Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in female nursing students at a public university: cross-sectional study / Prevalência da síndrome pré-menstrual em acadêmicas do curso de enfermagem de uma universidade pública: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical, mood, cognitive and behavioral changes which happens between the two weeks before menstruation, which can hinder a woman's personal, academic, and professional performance. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of PMS in female nursing students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a virtual questionnaire on sociodemographic and gynecological characteristics and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) questionnaire, which looks for physical and psychological symptoms of PMS, interference of symptoms in daily life and establishes a positive screening for PMS. RESULTS: A total of 114 students participated in the study. The most prevalent characteristics were being between 18 and 23 years old, single and in their 5th or 6th academic year. In addition, the majority went through the menarche between 11 and 13 years of age, with menstrual flow of 3-5 days. Of these, 40.4% used hormonal contraceptive methods and 37.7% did not use any type of contraceptive method. The prevalence of PMS was 61.4%. The most frequent symptoms were physical symptoms (93.9%), anger/irritation (91.2%), urge to cry/increased sensitivity (88.6%), anxiety/tension (86.8%) and decreased interest in social activities (85.1%). These symptoms interfere with relationships with family (81.6%), social life activities (80.7%), efficiency at work or college/productivity (79.8%), relationships with colleagues at work/college (77.2%) and responsibilities at home (75.4%). CONCLUSION: PMS is prevalent among female nursing students and its symptoms affect the daily lives of this population, interfering with their personal and social relationships as well as academic activities.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) é um conjunto de alterações físicas, de humor, cognitivas e comportamentais, iniciadas entre as duas semanas prévias a menstruação, que podem causar desgastes no rendimento pessoal, acadêmico e profissional da mulher. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência da SPM em acadêmicas do curso de enfermagem. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado por meio de um questionário virtual sobre características sociodemográficas e ginecológicas e o questionário Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST), que busca sintomas físicos e psicológicos da SPM, interferência dos sintomas no cotidiano, e estabelece uma triagem positiva para SPM. RESULTADOS: Foram recrutadas 114 acadêmicas da graduação em enfermagem. As características mais prevalentes foram a faixa etária entre 18 e 23 anos, solteiras e cursando o 5° ou 6° período do curso. Ademais, a maioria com menarca entre 11 e 13 anos, com fluxo menstrual de 3 a 5 dias. Destas, 40,4% usavam métodos contraceptivos hormonais e 37,7% não usavam nenhum tipo de método contraceptivo. A prevalência encontrada de SPM foi de 61,4%. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram sintomas físicos (93,9%), raiva/irritação (91,2%), vontade de chorar/aumento da sensibilidade (88,6%), ansiedade/tensão (86,8%) e interesse diminuído nas atividades sociais (85,1%). Estes sintomas interferem no relacionamento com a família (81,6%), nas atividades de vida social (80,7%), na eficiência no trabalho ou faculdade/produtividade (79,8%), nos relacionamentos com os colegas de trabalho/faculdade (77,2%) e nas responsabilidades de casa (75,4%). CONCLUSÃO: A SPM é prevalente entre as acadêmicas do curso de enfermagem e seus sintomas afetam o cotidiano desta população, interferindo nos seus relacionamentos pessoais, sociais e atividades acadêmicas.

Impact of menstrual cycle on smoking cessation: A review / El impacto del ciclo menstrual en el abandono de tabaco: Una revisión

Abstract Background Information on the way menstrual cycle phases can influence the achievement of tobacco abstinence is contradictory. Objective A scope review was conducted to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on tobacco abstinence, considering the phases of the cycle, hormone levels, and premenstrual syndrome. Method A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Ten articles comparing the phases of the menstrual cycle or analyzing the association between premenstrual syndrome and a withdrawal condition (length of abstinence or withdrawal symptoms) were included. Results Two main results were identified: 1) there is no difference in withdrawal symptoms and craving between menstrual cycle phases and 2) abstinence rates in the studies were higher during the luteal phase. Discussion and conclusion The advisability of suggesting that women wishing to quit smoking should begin to do so at the start of the luteal phrase is discussed. However, smoking cessation interventions must consider all the symptoms experienced during the luteal phase.

