Ruptura uterina em primípara: relato de caso / Uterine rupture in primiparous: case report

Introdução: A ruptura uterina é uma complicação grave, devido ao risco de morte materna e perinatal. Em países desenvolvidos, essa complicação obstétrica afeta 3,5/1.000 mulheres com cesárea anterior e 6/10.000 grávidas sem antecedentes da operação, sendo a incisão cesariana prévia a etiologia principal. Relato de Caso: Gestante, 38 anos, G1P0A0, com idade gestacional de 35 semanas e 5 dias, deu entrada na maternidade em trabalho de parto prematuro. Ao exame físico apresentando 3 metrossístoles em 10min/30" 30" 35", colo uterino amolecido e fino, com dilatação de 3 cm, exame especular com presença de líquido amniótico claro, bolsa rota há 6 horas e pequeno sangramento há 20 minutos. Foi indicado parto cesáreo devido ao histórico de luxação de quadril. O diagnóstico de ruptura uterina foi realizado durante o parto operatório, com visualização de partes fetais. O caso teve evolução benigna para a m ãe e o recém-nascido, sem a ocorrência de complicações ou sequelas, ambos tiveram alta hospitalar em perfeitas condições de saúde. Discussão: Configurou-se uma ruptura uterina completa espontânea no terceiro trimestre gestacional, sem quaisquer fatores de risco subjacentes identificáveis, exceto pela idade materna avançada (maior que 35 anos). Conclusão: Este relato contribui para um número limitado de ocorrências descritas que envolvem ruptura espontânea de um útero sem cicatriz prévia em uma paciente primigesta.

Introduction: Uterine rupture is a serious complication, due to the risk of maternal and perinatal death. In developed countries, this obstetric complication affects 3.5/1,000 women with previous cesarean section and 6/10,000 pregnant women with no story of the operation, with the previous cesarean section being the main etiology. Case Report: Pregnant woman, 38 years old, G1P0A0, with a gestational age of 35 weeks and 5 days, was admitted to the maternity ward in premature labor. At the physical examination reinforced 3 metrosystoles in 10min/30" 30" 35", soft and thin cervix, with 3cm dilation, specular examination with the presence of clear liquid with lumps, broken bag for 6 hours and minor bleeding for 20 minutes. Cesarean delivery is indicated due to a story of hip dislocation. The diagnosis of uterine rupture was performed during operative delivery, with visualization of fetal parts. The case had a benign evolution for the mother and the newborn, without the occurrence of complications or sequelae, both were discharged from hospital in perfect health conditions. Discussion: A complete spontaneous uterine rupture occurred in the third trimester of pregnancy, without any identifiable underlying risk factors, except for advanced maternal age (over 35 years). Conclusion: This report contributes to a limited number of previous events that involve spontaneous rupture of a uterus without previous scarring in a primigravid patient.

Clinical study of anal sphincter training combined with manual protection to reduce the risk of obstetric anal sphincter rupture / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effect of anal sphincter training combined with manual protection to reduce the risk of obstetric anal sphincter rupture.@*Methods@#Totally 720 primipara were randomly divided into two groups by random number table method, with 360 cases in each group. The control group was given manual protection during midwifery. The observation group was given anal sphincter training before delivery and manual protection during midwifery. Postpartum anal pressure (anal resting pressure, anal systolic pressure), rectal pressure (rectal resting pressure, rectal defecation pressure) were measured. The incidence of postpartum anal incontinence (gas incontinence, liquid fecal incontinence, and solid fecal incontinence), defecation (urgent defecation, anal pain during defecation, pushing rectal defecation, protrusion of anal canal after defecation) and rupture of anal sphincter were recorded.@*Results@#Postpartum rectal resting pressure and rectal defecation pressure were (4.50±0.44) and (65.41±10.66) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in the observation group and (5.68±0.61) and (56.75±9.83) mmHg in the control group, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups (t=6.011, 8.027, P<0.01). The incidence of postpartum gas incontinence, liquid fecal incontinence and solid fecal incontinence were 2.22% (8/360), 0.56% (2/360) and 0.56% (2/360) respectively in the control group and 0.56% (2/360) in the observation group. The incidence of postpartum gas incontinence, liquid fecal incontinence and solid fecal incontinence were 0.56% (2/360), 0.27% (1/360) and 0.27% (1/360), respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups (χ2=4.120, P<0.05). The incidences of postpartum urgency, anal pain, pushing and pressing rectal defecation and anal canal prolapse were 3.33% (12/360), 3.89% (14/360), 3.89% (14/360), 3.89% (14/360), 1.11% (4/360) in the control group and 1.67% (6/360), 2.22% (8/360), 1.67% (6/360) and 0.56% (2/360) in the observation group, respectively (χ2=5.101, P<0.01). The incidence of rupture of anal sphincter was 0.56% (2/360) in the observation group and 3.33% (12/360) in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2=5.887, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Anterior anal sphincter training combined with manual protection during midwifery can effectively reduce the risk of anal sphincter rupture and protect the rectal and anal functions of pregnant women.

