Estudio morfométrico y ecuaciones de predicción del peso corporal en llamas (Lama glama) Ch'aku y Q'ara / Morphometric study and body weight prediction equations in llamas (Lama glama) Ch'aku and Q'ara

RESUMEN: En el estudio se utilizó una población de 180 llamas de ambos sexos (machos y hembras) clasificados por edades (dientes de leche; dos dientes y cuatro dientes). Se registraron datos del peso corporal y las siguientes medidas morfométricas: En la cabeza: Longitud de la cabeza (LC); ancho de cabeza (ACa) y longitud de oreja (LO). En el cuello: Longitud del cuello (LCU); Perímetro de cuello anterior (PCuA) y perímetro de cuello posterior (PCuP). En el tronco y extremidades: Altura a la cruz (AC); altura de la grupa (AGRU), diámetro dorso esternal (DDE), perímetro torácico (PT), longitud del cuerpo (LOCU), longitud de la cruz a la grupa (LCG), longitud de grupa (LGRU), perímetro de caña anterior (PCA); perímetro de caña posterior (PCP). Los datos fueron procesados utilizando el software estadístico R. Concluyendo que los rasgos de conformación en llamas (Lama glama) Ch'aku y Q'ara están influenciados por la edad, sexo y raza. Los modelos de regresión simple y múltiple para la predicción del peso corporal fueron significativos.

SUMMARY: The study used a population of 180 llamas of both sexes (males and females) classified by age (milk teeth; two teeth and four teeth). Body weight data and the following morphometric measurements were recorded: Head: Head length (CL); head width (ACa) and ear length (LO). On the neck: Neck length (LCU); anterior neck circumference (PCuA) and posterior neck circumference (PCuP). On the trunk and limbs: Height at withers (AC); height at rump (AGRU), sternal dorsal diameter (DDE), thoracic perimeter (PT), body length (LOCU), length from withers to rump (LCG), rump length (LGRU), anterior canine perimeter (PCA); posterior canine perimeter (PCP). The data were processed using R statistical software. It was concluded that conformation traits in Ch'aku and Q'ara llamas (Lama glama) are influenced by age, sex and breed. Simple and multiple regression models for body weight prediction were significant.

Development of clinically based prediction models using machine learning and Bayesian statistics / Desarrollo de modelos de predicción basados clínicamente utilizando aprendizaje automático y estadísticas bayesianas

Abstract In this work, the framework for developing generic clinically based models is emphasized and illustrated with Bayesian statistics neurologic grade prediction models in order to exemplify the type of models that can be developed from a mathematical point of view. The models are based on clinical records of patients who underwent radiotherapy treatment due to glioblastoma which is an aggressive brain cancer. A first model requires as a parameter the neurologic grade of the patient before the treatment then predicts the grade after the treatment. A second, enhanced, model was developed with the aim of making the prediction more realistic and it uses the neurologic grade before the treatment as well, but it additionally depends on the Clinical Target Volume (CTV). Furthermore, with the aid of Bayesian statistic we were able to estimate the uncertainty of the predictions.

Resumen En este trabajo el marco teórico, para desarrollar modelos genéricos basados en datos clínicos, se enfatiza e ilustra con estadísticas bayesianas las cuales predicen grados neurológicos para ilustrar los tipos de modelos que se pueden desarrollar desde un punto de vista matemático. Los modelos se basan en datos clínicos de pacientes que se han sometido a radioterapia por causa de un glioblastoma, el cual es un cáncer de cerebro agresivo. Un primer modelo requiere como parámetro el grado neurológico del paciente antes del tratamiento y predice el grado después del tratamiento. Un segundo modelo, mejorado, fue desarrollado con el propósito de hacerlo más real, éste emplea también el grado neurológico antes del tratamiento; además depende del Volumen Blanco Clínico (CTV por sus siglas en inglés). Por último, con el uso de estadísticas bayesianas fue posible estimar la incertidumbre de las predicciones.