Resumen Antecedentes La información sobre cómo las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual pueden influir en el logro de la abstinencia de tabaco es contradictoria. Objetivo Se realizó una revisión de alcance con el fin identificar la evidencia relacionada al efecto del ciclo menstrual en la abstinencia de tabaco, considerando las variables fases del ciclo, niveles hormonales y síndrome premenstrual. Método Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE y PsycINFO. Se incluyeron diez artículos que realizaban comparaciones entre las fases del ciclo menstrual o bien análisis entre el síndrome premenstrual y una condición de abstinencia (tiempo de abstinencia o síntomas de abstinencia). Resultados Se identificaron dos resultados principales 1) no hay diferencia en los síntomas de abstinencia y el deseo por fumar entre las fases del ciclo menstrual y 2) las tasas de abstinencia de los estudios fueron mayores durante la fase lútea. Discusión y conclusión Se discute si en la fase lútea se puede sugerir el inicio de la abstinencia en mujeres que buscan dejar de fumar, sin embargo, las intervenciones para dejar de fumar deben tomar en cuenta todos los síntomas que se experimentan en la fase lútea.

Frecuencia de la sintomatología del síndrome de ovario poliquístico y el síndrome premenstrual, relacionado con el estrés académico en estudiantes de medicina de una Universidad Privada del Perú

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico y el síndrome premenstrual son prevalentes. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de la sintomatología del síndrome de ovario poliquístico y del síndrome pre menstrual y su relación con el estrés en estudiantes de medicina. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal. La población de estudio fue de 322 estudiantes de medicina del primer al sexto año, elegidas por conveniencia de una universidad privada de Trujillo. Mediante un formulario de google se aplicó el cuestionario "SPM", "el inventario SISCO del Estrés académico", y "el cuestionario sobre ovario poliquístico"; previo conocimiento informado, tuvo la aprobación del Comité de Bioética de la universidad. Resultados: El SOP presentó una probabilidad alta de 5,28%, media de 46,58% y baja de 48,13%. La frecuencia del SPM en los niveles, leve, moderado y alto fueron de 47,52%, 25,47% y 4,04% respectivamente. Los niveles de estrés fueron: leve, moderado y profundo de 4,35%, 65,22% y 30,43%, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación altamente significativa entre el estrés y SPM; estrés y SOP; p= 0,000915106 y p= 1.8589E-25 respectivamente. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de SPM, la probabilidad alta de SOP y los niveles de estrés fueron altos y existe asociación significativa entre el estrés, SPM y SOP.

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome and premenstrual syndrome are prevalent. Objective: to determine the frequency of the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome and premenstrual syndrome and its relationship with stress in medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study. The study population was 322 medical students from the first to the sixth year, chosen for convenience from a private university in Trujillo. Using a google form, the "SPM" questionnaire, "the SISCO inventory of academic stress", and "the polycystic ovary questionnaire" were applied; prior informed knowledge, it had the approval of the Bioethics Committee of the university. Results: The SOP presented a high probability of 5.28%, a medium of 46.58% and a low of 48.13%.The frequency of PMS at the levels, mild, moderate and high were 47.52%, 25.47% and 4 04% respectively.The levels of stress were: mild, moderate and deep of 4.35%, 65.22% and 30.43%, respectively.A highly significant association was found between stress and SPM, stress and PCOS, p = 0.000915106 and p= 1.8589E-25 respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of PMS, the high probability of SOP and the stress levels were high and there is a significant association between stress, SPM and SOP.

Menstrual Abnormalities Among Adolescent Females Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Background: To study the menstrual abnormalities among adolescent females attending a gynaecolocial outpatient department (OPD) in a tertiary care hospital. Material & Methods: It was a cross sectional study which was carried at outpatient department (OPD) of obstetrics and gynaecology, Government medical college Srinagar over a period of 6 months. A total of 90 adolescent females in the age group 10-19 years were included in the study. Along with the demographic profile, menstrual abnormalities were evaluated with the help of self-structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the study population was 15.6 ± 2.8 years. Majority of the adolescent females were in the age group of 16-19 years (44.4%), literate with formal education above 10th class (37.8%) and from rural background (56.7%).Dysmenorrhea was the most common menstrual morbidity in 64.4% of adolescent females followed by menorrhagia (26.7%). Pain abdomen was the most common premenstrual symptom encountered by 62.2% of females. Conclusion: Menstrual abnormalities are common in the adolescent females with dysmenorrhea being the commonest.

