reproductive function of adult female rats. Methods Twenty-five 23-day-old female rats were equally randomized into five groups:oil control, 2-wk dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 4-wk DHEA, 6-wk DHEA, and 8-wk DHEA, injected with oil or DHEA daily for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks respectively, and mated at 80 days old.We detected serum concentrations of total testosterone (tT), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) and luteinizing hormone ( LH) by ELISA, observed the time of vaginal opening and changes of the estrous cycle, and recorded the rates of mating and pregnancy, the number of the offspring and their survival rate. Results The tT lev-el was elevated after 2 weeks of DHEA injection, fell to normal after drug withdrawal in the 2-wk and 4-wk DHEA groups, and remained at a high level in the 6-wk group.The E2 level was markedly increased in at 2 and 4 weeks but showed a falling trend at 6 and 8 weeks. DHEA injection did not change the level of FSH significantly but re-markably lifted that of LH with the increased concentration of tT.The vaginal opening time was significantly advanced in the 2-wk DHEA group as compared with the controls ([26.60 ±0.89] d vs [35.20 ± 2.49] d, P0.05). Conclusion Prepubertal expo-sure to hyperandrogen may advance adrenarche and gonadarche and affect the initiation of the sexual gland function in female rats.Impro-ving the hyperandrogen status in the early pubertal stage can reverse the disorder of the estrous cycle, while long-term exposure to DHEA may significantly reduce the fecundity at the childbearing age.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a brief version of the AF5 questionnaire (García & Musitu, 2001) using exploratory and confirmatory techniques on a preadolescent population in the Valencian community (Spain). The sample was made up of 541 participants between 10 and 12 years old, 55.1% (298) boys and 44.9% (243) girls. After observing the results of different reliability and validity analyses (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), it was found that the reduced scale consisting of 20 items showed a similar reliability and validity to the original scale. The factorial structure also fits that of the original model established a priori. According to the results of the study, the use of this diagnostic tool with Spanish children seems justified...
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão reduzida do questionário AF5 (Garcia & Musitu, 2001), utilizando técnicas exploratórias e confirmatórias, em uma população pré-adolescente na comunidade Valenciana (Espanha). A amostra foi composta de 541 participantes entre 10 e 12 anos de idade, 55,1% do sexo masculino (298) e 44,9% do sexo feminino (243). Depois de observar os resultados de diferentes análises de confiabilidade e validade (análise fatorial exploratória (EFA) e análise fatorial confirmatória (CFA)), verificou-se que o questionário reduzido, composto por 20 itens, mostrou uma confiabilidade e validade semelhantes aos do questionário original. A estrutura fatorial também se encaixa no modelo original estabelecido a priori. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, o uso desta ferramenta de diagnóstico com crianças espanholas parecem justificados...
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una versión abreviada del cuestionario AF5 (García & Musitu, 2001) utilizando técnicas exploratorias y confirmatorias en una población preadolescente en la comunidad Valenciana (España). La muestra se compone de 541 participantes entre 10 y 12 años de edad, 55.1% niños (298) y el 44,9% niñas (243). Tras observar los resultados de diferentes análisis de fiabilidad y validez (análisis factorial exploratorio (EPT) y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA)), se encontró que la escala reducida consistente en 20 ítems mostró una fiabilidad y validez similar a la escala original. La estructura factorial también se ajusta a la del modelo original establecida a priori. De acuerdo con los resultados del estudio, el uso de esta herramienta de diagnóstico con niños españoles parece justificado...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
Esse estudo analisa a relação entre regulação de emoções no pré-adolescente e conversação familiar sobre emoções. Participaram do estudo 74 pré-adolescentes (10 a 13 anos) de famílias de classe média que formaram dois grupos, o que conversa sempre em casa e o que não tem esse costume. Para acessar a regulação de emoções foram usadas duas histórias com final aberto que permitiram comparar os grupos quanto às estimativas de duração de emoções e estratégias para regulá-las e à presença de reavaliações cognitivas. Há diferenças significativas na ocorrência de reavaliações cognitivas para lidar com a raiva, que surgiram apenas no grupo que costuma conversar. Os resultados sugerem que conversação familiar sobre emoções pode auxiliar a desenvolver habilidades diferenciadas para regular emoções.
In this study the relation between emotional regulation of the preadolescent and conversation regarding emotions in family setting is investigated. Seventy-four preadolescents (10 - 13 years old) of middle class families participated in this study; they composed two groups: one that always conversed at home and one that did not have that habit. To access emotional regulation two open-ended stories were used to compare groups considering: the estimated duration of the emotion, the strategies used to regulate them, and the occurrence of cognitive re-evaluation. There are significant differences in the occurrence of cognitive re-evaluation to deal with rage, found only in the group that regularly had conversations. Results suggest that family conversation concerning emotions can enhance the development of differentiated abilities to regulate emotions.
ABSTRACT
The relationship between the quality of life and eating behaviors in preadolescents between 10 to 13 years of age was determined by a cross-sectional design, Was assessed data from 702 participants (mean age of 11.5 years, 375 women and 327 men) recruited through KIDSCREEN-52 to measure quality of life and EAT-26 to assess eating behaviors. We found that weight control and body image that leads to twins is related to lower quality of life, particularly in the dimension of physical bullying, school environment, emotional state and mood, self-perceived autonomy and economic resources. The findings, as well as evidence that these behaviors are increasingly prevalent at younger ages, warrant the development of early preventive interventions in the field of eating behaviors.