Equations to predict height and weight in Asian- Chinese adults

@#Introduction: Height and weight measurements are required for the assessment of nutritional status. However, it is difficult to measure these parameters in nonambulatory persons. Hence, simple predictive equations that estimate these measurements using various anthropometric measurements are necessary. Methods: A total of 441 Asian-Chinese adults (174 males, median age = 32.5, IQR: 27.8 years; 267 females, median age = 34.6, IQR: 28.5 years) were used to build height and weight sex-specific prediction equations. An additional 111 Asian- Chinese adults (44 males, median age = 31.1, IQR: 25.0 years; 67 females, median age = 30.6, IQR: 25.6 years) were used to validate the newly developed prediction equations. Results: The best predictive model for height included arm length, knee height measurements and age (R2 = 0.70, standard error of estimate [SEE] = 3.38 for males; R2 = 0.71, SEE = 3.14 for females). The best weight predictive model included age, arm circumference and waist circumference (R2 = 0.79, SEE = 4.66 for males; R2 = 0.78, SEE = 4.38 for females). The new predictive models for height and weight have non-significant prediction biases as compared to the Cereda et al. (2010) and Ross equations, respectively. Conclusion: Height and weight predictive equations with a higher degree of accuracy have been developed for Asian Chinese adults.

Digestibility and net energy prediction of rice by products determined with piglets / Digestibilidade e predição da energia líquida de subprodutos de arroz determinado com leitões

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, digestibility, and net energy (NE) of broken rice (BRR), stabilized rice bran (SRB), and parboiled rice bran (PRB) for piglets. Two digestibility trials were performed with 12 and 18 male pigs with initial weights of 8 and 16kg, respectively. We performed total fecal collection using ferric oxide as fecal marker. The digestibility coefficients of organic matter, crude protein, and gross energy were higher (P<0.001) for the BRR compared to the SRB and PRB. The PRB presented a digestible energy 2% lower than that of BR and 5% higher than that of SRB. For BRR, average NE value was 3,228kcal/kg dry matter (DM), and the difference between the lower and higher value was 311kcal/kg DM. Average NE values of SRB and PRB were 2,896 and 3,293kcal/kgDM, respectively. The difference between the energy predicted by each equation reached 190kcal/kgDM for SRB and 285kcal/kgDM for PRB. In conclusion, BRR showed higher nutrient digestibility coefficients, except for EE and GE, which can be attributed to differences in the production processes. Regardless of the type of feedstuff tested, equations to predict NE values should be used carefully due to considerable differences in energy content.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição química, a digestibilidade e a energia líquida (EL) da quirera (QR), farelo de arroz estabilizado (FAE) e farelo de arroz parboilizado (FAP) para leitões. Foram realizados dois ensaios de digestibilidade com 12 e 18 suínos machos com pesos iniciais de 8 e 16kg, respectivamente. A coleta fecal total foi realizada usando óxido férrico como marcador fecal. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, proteína e energia bruta (EB) foram maiores (P<0,001) para o QR em comparação com o FAE e FAP. O FAP apresentou energia digestível 2% inferior à da QR e 5% maior que a da FAE. Para QR, o valor médio de EL foi de 3,228kcal/kg de matéria seca (DM), e a diferença entre o valor inferior e o valor superior foi de 311kcal/kg de MS. Os valores médios de EL de FAE e FAP foram de 2.896 e 3.293kcal/kgMS, respectivamente. A diferença entre a energia predita por cada equação atingiu 190kcal/kgMS para FAE e 285kcal/kgMS para FAP. Em conclusão, QR mostrou maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, exceto EE e EB, o que pode ser atribuído a diferenças nos processos de produção. Independentemente do tipo de alimento testado, as equações para prever os valores de EL devem ser usadas com cuidado devido a diferenças consideráveis no conteúdo energético.