El alivio natural: Sauzgatillo (Vitex agnus-castus) para el síndrome premenstrual y la dismenorrea / The natural relief: Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) for premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea

El síndrome premenstrual es un trastorno común en mujeres en edad reproductiva y se caracteriza por al menos un síntoma físico, emocional o conductual, que aparece en la fase lútea del ciclo menstrual y se resuelve poco después del inicio de la menstruación. Los tratamientos convencionales para el dolor perimenstrual cíclico tienen inconvenientes que incluyen efectos secundarios, interferencia con la función reproductiva de las mujeres o escasa efectividad en el alivio de los síntomas. Muchas mujeres recurren a terapias naturales para tratar una gran variedad de síntomas menstruales. Esta revisión se centra en una de esas opciones naturales, el Sauzgatillo (Vitex agnus-castus). Se realizó una búsqueda e identificación de artículos publicados hasta mayo de 2022 recopilados por medio de sistemas de búsqueda electrónicos como Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed y Scopus. Las palabras de búsqueda fueron: “Premenstrual syndrome”, “dysmenorrhea” AND “Vitex agnus-castus”. Los estudios preclínicos señalan un mecanismo de acción en su implicación sobre el sistema serotoninérgico, así como su unión a los receptores de dopamina. Los estudios clínicos demuestran la seguridad y el efecto positivo sobre el síndrome premenstrual y la dismenorrea.

Premenstrual syndrome is a common disorder in women of reproductive age and is characterized by at least one physical, emotional, or behavioral symptom, which appears in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolves shortly after the onset of menstruation. Conventional treatments for cyclical perimenstrual pain have drawbacks that include side effects, interference with womens reproductive function, or limited effectiveness in relieving symptoms. Many women turn to natural therapies to treat a wide variety of menstrual symptoms. This review focuses on one of those natural options, Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus). The information available until May 2022 was collected via the library and electronic search systems such as Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, and Scopus. The search words were: “Premenstrual syndrome”, “dysmenorrhea” AND “Vitex agnus-castus”. Preclinical studies point to a mechanism of action in its involvement in the serotoninergic system, as well as its binding to dopamine receptors. Clinical studies prove safety and positive effect on premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea.

Determination of severity of premenstrual syndrome among vegetarian and non-vegetarian women

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a condition that most women experience during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. It usually abates at the commencement of the periods. During this period, apart from physical discomfort, some women experience psychological and behavioral changes as well, which can disturb their lives. Various studies have been conducted on PMS and its effect on an individual with respect to body mass index and exercise, but very few studies are available on the association of diet with PMS. Therefore, we are evaluating the relationship between dietary pattern and PMS morbidity. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of PMS and its severity in different age groups of women and compare its association with vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among the staff and students of East Point College of Medical Sciences and Research Center. Data were collected using a well formulated, structured, and pre-tested questionnaire, which had questions on diet patterns and PMS symptoms. Results: PMS was found to be more prevalent in young women (18–25 years) (57%) compared to older women (26–49 years) (43%), and the symptoms were slightly more severe among vegetarians (9%), compared to non-vegetarians (5%). There was no correlation between severity and body mass index. Conclusion: PMS is one of the most common gynecological complaints in young women. Although PMS is not a serious disorder, it can definitely change the quality of life for many women and affect their mental health and productivity. Creating awareness among young adolescents to lead a healthy lifestyle with changes in their diet and physical activity can improve the condition.

Efficacy of Curcumin on Cognitive Function Scores in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea: A Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the efficacy of a curcumin supplementation on cognitive abilities in women suffering from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea.@*METHODS@#A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020. A total of 124 women who had both PMS and dysmenorrhea were enrolled, and were equally and randomly assigned to the curcumin group or placebo group, 62 cases in each. Each subject received either a capsule containing 500 mg of curcuminoid, or a placebo daily, for 10 days (7 days before and until 3 days after the onset of menstrual bleeding) over 3 menstrual cycles. The cognitive abilities questionnaire was used to measures cognitive functions in 7 specific areas. Adverse reactions were monitored during and after the trial in both groups.@*RESULTS@#Administration of curcumin was associated with a significant increase in memory score (P=0.002), inhibitory control and selective attention (P=0.020), and total cognitive ability task (P=0.024). In addition, significant increments were found in scores of memory (3.5±3.1 vs. 0.4±3.8 in the curcumin and placebo groups, respectively; P=0.035), inhibitory control and selective attention (3.0±3.7 vs. 0.4±3.7; P=0.027) and total cognitive abilities (8.3±12.3 vs. 2.2±12.4; P=0.025) in the curcumin group versus placebo groups. Curcumin was safe and well-tolerable in current clinical trial.@*CONCLUSION@#Curcumin has a beneficial efficacy on cognitive function scores in women with PMS and dysmenorrhea, with improvements in memory, inhibitory control and selective attention. (Registration No. IRCT20191112045424N1, available at: https://www.irct.ir ).