Clinical study of anal sphincter training combined with manual protection to reduce the risk of obstetric anal sphincter rupture / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of anal sphincter training combined with manual protection to reduce the risk of obstetric anal sphincter rupture. Methods Totally 720 primipara were randomly divided into two groups by random number table method, with 360 cases in each group. The control group was given manual protection during midwifery. The observation group was given anal sphincter training before delivery and manual protection during midwifery. Postpartum anal pressure (anal resting pressure, anal systolic pressure), rectal pressure (rectal resting pressure, rectal defecation pressure) were measured. The incidence of postpartum anal incontinence (gas incontinence, liquid fecal incontinence, and solid fecal incontinence), defecation (urgent defecation, anal pain during defecation, pushing rectal defecation, protrusion of anal canal after defecation) and rupture of anal sphincter were recorded. Results Postpartum rectal resting pressure and rectal defecation pressure were (4.50±0.44) and (65.41±10.66) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in the observation group and (5.68±0.61) and (56.75± 9.83) mmHg in the control group, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups (t=6.011, 8.027, P<0.01). The incidence of postpartum gas incontinence, liquid fecal incontinence and solid fecal incontinence were 2.22% (8/360), 0.56% (2/360) and 0.56% (2/360) respectively in the control group and 0.56% (2/360) in the observation group. The incidence of postpartum gas incontinence, liquid fecal incontinence and solid fecal incontinence were 0.56% (2/360), 0.27% (1/360) and 0.27% (1/360), respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups ( χ2=4.120, P<0.05). The incidences of postpartum urgency, anal pain, pushing and pressing rectal defecation and anal canal prolapse were 3.33% (12/360), 3.89% (14/360), 3.89% (14/360), 3.89% (14/360), 1.11% (4/360) in the control group and 1.67% (6/360), 2.22% (8/360), 1.67% (6/360) and 0.56% (2/360) in the observation group, respectively ( χ2=5.101, P<0.01). The incidence of rupture of anal sphincter was 0.56% (2/360) in the observation group and 3.33% (12/360) in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=5.887, P<0.05). Conclusion Anterior anal sphincter training combined with manual protection during midwifery can effectively reduce the risk of anal sphincter rupture and protect the rectal and anal functions of pregnant women.

Factores de riesgo asociados con lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal: cohorte retrospectiva / Risk factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injury: A retrospective cohort

Resumen OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores de riesgo asociados con lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal en una población donde la aplicación de fórceps es bien aceptada. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte simple, retrospectivo, al que que se incluyeron pacientes que finalizaron el embarazo por parto, entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2017, en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes. Criterios de inclusión: embarazo mayor de 35 semanas, con feto único y en presentación cefálica. La variable dependiente de lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal se clasificó en tercer y cuarto grado. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS Statistics 23; la prueba de χ2 y t de Student para la comparación entre grupos, y razón de momios con intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 6199 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 26.5 años; el peso al nacimiento de 2745 g y se colocaron fórceps en 6.9% (n = 428) casos. La frecuencia de lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal fue de 1.03% (n = 65). Entre los factores de riesgo asociados con lesión del esfínter anal se encontraron: aplicación de fórceps (RM 22.4; IC95% 13.3-36.7, p < 0.001) y primiparidad (RM 2.8; IC95% 1.68-4.93, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La edad materna de 20 a 30 años, el peso fetal mayor de 3500 g, el parto con fórceps y la primiparidad son factores de riesgo asociados con lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associated risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in a population in which the use of forceps is well accepted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simple retrospective cohort was performed where all women with vaginal delivery were identified in a period of 5 years (January 2013 to December 2017). Pregnancies older than 35 weeks were included, unique and in cephalic presentation. The dependent variable of obstetric lesion of the anal sphincter was classified in 3rd and 4th grade. The SPSS 23 program was used for the statistical analysis. χ2 test and Student's t test were used to compare the groups, as well as Odds radio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: A total of 6199 women were included. The average age was 26.5 years, birth weight of 2745 grams on average, forceps were placed in 6.9% (n = 428). The frequency of obstetric lesion of the anal sphincter was 1.03% (n = 65) in the study period. The following risk factors were found to be associated with anal sphincter injury: use of forceps OR 22.4 (95% CI 13.3-36.7, p <0.001), primiparity OR 2.8 (95% CI 1.68-4.93 p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal age of 20 to 30 years, fetal weight greater than 3500 grams, births with forceps and primiparity are risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries.