Predicting the metabolizable energy of first and second corn harvests for piglets / Predição da energia metabolizável do milho de primeira e segunda safra para leitões

ABSTRACT Corn is one of the primary ingredients in swine diets, but there is a variation in its chemical composition and metabolizable energy (ME) content. Therefore, faster methods are required that can determine more accurate ME values to improve piglet diets. This study determined and predicted the ME of corn from first and second harvests for piglets. Two experiments were conducted to determine the ME values for 18 corn batches, evaluating corn from first and second harvests. The corn batches were analysed to determine the concentration of dry matter (DM), starch (ST), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and gross energy (GE). To determine the ME values, 40 piglets were used in each experiment, grouped into a randomized block design with four replicates. The ME of the corn from the first and second crops ranged from 3281 to 3509 and from 3143 to 3652 kcal/kg on an as-fed basis, respectively, and the fitted equations to predict the ME presented a low R2. The best fit equation for predicting the ME of corn for piglets was determined to be ME= - 6306.15 + 400.652ADF + 117.286ST + 24924.7Ca + 2489.66P - 148.41CP (R2=0.44) for the first harvest; ME= -7560.08 + 2.66895GE - 120.69ADF (R2=0.48) for the second harvest; and ME= 2848.95 + 68.5714NDF + 161.938EE - 5563.5Ca - 1454.2P (R2=0.41) for the joint harvest.

RESUMO O milho é um dos principais alimentos utilizados em rações para suínos, porém existem variações em sua composição química e conteúdo de energia metabolizável (EM). Portanto, são necessários métodos rápidos para se determinar os valores de EM de forma precisa, melhorando as dietas dos leitões. O trabalho determinou e ajustou equações de predição de EM do milho de 1a e 2a safra para leitões. Foram realizados dois experimentos para determinar os valores de EM de 18 cultivares de milho, avaliando-se os milhos de 1ª e 2ª safras. Foram realizadas as análises de matéria seca (MS), amido (AMI), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e energia bruta (EB) dos milhos. Para a determinação dos valores energéticos foram utilizados 40 animais em cada experimento, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os valores de EM dos milhos de 1ª e 2ª safra variaram de 3281 a 3509 e de 3143 a 3652 kcal/kg MN, respectivamente, as equações ajustadas para predizer a EM apresentaram baixo R2. Os melhores ajustes para predizer a EM do milho para leitões são representados pelas equações EM= - 6306,15 + 400,652FDA + 117,286AMI + 24924,7Ca + 2489,66P - 148,41PB (R2=0,44), para os milhos de 1ª safra; EM = -7560,08 + 2,66895EB - 120,69FDA (R2=0,48), para os milhos de 2ª safra; e para o período completo de safras foi ajustada a equação EM= 2848,95 + 68,5714FDN + 161,938EE - 5563,5Ca - 1454,2P (R2=0,41).

Desarrollo de ecuaciones y propuesta de valores referenciales para estimar la masa grasa de niños y adolescentes chilenos / Development of equations and proposed reference values to estimate body fat mass among Chilean children and adolescents

Introducción. La evaluación de la composición corporal es relevante para determinar el estado nutricional e identificar posibles riesgos para la salud. Objetivo. a) Desarrollar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir la masa grasa (MG) utilizando como método de referencia la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía; b) proponer valores referenciales de MG en función de la edad cronológica y biológica para niños y adolescentes chilenos. Metodología. Estudio transversal en niños y adolescentes de 5,0 a 18,9 años de la región del Maule (Chile). La muestra fue conformada de forma probabilística (estratificada) por 3593 sujetos. Se evaluó el peso, estatura de pie, estatura sentada y circunferencia de la cintura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y los años de pico de velocidad del crecimiento (APVC). La composición corporal (MG, masa libre de grasa, masa ósea y porcentaje de grasa) fueron determinados por medio del escaneo de absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. Resultados. Los APVC (edad biológica) se presentaron en los hombres a los 14,9 ± 0,9 APVC y, en las mujeres, a los 11,5 ± 0,7 APVC. Se generaron ecuaciones para estimar la MG para hombres y mujeres, utilizando como predictores la edad cronológica, APVC y circunferencia de cintura. Se desarrollaron percentiles para evaluar la MG por absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía y por ecuaciones de regresión. Conclusión. Las ecuaciones mostraron aceptabilidad para determinar la MG; además, se han propuesto valores referenciales para evaluar la MG en función de la edad cronológica y biológica.