Comparative study of brainstem auditory evoked responses in females having premenstrual symptoms with normal population

Background: Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) have largely been ignored, because ages so present study are done in females specifically having PMS comparing with females with no PMS. Very little work has been done in past in this field, because females revealing menstrual history are a big taboo in our society. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to study brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in females having premenstrual symptoms and comparing it with females having no premenstrual symptoms. Materials and Methods: BAEP was conducted on 60 females age group of 18–40 years in two groups in Research laboratory, Department of Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College in collaboration with SVBP Hospital, Meerut for 6 months. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group A having premenstrual symptoms and Group B having no premenstrual symptoms. The test was conducted in later part of luteal phase 23rd–25th day of menstrual cycle. The absolute latencies (ALs) and interpeak latencies (IPLs) were the parameters measured for the analysis of BAEP. Results: IPL, that is, interpeak latencies I–III and III–V in age group 18–25 years, showed statistically significant decrease in luteal phase in females having premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as compared to normal cycling females. Conclusion: Premenstrual symptoms females are showing few significant changes in auditory responses at mid brain level as recorded by BAEP study which can be due to the modulatory effect of female gonadal hormones progesterone and estrogen on neurotransmitters (serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate) in central nervous system.

Pharmacological basis of Evening Primrose Oil in Premenstrual Syndrome — An evidenced based approach

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent luteal-phase condition associated with somatic emotional and behavioral symptoms. Frequently reported symptoms include breast discomfort, mood swings, fluid retention and food cravings. The exact etiology of PMS is unknown; however, the underlying mechanism is a complex interaction between fluctuations in ovarian steroids and central neurotransmitters as well as peripheral effects of hormones. Therefore, surprisingly a wide range of treatments are not available with satisfactory outcomes. Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) is one of the most popular for the management of PMS. EPO is a valuable fixed oil extracted from the Oenothera biennis seeds. It comprises essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid, Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA), and Vitamin E, which have been used in various treatments. It has been clinically shown to improve psychological (mood and sleep disturbances) and physical symptoms (breast pain/tenderness, bloating, fatigue) in women suffering from PMS. The rationale put forward for investigating the use of EPO in PMS is thataffected women appear to have abnormal levels of essential fatty acids; hence administrating linoleic acid and GLA in the form of EPO could potentially alleviate the symptoms of PMS.

Premenstrual Syndrome and Childbirth Fear Prior to Pregnancy in Young Women: An Association and Cross-Sectional Study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the association between premenstrual syndrome and the childbirth fear prior to pregnancy. METHODS: This was an association and cross-sectional study conducted on 327 university students. Data were collected using "Participant Information Form," "Premenstrual Syndrome Scale," and "Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale." RESULTS: It was found that the childbirth fear had increased in students with premenstrual syndrome. The Women Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale score was statistically significantly higher among students who preferred caesarean section than those who preferred vaginal delivery. There was a weak, positive, and statistically significant correlation between the students' depressive sensation, anxiety, fatigue, nervousness, depressive thoughts, pain, appetite changes, sleep pattern changes, and bloating subscales of Premenstrual Syndrome Scale and Women Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale. CONCLUSION: The score of the Women Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale increases with an increase in the score of the Premenstrual Syndrome subscale. It should be evaluated whether or not women experiencing premenstrual syndrome have the childbirth fear prior to pregnancy.

Correlation of Body mass index with premenstrual syndrome and age at menarche in medical students

Background: The female reproductive cycle encompasses various physiological phenomenon and menstruation being one such is associated with various problems affecting the quality of life. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of them. Body mass index (BMI) is considered a modifiable risk factor for PMS and is also related to the age at menarche. Aim and Objectives: To determine the correlation of BMI with PMS and the age of onset of menarche among medical students. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at a Medical College at Gangtok, among 100 consenting participants after obtaining due permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Apart from demographic details, height and weight were recorded along with age of onset of menarche. The presence or absence of PMS was evaluated using Calendar of Premenstrual experiences, a self-reported dairy measure of PMS developed by Mortola et al. Results: Mean age of participants was 20.7 years and at mean age of 12.5 years they attained menarche. Girls who had either low or high BMI attained menarche at a higher age, but the difference was not significant (P = 0.142). Association between PMS and BMI was poor (0.027, P = 0.869). The correlation analysis found a poor negative correlation (?0.052, P = 0.606) between BMI and age at menarche. The correlation between age at menarche and the presence of PMS was positive (0.182, P = 0.07). Conclusion: PMS was seen in 53% of the study population, but only 24% had a high BMI. Deviated BMI from normal had menarche at a higher age and there was a poor correlation between the BMI and PMS.