Influencing Factors on Maternal Role Adjustment among the Primipara Women in the First Year after Childbirth

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on maternal role adjustment among the primiparous women in the first year after childbirth. METHODS: The study subjects were 210 healthy primiparous women who have delivered at one of four women's health hospitals and revisited the out-patient department for the routine check-up and baby's vaccination during the first year after childbirth. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire which consisted of general characteristics, maternal role adjustment, spousal rearing support, childcare stress, and postpartum depression. Collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS Win 18.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. RESULTS: The maternal role adjustment was significantly correlated with spousal rearing support (r=.649, p<.001), childcare stress (r=-.596, p<.001), postpartum depression (r=-.569, p<.001), and subjective health condition (r=.204, p=.003). The multiple regression analysis showed that the maternal role adjustment were significantly affected by spousal rearing support (t=6.542, p<.001). childcare stress (t=-3.268, p=.001), and postpartum depression (t=-2.238, p=.018). CONCLUSION: From these results, it is concluded that the nursing intervention for enhancing spousal support in childcare and decreasing the childcare stress and depression should be developed for improving maternal role adjustment in the first time mother, especially within one year after childbirth.

Vivência do cuidado pela puérpera primípara no contexto domiciliar: olhar da enfermeira / Experience of care for primiparous postpartum women in the home context: the nurse's perspective

A maternidade causa intensas transformações na vida da mulher, uma vez que surgem novas responsabilidades e diferentes desafios, especialmente na vida da puérpera primípara, pois a primeira experiência pode estar carregada de insegurança e conflitos na realização dos cuidados consigo mesma, com o bebê, com outras pessoas e com seu próprio domicílio. Neste sentido, como o cuidado no pós-parto acontece principalmente em âmbito domiciliar, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa, que teve como objeto o cuidado vivenciado pela puérpera primípara em seu contexto domiciliar. Os objetivos foram: interpretar como a puérpera primípara vivencia o cuidado no contexto domiciliar e construir um modelo teórico que explicite como a puérpera primípara vivencia o cuidado no contexto domiciliar. Esta foi uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como método a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, tendo sido desenvolvida no domicílio de 16 puérperas primíparas, que fizeram parte de três grupos amostrais: o primeiro foi composto por seis mulheres no puerpério imediato; o segundo, por seis mulheres no puerpério tardio; e o terceiro, por quatro mulheres no puerpério remoto. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de janeiro a junho de 2011, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada audiogravada e observação estruturada não-participante. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio da codificação substantiva - subdividida em codificação aberta e seletiva - e da codificação teórica. A partir da coleta e análise dos dados, evidenciou-se o fenômeno "Vivência do cuidado pela puérpera primípara no contexto domiciliar", no qual as participantes experienciaram o cuidado no contexto domiciliar por meio do exercício do papel materno, da interação com familiares e amigos e ao (des)cuidar de si, conforme as três categorias: "Exercendo o papel materno pela primeira vez" (categoria central), "Interagindo com familiares e amigos" e "Vivenciando o (des)cuidado de si". Com isso, o modelo teórico foi construído e revelou que as categorias, subcategorias e elementos deste fenômeno se inter-relacionaram de acordo com o código teórico "Família Interativa", no qual existiam relações de efeito mútuo, reciprocidade, trajetória mútua, interdependência e sequência entre os conceitos. Com esta pesquisa foi possível perceber o cuidado sob variadas dimensões, uma vez que as participantes realizavam ações de cuidado consigo mesma, com o bebê e/ou familiares, e com o seu domicílio, além de receberem atenção por parte das pessoas de seu convívio. Diante disso, destaca-se a importância da atuação do enfermeiro no puerpério, profissional que pode auxiliar a puérpera primípara, juntamente com sua família, a se adaptarem e enfrentarem esta nova fase em sua vida, ao desenvolver cuidados que englobem o lado subjetivo da maternidade. Para isso, sugere-se que sejam trabalhados no ensino de graduação em Enfermagem assuntos relacionados à subjetividade da maternidade; à mudança de papel vivenciada pela puérpera; às principais dificuldades que podem aparecer durante o exercício do papel materno e as maneiras de preveni-las; à influência dos familiares, da cultura e do contexto domiciliar no cuidado; bem como à valorização do cuidado de si pela puérpera.