Introduction. The assessment of body composition is relevant to establish nutritional status and identify potential health risks. Objective. a) To develop regression equations to predict fat mass (FM) using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry as reference method; b) to propose reference FM values based on chronological and biological age for Chilean children and adolescents. Methodology. Cross-sectional study in children and adolescents aged 5.0 to 18.9 years from the Maule Region (Chile). The sample was made up of 3593 subjects in a probabilistic fashion (stratified). Subjects' weight, standing height, sitting height, and waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index and age at peak development velocity (APGV) were estimated. Body composition (FM, fat-free mass, bone mass, and fat percentage) were established based on a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Results. APGV (biological age) was 14.9 ± 0.9 years among boys and 11.5 ± 0.7 among girls. Equations were developed to estimate FM among boys and girls using chronological age, APGV, and waist circumference as predictors. Percentiles were estimated to assess FM by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and regression equations. Conclusion. Equations were acceptable to establish FM; in addition, reference values were proposed to assess FM based on chronological and biological age.

Desarrollo y validación de ecuaciones para estimar composición corporal en niños de 4 a 6 años de Uruguay / Development and validation of equations for estimating body composition in 4-6 year old children from Uruguay

A correct diagnosis of obesity requires estimating body composition since it is linked to excess fat. Therefore it is necessary to have practical and sensitive methods of measurement. The aim of this study was to develop and validate bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and anthropometric equations to estimate fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Anthropometric measurements, BIA and deuterium dilution technique as the reference standard were performed in 191 children (4-6 years). Two equations were developed using multiple regression models and were validated in a subsample. Bland and Altman was applied to evaluate the bias differences between the means of both methods. The BIA equation was FFM (kg)= 2,089 + (0,346 * Fieight²/Resistance) + (0,312 * Weight) + (0,660 * Sex); with R2= 0.92, SRMSE 0,67 kg, bias 0,140 kg and precision 0,73 kg. The anthropometric equation was FM (kg)= 0.841 + (0,408 * Weight) + (0,137 * Subscapular-Skinfolds-Thickness) + (0,104 * Tricipital-Skinfolds-Thickness) - (0,764 * Sex) - (0,054 * Feight); with R2= 0.89, SRMSE 0,68 kg, bias -0,01 kg and precision 0,76 kg. The equations validated had a good predictive capacity and can be especially useful in epidemiological studies.

Un correcto diagnóstico de obesidad requiere estimar la composición corporal pues ésta se vincula al exceso de grasa, siendo necesario disponer de métodos prácticos y sensibles para su medición. El objetivo fue desarrollar y validar ecuaciones antropométricas y de bio-impedancia para estimar masa grasa (MG) y masa libre de grasa (MLG). Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, de bio-impedancia y se aplicó la técnica de dilución con óxido de deuterio como patrón oro a 191 preescolares. Se desarrollaron dos ecuaciones utilizando modelos de regresión múltiple y se validaron en una submuestra. Se aplicó Bland-Altman para evaluar el sesgo entre las diferencias de las medias de ambos métodos. Las ecuaciones diseñadas fueron: MLG (kg)= 2,089 + (0,346* Talla²/Resistencia) + (0,312* Peso) + (0,660* Sexo); con R2= 0,92; SRMSE 0,67kg; sesgo 0,140 kg y precisión 0,73 kg; y MG (kg)= 0,841 + (0,408* Peso) + (0,137* Pliegue Subescapular) + (0,104* Pliegue Tricipital) - (0,764* Sexo) - (0,054* Talla) con R2= 0,89; SRMSE 0. 68.kg, sesgo -0,01 kg y precisión 0,76 kg. Las ecuaciones validadas tienen adecuada capacidad predictiva. Pueden ser especialmente útiles en estudios epidemiológicos.

Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children / Equações de predição da espirometria em crianças de quatro a seis anos

Abstract Objective To generate prediction equations for spirometry in 4- to 6-year-old children. Methods Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of the forced vital capacity were assessed in 195 healthy children residing in the town of Sete Lagoas, state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. The least mean squares method was used to derive the prediction equations. The level of significance was established as p < 0.05. Results Overall, 85% of the children succeeded in performing the spirometric maneuvers. In the prediction equation, height was the single predictor of the spirometric variables as follows: forced vital capacity = exponential [(−2.255) + (0.022 × height)], forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s = exponential [(−2.288) + (0.019 × height)], forced expiratory volume in one second = exponential [(−2.767) + (0.026 × height)], peak expiratory flow = exponential [(−2.908) + (0.019 × height)], and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of the forced vital capacity = exponential [(−1.404) + (0.016 × height)]. Neither age nor weight influenced the regression equations. No significant differences in the predicted values for boys and girls were observed. Conclusion The predicted values obtained in the present study are comparable to those reported for preschoolers from both Brazil and other countries.

Resumo Objetivo Gerar equações de predição da espirometria em crianças de quatro a seis anos. Métodos Capacidade vital forçada, volume expiratório forçado em 0,5 segundo, volume expiratório forçado em um segundo, pico de fluxo expiratório e fluxo expiratório forçado com 25-75% da capacidade vital forçada foram avaliados em 195 crianças saudáveis que residem em Sete Lagoas, Estado de Minas Gerais, Sudeste do Brasil. O método dos mínimos quadrados foi usado para derivar as equações de predição. O nível de significância foi estabelecido como p < 0,05. Resultados No geral, 85% das crianças foram bem-sucedidas ao fazer as manobras espirométricas. Na equação de predição, a estatura foi a única variável preditora das variáveis espirométricas, da seguinte forma: capacidade vital forçada = exponencial [(-2,255) + (0,022 x estatura)], volume expiratório forçado em 0,5 segundo = exponencial [(-2,288) + (0,019 x estatura)], volume expiratório forçado em um segundo = exponencial [(-2,767) + (0,026 x estatura)], pico do fluxo expiratório = exponencial [(-2,908) + (0,019 x estatura)] e fluxo expiratório forçado com 25-75% da capacidade vital forçada = exponencial [(-1,404) + (0,016 x estatura)]. Nem a idade nem o peso influenciaram as equações de regressão. Não foi observada diferença significativa nos valores previstos em meninos e meninas. Conclusão Os valores previstos obtidos neste estudo são comparáveis àqueles relatados em crianças em idade pré-escolar tanto do Brasil quanto de outros países.

Interpretation of Spirometry: Selection of Predicted Values and Defining Abnormality.

Spirometry is the most frequently performed investigation to evaluate pulmonary function. It provides clinically useful information on the mechanical properties of the lung and the thoracic cage and aids in taking management-related decisions in a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders. Few measurements in medicine are so dependent on factors related to equipment, operator and the patient. Good spirometry requires quality assured measurements and a systematic approach to interpretation. Standard guidelines on the technical aspects of equipment and their calibration as well as the test procedure have been developed and revised from time-to-time. Strict compliance with standardisation guidelines ensures quality control. Interpretation of spirometry data is based only on two basic measurements — the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and their ratio, FEV1/FVC. A meaningful and clinically useful interpretation of the measured data requires a systematic approach and consideration of several important issues. Central to interpretation is the understanding of the development and application of prediction equations. Selection of prediction equations that are appropriate for the ethnic origin of the patient is vital to avoid erroneous interpretation. Defining abnormal values is a debatable but critical aspect of spirometry. A statistically valid definition of the lower limits of normal has been advocated as the better method over the more commonly used approach of defining abnormality as a fixed percentage of the predicted value. Spirometry rarely provides a specific diagnosis. Examination of the flow-volume curve and the measured data provides information to define patterns of ventilatory impairment. Spirometry must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical information including results of other investigations.

Prediction Equations for Spirometry in Adults from Northern India.