Quality of life and symptom severity in premenstrual syndrome: a quasi-experimental study

OBJECTIVE: The current study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of group counseling on quality of life and symptom severity among university students with Premenstrual Syndrome. METHOD: After filling in PSST and participating in SCID-CV, 120 students answered the demographic and WHOQOL questionnaires. Using classified random sampling, they were divided into control and intervention groups. The Intervention Group participants attended six group counseling ses-sions. They post-tested at two moments (immediate post-test and after one month). RESULTS: The results of the immediate post-test indicated improvements in overall quality and in some domains (p<0.005) in the Intervention Group, and the second post-test showed an improvement in two of the domains (p<0.005). One month later, some symptoms were clearly improved in the Intervention Group (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Group counseling improved the students' quality of life and severity of the Premenstrual Syndrome symptoms.

Características del uso de tratamiento alternativo y complementario en dismenorrea en mujeres en edad fértil / Characteristics of the use of alternative and complementary treatment in dysmenorrhea in women of fertile age

Objetivo: Describir las características del uso de tratamiento alternativo y complementario en dismenorrea en mujeres en edad fértil de una ciudad del norte de Perú. El estudio: Estudio trasversal analítico en mujeres en edad fértil en Mórrope, Lambayeque. Previa capacitación sobre dismenorrea y principales variables. Se entrevistó a 336 mujeres en sus domicilios previa aceptación de consentimiento informado. Hallazgos: Predominó en población estudiada el grupo etario de 15 a 35 años con 83,92% (n=282), con educación secundaria el 57,14% (n=192), más del 90% tenían estrato socioeconómico inferior/marginal. Referente a la dismenorrea, se encontró más del 30% con dolor severo/insoportable, cuyo tratamiento principal fue la MAC con 82,1%(n=220). Las plantas fueron la principal MAC, hallando solamente asociación de uso de MAC con la variable religión (p=0,023). Conclusiones: Las mujeres en edad fértil emplean notoriamente la MAC, como la fitoterapia, como tratamiento de dismenorrea a pesar de no encuentran alivio.

Objetive:To describe the characteristics of the use of alternative and complementary treatment in dysmenorrhea in women of childbearing age in a city in northern Peru. Cross-sectional analytical study in women of The study:childbearing age in Mórrope, Lambayeque. Prior training on dysmenorrhea and main variables. 336 women were interviewed in their homes after accepting informed consent. The age group of 15 to 35 years prevailed in the Findings:studied population with 83.92% (n=282), with secondary education 57.14% (n=192), more than 90% had lower/marginal socioeconomic status. Regarding dysmenorrhea, more than 30% were found to have severe/unbearable pain, whose main treatment was MAC with 82.1% (n=220). Plants were the main MAC, only finding an association of MAC use with the religion variable (p=0.023). Conclusions:Women of childbearing age notoriously use CAM, such as phytotherapy, as a treatment for dysmenorrhea despite not finding relief

Self-reported executive function, and not performance-based measures, strongly associates with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder / Autorreporte de funciones ejecutivas, y no medidas de desempeño, fuertemente se asocia con síntomas de síndrome premenstrual/trastorno disfórico premenstrual

Abstract Introduction Premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD) may be neuropsychologically understood as impairments of executive functions (EF), since these are related to the regulation of complex behavior and cognition. Objective To test the utility of self-report of EF versus performance-based measures, for the understanding of PMS/PMDD, and to analyze interactive effects between symptoms of these pathologies and EF on daily-life functionality. Method Mexican women were recruited through non-probabilistic procedures. The Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) was used to determine severity of symptoms and functional impairment in daily-life activities, and the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions-Adults (BRIEF-A) (short Spanish-translated version) adapted to collect information on EF during luteal versus follicular phases. Performance was evaluated with Stroop, Trail Making Test and Letter-Number Sequencing. Results A total of 157 were analyzed. Three groups were formed: No diagnosis ( n = 78); PMS ( n = 67) and PMDD ( n = 12). Between-group differences were observed for both BRIEF-A-Luteal and BRIEF-A-Follicular. Bivariate correlations between these measures and the PSST were found, with double the magnitude relative to BRIEF-A-Luteal. Only two indicators of performance-based measures were weakly associated to the PSST. The regression model showed high multicollinearity between self-reported EF and PMS/PMDD symptoms, and no interaction was found. Discussion and conclusion Self-report probed a better association than based-performance tests for the assessment of EF in PMS/PMDD. EF deficits and PMS/PMDD symptoms, particularly during luteal phase, may be as closely link as to allow for the consideration of these diagnoses as partial forms of dysexecutive syndrome.