Motherhood causes intense changes in women's lives once new responsibilities and different challenges are brought on, especially in the lives of puerperal primiparas, as the first experience may carry along insecurity and conflicts to deliver care to themselves, to the baby, to others and to their own homes. Thus, as postpartum care ultimately takes place in the household setting, this research study was developed, and its object was care experienced by puerperal primiparas in their household context. The objectives were: to interpret how puerperal primiparas experience care in their home context, and to build up a theoretical model, which discloses how puerperal primiparas experience care in the household context. It was a qualitative research study which used the grounded theory method, being carried out in the homes of 16 puerperal primiparas who took part in three sampling groups: the first took up six women in immediate puerperium; the second entailed six women in late puerperium, and the third entailed four women in remote puerperium. Data collection was carried out between January and June of 2011 by means of an audiotaped semistructured interview and structured non-participant observation. Data analysis was performed by means of substantive coding - subdivided in open and selective coding, and theoretical coding. From data collection and analysis, the phenomenon "Puerperal primiparas' care experience in the household context" was evidenced, in which participants experienced care in home settings by means of exercising maternal role, of the interaction with family members and friends, and by (un)caring themselves, according to the three categories: "Exercising maternal role for the first time" (central category), "Interacting with family and friends", and "Experiencing (un)care of herself". Thus, the theoretical model was built up and disclosed that the categories, subcategories and the elements of this phenomenon were interrelated, according to the theoretical code "Interactive Family" where mutual-effect relations existed, reciprocity, mutual trajectory, interdependence and sequence among concepts. Through this study, it was possible to perceive care under varied dimensions, once the participants performed caring actions to themselves, to the baby and/or family members and to their homes, besides getting the attention of their intimates. This way, the importance of nurses' actions in puerperium is pointed out; professionals who can help puerperal primiparas, along with their families, adapt to this new phase in their lives, by delivering care which encompasses the subjective realm of motherhood. In order to effect that, it is suggested that the following themes be developed during nursing graduation: subjectivity in motherhood; the role change experienced by puerperal women; the major difficulties that may come up during the exercise of the maternal role and the ways to prevent them; the influence of family, culture and household context over caring; besides the valuing of puerperal women's care of themselves.

Predictors of Maternal Identity of Korean Primiparas

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing maternal identity of Korean primiparas. METHODS: The data were collected by a self-report questionnaire in 2006. The participants were 210 healthy primiparous women who delivered at one of three medical centers and revisited the outpatient department for follow up between 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth. Data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 17.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Maternal identity was significantly correlated with Taekyo accomplishment, the culturally based prenatal preparation (p<.001). Transitional gratification to motherhood (p<.001), postpartum depression (p<.001), childcare stress (p<.001), infant temperament (p<.001), and social support (p<.001) were also significantly correlated with maternal identity. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that maternal identity was significantly predicted by transitional gratification to motherhood, infant temperament, childcare stress, and Taekyo accomplishment. These variables explained 31.0% of the variance of maternal identity. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that postpartum nursing interventions to promote maternal identity should focus on reinforcing education and support for reducing childcare stress and infant difficulty, and increasing transitional gratification to motherhood. Also, prenatal encouragement and education for improving Taekyo accomplishment may be helpful to promote maternal identity after birth.

The Changing Pattern of Physical and Psychological Health, and Maternal Adjustment Between Primiparas Who Used and Those Who did Not Use Sanhujori Facilities

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare levels of postpartum fatigue, depression, childcare stress, and maternal identity according to postpartum period between primiparas who used Sanhujori facilities and those who did not. METHODS: The research design was a longitudinal descriptive study using self-report questionnaires. Participants were 55 healthy primiparas who delivered at one of 3 hospitals in Chungnam, 21 using Sanhujori facilities and 34 not using these facilities during the first three weeks after childbirth. Data were collected from October 2008 to April 2009 at three measurement points, 2-4 days after childbirth (T1), 4-6 weeks (T2), and 12-14 weeks (T3). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 17.0 WIN program. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in childcare stress between the two groups at 4-6 weeks after childbirth. Postpartum depression and childcare stress at 4-6 weeks were significantly higher than those of the other postpartum periods, while maternal identity was significantly lower. CONCLUSION: Child care stress is the most important issue among women who use Sanhujori facilities and the 4-6 week period after childbirth is very difficult to primiparas. These results indicate that nursing interventions for primiparas in Sanhujori facilities should focus on reducing childcare stress. Furthermore proper follow-up programs at 4-6 weeks are needed to decrease the difficulties in adjustment by new mothers.