Con un diseño transversal, se evaluó la relación existente entre la calidad de vida y las conductas alimentarias en preadolescentes de entre 10 a 13 años de edad. Se analizaron datos de 702 participantes (media de edad de 11.5 años, 375 mujeres y 327 hombres) recogidos a través de los instrumentos KIDSCREEN-52, para medir la calidad de vida y el EAT-26, para evaluar las conductas alimentarias. Se encontró que la preocupación por el control del peso y la imagen corporal están relacionadas con una menor calidad de vida de los preadolescentes, en particular en las dimensiones de bienestar físico, bullying, entorno escolar, estado emocional y ánimo, autopercepción, autonomía y recursos económicos. Los hallazgos encontrados, así como la evidencia que estas conductas se presentan cada vez a más temprana edad, incidiendo en el bienestar y la calidad de vida de los y las preadolescentes, ameritan el desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas tempranas en el campo de las conductas alimentarias.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Child Behavior , Quality of Life/psychology , Feeding Behavior , Age and Sex Distribution , Body Image , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Psychometrics , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk-Taking , Self Concept , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between selected hormonal parameters (at birth and at age 8 years) and blood pressure levels at pre-adolescence in a cohort of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) and normal birth weight infants (NBW). Methods: A cohort study from early pregnancy to childhood was performed. Seventy-six fetuses/children were evaluated between 1995 and 2004. Cord blood samples were taken at birth and several hormonal and metabolic parameters evaluated. Sixty-four children of the original cohort were available for blood sampling, blood pressure and anthropometric measures at a mean age of 8 years. 27 (42.2%) were IUGR and 37 (57.8%) were NBW. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with cord blood levels of hormonal and metabolic parameters at birth and at 8 years as independent variables and childrens blood pressure as dependent variable adjusted by IUGR status, gender, Body Mass Index and age of the child at the time of blood pressure evaluation. Results: The maternal age (26.6±5.8 vs 26.9±5.8 years old) and the gestational age at birth (39.1±1.4 vs 39.6±1.3 weeks) were similar between the groups. IUGR children were shorter (1.28± 0.09 m vs 1.33± 0.09 m, p=0.04). Growth hormone levels (GH) at birth were negatively associated with systolic blood pressure at 8 years of age (regression coefficients for umbilical cord blood levels: -0.9, 95% CI -2.03 to 0.04 mg/ml, p= 0.04). Conclusion: The alterations on blood pressure can begin in fetal life were levels of GH could have an important role.
Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre parámetros hormonales seleccionados (al nacimiento y a los 8 años de edad) y los niveles de presión arterial a los 8 años de edad en una cohorte de niños con restricción en el crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) y con peso normal al nacimiento (PNN). Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes desde el inicio del embarazo hasta la infancia (1995-2004). Se tomaron muestras de sangre de cordón umbilical al nacimiento y a los 8 años para evaluar parámetros endocrino-metabólicos seleccionados (variable independiente) y la presión arterial a los 8 años de edad (variable dependiente). Se evaluaron 64 niños de la cohorte original; 27 (42.2%) casos pertenecían al grupo de RCIU y 37 (57.8%) al grupo con PNN. El análisis multivariado se ajustó por RCIU, género, índice de masa corporal y edad del niño en el momento de medir la presión arterial. Resultados: La edad de las madres (26.6±5.8 vs 26.9±5.8 años) y la edad gestacional al parto (39.1±1.4 vs 39.6±1.3 semanas) fueron similares entre los grupos. Los niños de 8 años que nacieron con RCIU fueron más bajos (1.28± 0.09 m vs 1.33± 0.09 m, p=0.04). Los niveles de hormona de crecimiento (GH) al nacimiento fueron asociados negativamente con la presión arterial sistólica del niño (coeficiente de regresión: -0.9, 95% CI -2.03 a 0.04 mg/ml, p=0.04). Conclusión: Las alteraciones de la presión arterial pueden comenzar desde la vida fetal y los niveles de GH fetal pueden jugar un papel importante.
Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent Health , Blood Pressure , Fetal Growth Retardation , Growth and Development , HormonesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the age of the first exposure to substances influences the characteristics of substance abuse. METHOD: Ninety seven adolescent boys in a substance abuse treatment facility were evaluated by using questionnaires, individual diagnostic interviews, and psychology tests. They were classified into 3 groups, preadolescence group(PA), early adolescence group(EA), and middle adolescence group (MA) according to the age of the first exposure to substances, and the data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 9.0. RESULTS: The average age was 16.4+/-1.2 years. There were 39 in PA, 29 in EA, and 29 in MA. In comparison to EA, PA showed higher frequency in substance use, substance dependence, and positive family history of alcohol abuse. In comparison to MA, PA had higher frequency in troubles in interpersonal relationship, functional impairment, dependence on substances, withdrawal symptoms, amount of alcohol and gas consumed, positive family history of alcohol abuse. presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and higher score in K-subscale of MMPI. PA also used more variety of substances more frequently, and had shorter duration before starting the second substance. In comparison to MA, EA showed higher frequency of substance use, functional impairment, trouble in interpersonal relationship, diagnoses of substance dependence, and shorter duration before starting the second substance. However, less EA were from disorganized families. Among the 3 groups, there were no statistically meaningful differences in combined use of alcohol, trial of abstinence, duration of abstinence, child abuse history, family support, intelligence, and frequency and duration of running away from home. CONCLUSION: Earlier exposure to substances may lead to more serious problems of drug abuse. Earlier drug prevention education for adolescents should be provided.