Background. Most of the Indian studies on prediction equations for spirometry in adults are several decades old and may have lost their utility as these were carried out with equipment and standardisation protocols that have since changed. Their validity is further questionable as the lung health of the population is likely to have changed over time. Objective. To develop prediction equations for spirometry in adults of north Indian origin using the 2005 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) recommendations on standardisation. Methods. Normal healthy non-smoker subjects, both males and females, aged 18 years and above underwent spirometry using a non-heated Fleisch Pneumotach spirometer calibrated daily. The dataset was randomly divided into training (70%) and test (30%) sets and the former was used to develop the equations. These were validated on the test data set. Prediction equations were developed separately for males and females for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and instantaneous expiratory flow rates using multiple linear regression procedure with different transformations of dependent and/or independent variables to achieve the best-fitting models for the data. The equations were compared with the previous ones developed in the same population in the 1960s. Results. In all, 685 (489 males, 196 females) subjects performed spirometry that was technically acceptable and repeatable. All the spirometry parameters were significantly higher among males except the FEV1/FVC ratio that was significantly higher in females. Overall, age had a negative relationship with the spirometry parameters while height was positively correlated with each, except for the FEV1/FVC ratio that was related only to age. Weight was included in the models for FVC, forced expiratory flow (FEF75) and FEV1/FVC ratio in males, but its contribution was very small. Standard errors of estimate were provided to enable calculation of the lower limits of normal and standardised residuals for these parameters. The equations were found to be valid on the test dataset, and therefore, may be extended to general population. Comparison with the 1960s equations revealed lack of good agreement, and substantially higher predicted FVC with the current equations, especially in the forty-years-plus age group, in both males and females. Even in the age group upto 40 years, the level of agreement was clinically not acceptable. Conclusions. Validated prediction equations have been developed for spirometry variables in adults of north Indian origin using the current ATS/ERS spirometry standardisation recommendations. The equations suggest an improvement in the lung health of the population over time in the middle-aged and the elderly. These equations should address a long-felt unmet need and enable a more appropriate evaluation of spirometry data in different chest diseases in Indian subjects.

Energy consumption assessment by indirect calorimetry in critically ill children / 临床儿科杂志

Nutritional and metabolic disorders are the common problems in PICU. They often lead to deterioration in child nutrition and vice versa. Reasonable assessment of the energy consumption can provide theoretical basis for proper nutrition support in critically ill children. In this review, the methods of evaluating the energy consumption which included energy metabolism measurement and prediction equations were introduced, and the importance of indirect calorimetry was emphasized. Meanwhile, the research situation of energy consumption assessment at home and abroad and the current status of its clinical application were also reviewed.

Validação das equações metabólicas para caminhada e corrida propostas pelo American College of Sports Medicine em homens entre 20 e 30 anos de idade / Validation of the ACSM walking and running metabolic equations among men aged 20 to 30 years

O American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) sugere equações para estimativa do gasto metabólico da caminhada e da corrida, concebidas a partir de pressupostos: 1) que o indivíduo esteja executando uma atividade em estado de equilíbrio e 2) que o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) tem relação linear com a intensidade do trabalho. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade concorrente dessas equações metabólicas em homens regularmente ativos entre 20 e 30 anos de idade, tendo como medida critério a espirometria (TEEM-100, AeroSport). Participaram deste estudo 36 homens jovens e ativos. No primeiro dia, os voluntários executaram um teste máximo de exercício na esteira (ATL 10200, Inbrasport). Os indivíduos completaram um trabalho padronizado de 30 minutos com seis diferentes estágios de caminhada e corrida (80,4; 120,6 e 160,8m.min-1) com (5 por cento) e sem inclinação, 48 a 96h após o teste máximo. Além da estatística descritiva, utilizaram-se a correlação linear de Pearson, o coeficiente de determinação, a ANOVA com um fator e o teste t pareado, com o nível de significância estabelecido em 0,05. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados no pacote estatístico SPSS. Os resultados apontaram para a superestimação do VO2 em ambas as atividades (p < 0,05), sobretudo na corrida, com exceção para 80,4 e 120,6m.min-1, sem inclinação (diferença média de -30 a 20 por cento para caminhada e de 3,2 a 12 por cento para corrida). Os valores de erro padrão de estimativa (EPE) variaram entre 1,56 e 3,15ml O2.kg-1.min-1 e em torno de 3,5ml O2.kg-1.min-1, para caminhada e corrida, respectivamente. A correlação foi maior que 0,7 para todos os estágios. Contudo, seguindo os critérios estabelecidos por Lohman (1992), as equações não foram validadas. Dessa forma, em homens ativos, o EPE deverá ser considerado, pois as equações metabólicas propostas pelo ACSM superestimam os valores de VO2.