Resumen Introducción El síndrome premenstrual/trastorno disfórico premenstrual (SPM/TDPM) pueden entenderse neuropsicológicamente como alteraciones de las funciones ejecutivas (FE), ya que éstas permiten la regulación del comportamiento complejo y la cognición. Objetivo Evaluar la utilidad del autorreporte de las FE versus pruebas de desempeño para comprender el SPM/TDPM, y analizar los efectos interactivos entre los síntomas de estas patologías y las FE sobre el funcionamiento diario. Método Mujeres mexicanas fueron reclutadas por medio de procedimientos no probabilísticos. El Instrumento de Detección de Síntomas Premenstruales (PSST) se utilizó para determinar la gravedad de los síntomas y el deterioro funcional en las actividades de la vida diaria, y el Inventario de Evaluación Conductual de la Función Ejecutiva-Adultos (BRIEF-A) (versión breve traducida al español) para recopilar información sobre EF durante las fases lútea versus folicular. Se emplearon también las pruebas de desempeño: Stroop, Trail Making Test y Secuencia de Letras y Números. Resultados Se analizó un total de 157 participantes. Se formaron tres grupos: sin diagnóstico ( n = 78); SPM ( n = 67) y TDPM ( n = 12). Se observaron diferencias entre los grupos para BRIEF-A-Lútea y BRIEF-A-Folicular. Se encontraron correlaciones bivariadas entre estas medidas y el PSST, con el doble de magnitud en relación con BRIEF-A-Lútea. Solo dos indicadores de medidas basadas en el desempeño mostraron una asociación débil con el PSST. El modelo de regresión mostró alta multicolinealidad entre el autorreporte de FE y SPM/TDPM, y no se encontró la interacción esperada. Discusión y conclusión El autorreporte mostró una mejor asociación que las pruebas de rendimiento para la evaluación de FE en SPM/TDPM. Los déficits de EF y los síntomas de SPM/TDPM, particularmente durante la fase lútea, pueden estar tan estrechamente vinculados como para permitir la consideración de estos diagnósticos como formas parciales de síndrome disejecutivo.

Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its psychological effects among university students who participate and do not participate in resistance training / Prevalência da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual (SPM) e seus efeitos psicológicos entre universitárias praticantes e não praticantes de treinamento resistido / Prevalencia del síndrome premenstrual y sus efectos psicológicos entre estudiantes universitarios que participan y no participan en el entrenamiento de resistencia

ABSTRACT The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and effects of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on the psychological factors of university students who do and do not participate in resistance training. The initial sample consisted of 81 participants, and the prevalence of PMS was 64.2%. Forty women diagnosed with PMS were divided into two groups: women who participated in (GP) and did not participate in (GNP) resistance training. The intergroup comparison showed significant differences (with higher scores in the GNP) in the items: difficulty concentrating, lack of energy, and feeling under pressure, and they reported a greater influence of the symptoms on their family relationships. It is concluded that women who participate in resistance training have reduced indicators of some psychological symptoms of PMS.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência e os efeitos da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual (SPM) nos fatores psicológicos de universitárias praticantes e não praticantes de treinamento resistido. A amostra inicial consistiu em 81 participantes, e a prevalência da SPM foi de 64,2%. Quarenta mulheres diagnosticadas com SPM foram divididas em dois grupos: praticantes (GP) e não-praticantes (GNP) de treinamento resistido. A comparação intergrupos apresentou diferenças significativas (com maiores escores do GNP) referentes aos itens: dificuldade de concentração, falta de energia, e sentindo-se sob pressão, tendo maior interferência dos sintomas em seus relacionamentos familiares. Conclui-se que mulheres praticantes de treinamento resistido apresentam indicadores reduzidos de alguns sintomas psicológicos da SPM.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia y los efectos del síndrome premenstrual (SPM) sobre los factores psicológicos de las universitarias que practican y no practican el entrenamiento de resistencia. La muestra inicial consistió en 81 mujeres, y la prevalencia del SPM fue del 64,2%. Cuarenta mujeres diagnosticadas con SPM se dividieron en dos grupos: practicantes (GP) y no practicantes (GNP) de entrenamiento de resistencia. La comparación intergrupal mostró diferencias significativas (con puntajes de GNP más altos) con respecto a: dificultad para concentrarse, falta de energía y sentirse bajo presión, con una mayor interferencia de síntomas en sus relaciones familiares. Las mujeres que practican el entrenamiento de resistencia han reducido los indicadores de algunos síntomas psicológicos del SPM.

Síndrome pré-menstrual entre acadêmicas de medicina que fazem uso ou não de contraceptivos hormonais / Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in medical students who use or do not use hormonal contraceptives

A síndrome pré-menstrual se caracteriza pelo conjunto de sinais e sintomas que ocorrem na fase lútea tardia do ciclo menstrual, cessando no primeiro dia do ciclo, em que ocorre o fluxo menstrual. Os objetivos deste estudo foram entender quais os sintomas e sinais mais prevalentes durante o período lúteo de seu ciclo menstrual. O presente estudo teve caráter descritivo, tendo sido feita análise de prevalência em 143 mulheres entre 18 e 40 anos. O instrumento de coleta foi o questionário disponibilizado pelo American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) e respondido de maneira anônima e consensual pelas participantes. Também foi aplicado um questionário com perguntas elaboradas pelos próprios autores deste estudo para melhor identificar seus perfis, como idade, período atual da faculdade, paridade (histórico de gestações), presença de comorbidades e uso de método contraceptivo (especificando qual). Em conclusão, a síndrome prémenstrual, além ser queixa comum em idade reprodutiva, é de importante avaliação multidisciplinar para que se diferenciem os sintomas de quadros psiquiátricos primários. O uso de métodos contraceptivos hormonais pode ser vantajoso na queixa de mastalgia durante o período lúteo.

Premenstrual syndrome is characterized by the set of signs and symptoms that occur in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, ending on the first day of the cycle, when menstrual flow occurs. The objectives of this study were to understand the most prevalent symptoms and signs during the luteal period of menstrual cycle. It was descriptive in nature, with an analysis of prevalence in 143 women aged between 18 and 40 years. The data collection instrument was the questionnaire provided by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and answered anonymously and consensually by the participants. A questionnaire was also applied with questions prepared by the authors of this study to better identify their profiles, such as age, current period at college, parity (history of pregnancies), presence of comorbidities and use of contraceptive methods (specifying which one). In conclusion, premenstrual syndrome, in addition to being a common complaint in reproductive age, is an important multidisciplinary assessment to differentiate symptoms from primary psychiatric conditions. The use of hormonal contraceptive methods can be advantageous in complaints of breast tenderness during the luteal period.

The mechanism of Shuyu capsules in treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder caused by liver qi depression based on microdialysis technology from the aspect of Glu-GABA metabolic pathway / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the mechanism of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) caused by liver-qi depression from the aspect of Glu-GABA metabolic pathways.Methods:Thirty-six rats with similar open field scores and regular estrus cycles were divided into blank group, model group, fluoxetine group, Shuyu capsule group, saikosaponin group and inhibitor group according to the random number table method, with 6 rats in each group. Stereotactic hippocampus surgery was performed during the first estrous cycle reception period after the estrus cycle was determined. In the non-receiving period of the third and fourth estrus cycles, the restraint model was constructed, and from the first day of the modeling, rats of the fluoxetine group were given fluoxetine capsules 2.67 mg/kg, while rats of the Shuyu capsule group and saikosaponin group were given Shuyu capsules 0.408 g/kg and saikosaponin 0.72 mg/kg once a day for 5 consecutive days. Rats in the inhibitor group were injected with 20 μl L-malic acid with 5 mmol/L concentration, which is an inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), in the hippocampus on the last day of modeling. After the administration, weighed the rats and carried out open field experiments. During the second and fivth estrus cycles of rats, the extracellular fluid of the hippocampus was collected by microdialysis technology, and the content of Glu and GABA in the dialysate was detected by HPLC-FLD. Results:After 5 days of administration, compared with the model group, the body weight of rats in the Shuyu capsule group, the inhibitor group and the fluoxetine group increased ( P<0.05), and the total score of the open field experiment decreased ( P<0.05); compared with the model group, during the receiving period of the five estrus cycle, the Glu level of the Shuyu capsule group and the inhibitor group decreased ( P<0.05); In the non-receiving period of the fifth estrus cycle, the Shuyu capsule group, Glu level of the fluoxetine group and the saikosaponin group increased, GABA level of Shuyu capsule group, inhibitor group and fluoxetine group decreased ( P<0.05), Glu/GABA level of Shuyu capsule group, fluoxetine group and inhibitor group (1.49 ± 0.13, 1.32 ± 0.33, 3.92 ± 0.79 vs. 0.35 ± 0.48) was higher than that of the model group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The therapeutic mechanism of Shuyu capsule in the treatment of PMDD caused by liver Qi depression rats may be ascribed to inhibiting GAD from Glu-GABA metabolic pathway.