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has proposed equations for estimating metabolic cost of walking and running, which were based on two conditions: 1. that the subject is performing a steady state exercise, and 2. that the oxygen consumption (VO2) has a linear relationship with the workload. The purpose of this study was to verify the concurrent validity of these equations among men, aged 20 to 30 years and who were regularly active, using the spirometry as a criterion measure (AeroSport TEEM-100 gas analyzer). The sample was composed of 36 men. On day 1, they performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill (ATL 10200, INBRASPORT). The subjects completed a standard 6-stage protocol with different speeds (80.4, 120.6 and 160.8 m.min-1) and grades (0 and 5 percent), 48 to 96 hours after maximal test. Besides descriptive statistics, other procedures included Pearson's linear correlation, the coefficient of determination, one-way ANOVA and paired t-Student test with level of significance established at 0.05. The analyses were performed with the SPSS package. The results showed that there was VO2 overestimation for both activities (p < 0.05), especially for running, except at 80.4 and 120.6 m.min-1, with no inclination (mean difference from -30 to 20 percent for walking and 3.2 to 12 percent for running). The standard error of the estimate (SEE) varied between 1.56 and 3.15 ml O2.kg-1.min-1 and around 3.5 ml O2.kg-1.min-1, for walking and running, respectively. Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.7 for all stages. However, according to Lohman's criteria (1992), the equations were not validated. Therefore, among young men, SEE should be taken into account, due to the fact that the ACSM equations for walking and running overestimate VO2 values.

Prediction Equations of Pulmonary Function Parameters Derived from the Forced Expiratory Spirogram for Healthy Adults over 50 years old in rural area / 결핵

BACKGROUND: The studies on prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for adults in Korea have been performed in a reference population mainly consisted of young and middle ages. So they included a relatively few elderly who conducted pulmonary function test frequently in clinic. We established prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for healthy adults over 50 years old in rural area and compared this results with those of other studies. Therefore we attempted to consider normative values of pulmonary function tests for elderly in Korea. METHOD: Five hundred thirty-three women and men over 50 years old in rural area were participated. A "healthy" subgroup of 110 women and 32 men were identified by excluding those who had conditions that negatively influenced pulmonary function. We derived prediction equations for FVC, FEV1, and FEV1% by multiple linear regression method from their age, heights and weights in each sex. RESULTS: Prediction equations for FVC and FEV1 in each sex were derived as follows Male; FVC (L) = 0.02488Height(cm) - 0.0269Age(years) + 0.493 FEV1(L) = 0.01874Weight(kg) - 0.0282Age(years) + 2.906 Female; FVC(L) = 0.02160Height(cm) - 0.0192Age(years) - 0.0125 FEV1 (L) = 0.01720Height(cm) - 0.0194Age(years) + 0.3890 Prediction equations for FEV1 % were not derived because FEV1 % didn't have statistically significant terms. Comparing Predicted values that were calculated by substitution into the equations of various studies of mean values of age, heights and weights from this study, FVC and FEV1 values in men of this study were lower than those of other studies. In women, FVC and VEV1 values of this study were as similar as or lower than those of the study conducted for healthy elderly blacks in U.S.A respectively. CONCLUSION: We have got prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters which were driven from forced expiratory spirogram in adults over 50 years old in rural area. Predicted values of this study were lower than those of other studies which were conducted in Korea. So we consider that the study for spirometry reference values for elderly Korean using the method compatible with ATS recommendation need to be conducted more frequently forward.