Food Craving and Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome among University Students

@#Introduction: Food craving was one of the common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among women. This study aimed to examine level of food craving during pre-menstruation and PMS symptoms; its association and predictor of PMS symptoms on food craving during pre-menstruation among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female undergraduate students from International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus. Screening phase for eligibility was conducted. Three questionnaires consisted of Health History Questionnaire, Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait-reduced and Premenstrual Tension Syndrome Rating Scale were distributed among eligible students. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression were performed using SPSS version 22.0. P value was set at p<0.05 as statistically significant. Results: 129 students were eligible as study respondents. A total of 48% of the respondents showed clinically relevant traits of food craving. The highest food craving among respondents were sweet foods (45.7%) followed by fatty (18.6%), spicy (10.9%), salty (8.5%) and sour (2.3%) food. 60% respondents had moderate to severe PMS symptoms level. There was a significant association between food craving and PMS symptoms (p=0.001). PMS symptoms significantly predicted food craving (p=0.002). Conclusion: This study is at the forefront in reporting food craving and PMS symptoms among undergraduate students which were prevalent during pre-menstruation. Food craving was significantly associated with PMS symptoms. This research provides further insight related to food craving among women particularly the role of PMS symptoms as predictor. Strategies in preventing substantial calories intake during pre-menstruation is therefore required in this population.

Polycystic ovary syndrome risk: efficacy of self-assessment test

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a growing morbidity in young women globally. This disease has an association with several exogenous factors like irregularity of menses, hirsutism and obesity. Very few standardized self-assessment tools based on easily observable factors are available for use in the Indian population, which can help them to assess their PCOS risk accurately.Methods: Undergraduate women of the age group 18-22 years enrolled in a university campus participated in the survey questionnaire. Nineteen questions with binary answers as “yes” or “no” were used for self-assessment test. Each “yes” was scored as one mark, and each “no” scored as zero, leading to the maximum score of 19. Scores of the women with irregular menses (test group) were compared to those of regular menses (control group). Welch’s corrected t-test was used to calculate the significance at 5% between the groups. The clinical assessment confirmed the presence or absence of PCOS condition.Results: One thousand and fifty-four women participated in the study. The study showed that 262 (24.8%) of young women reported irregular menstrual cycle. The average total score of the control group was 3.07±2.35, whereas that of the women with irregular menses was 5.93±2.86. 21 out of 28 participants, who scored high, were diagnosed with PCOS, on clinical assessment by Rotterdam criteria.Conclusions: The self-assessment test can assess the risk of PCOS. This test has 75% sensitivity and accuracy in predicting the presence of PCOS.

Fatores associados à síndrome pré-menstrual e ao transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual em estudantes da área de saúde / Factors associated with premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder in health students

O estudo avaliou a frequência da síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) e do transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM) e fatores associados entre estudantes de cursos da área de saúde em uma universidade no Recife, Brasil. Realizou-se um corte transversal envolvendo 649 estudantes entre 18 e 47 anos, no período de setembro/2016 a março/2017. As estudantes que aceitaram participar do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido responderam a um questionário autoaplicável com dados sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida e antecedentes ginecológicos, bem como questões relacionadas aos critérios diagnósticos de SPM/TDPM. A maioria das estudantes tinha entre 18 e 24 anos (83,2%), era solteira (92,1%), morava com os pais (77,0%) e não trabalhava (84,4%). A frequência de SPM simples foi de 23,3% e da TDPM, de 26,7%. Os sinais e sintomas físicos foram os mais frequentes (84,1%) entre as estudantes com SPM. As 173 estudantes com TDPM relataram como sintomas mais frequentes a irritabilidade (89,6%) e a ansiedade (87,3%) acentuadas. O teste de qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as proporções entre os fatores associados à SPM e ao TDPM, considerando p < 0,05. Os fatores de risco que tiveram associação estatística com a ocorrência de SPM/TDPM foram o índice de massa corporal (IMC) < 25 (p = 0,01) e irregularidade dos ciclos (p = 0,04).(AU)

This study evaluated the frequency of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and associated factors among university students in health courses in Recife, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 649 students aged 18 to 47 years between September 2016 and March 2017. Students who agreed to participate in the study and signed a free informed consent form, was invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire with socio-demographic data, lifestyle and gynecological history, as well as issues related to the diagnostic criteria of PMS/PMDD. Most students were between 18 and 24 years old (83.2%), single (92.1%), living with parents (77.0%) and did not have a job (84.4%). The frequency of simple PMS was 23.3% and PMDD was 26.7%. Physical signs and symptoms were the most frequent (84.1%) among students with PMS. The 173 students with PMDD reported more frequent symptoms of irritability (89.6%) and anxiety (87.3%). The Pearson chi-square test was used to compare the proportions of the factors associated with PMS and PMDD, considering p < 0.05. BMI < 25 (p = 0.01) and cycle irregularity (p = 0.04) were the factors who had a statistically significant association with the occurrence of PMS/PMDD.(AU)