Effects of a Newborn Care Education Program on Newborn Care Confidence and Behavioral Accuracy of Primiparas in a Postpartum Care Center / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The study aimed to identify the effects of a newborn care education program on newborn care confidence and behavioral accuracy of primiparas in a postpartum care center. METHOD: This was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Subjects were 29 primiparas selected from a postpartum care center in D and P hospitals in Ulsan. The intervention was a newborn care education program which was composed of education with a booklet, demonstration, watching a video, and verbal encouragement. The outcome variables were newborn care confidence and behavioral accuracy. Data was collected from Feb. 1 to Mar 22 in 2005 with self-administered questionnaires and observation by researchers. Data was analyzed using the chi-square-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANCOVA. RESULT: The experimental group showed significantly higher score changes between the pre-test and post-test in confidence and behavioral accuracy than the control group. CONCLUSION: The newborn care education program showed positive effects on newborn care confidence and behavioral accuracy of primiparas in a postpartum care center. Therefore, we recommend that this program should be applied in postpartum care centers.

Prediction of Prolonged Pregnancy in Nulliparous Women by Transvaginal Ultrasonographic Measurement of Cervical Length at 20-24 Weeks and 37 Weeks

This study was done to evaluate transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length at 20 to 24 weeks and 37 weeks as a predictor of prolonged pregnancy (defined as a pregnancy that extended beyond 41+2 weeks of gestation [289 days]) in nulliparous women. This prospective observational study enrolled 149 consecutive nulliparous women with singleton gestation at 37 weeks. Cervical length was measured by transvaginal ultrasonography at 20 to 24 weeks and 37 weeks. Cervical length at 37 weeks, but not at 20 to 24 weeks, was significantly longer in women delivered at >41+2 weeks than in those delivered at < or =41+2 weeks (p<0.005). There was a significant correlation between cervical length at 37 weeks and gestational age at delivery (Pearson correlation coefficient, r=0.387, p<0.0001). In the receiver operating curve, the best cut-off value of cervical length at 37 weeks for the prediction of prolonged pregnancy was 30 mm, with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 62%. Cervical length assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography at 37 weeks can predict the likelihood of prolonged pregnancy in nulliparous women. However, there is no association between cervical length at 20 to 24 weeks and the occurrence of prolonged pregnancy.

Development and Evaluation of a Web-based Support Program for the Maternal Role of Primiparas / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate a Web-based program for the maternal role of primiparas who use the internet. METHOD: The study process was a systems requirements analysis, design and development of a program, program testing by experts, program implementation, and program evaluation by users. A nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. The data was collected from October 5th, 2002 to February 24th, 2003. RESULT: 1. Based on inquiries into mothers' needs, a Web-based support program was developed. The program was then modified from feedback received from experts. 2. In a sub-scale analysis of mothers' perception of a baby, amenability and persistence was significantly higher in the intervention group. The differences in the mean score of maternal self-confidence and maternal satisfaction were significant. 3. Cyber counseling was done for a total of 73 cases and the most frequent problems for counseling were feeding and nutrition (28.8%), followed by baby care, and health problems. CONCLUSION: It was proven that a Web-based support program provided appropriate support to primiparas and was effective in promoting their maternal role. Therefore, this study suggests that a Web-based support program for primiparas can become a powerful nursing intervention on virtually all mother and infant health concerns.

Differences in Physical Discomfort and Childbirth Satisfaction between Primiparous Women with and without having taken Epidural Analgesia / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: To examine the difference of physical discomfort and childbirth satisfaction between postpartum women with and without having taken Epidural Analgesia. METHOD: The subjects were divided into one group of 128 primipara taken Epidural Analgesia and the other of the same 70 women who were not taken it. Data were collected by questionnaires of their own physical discomfort and birth satisfaction at postpartum 1 to 2 days in OBGY hospitals, and data were analyzed using SPSS Program. RESULT: Women having taken epidural analgesia appealed higher physical discomfort than those without it in the lower limbs exercise discomfort, difficult urination, urinary retention, nausea & vomiting, whereas appeared vice versa in breast pain. Among indicators for childbirth satisfaction, women having taken epidural analgesia preferred the same delivery method later again more than those without it. CONCLUSION: It is confirmed that the method of epidural analgesia is not an absolute way to control labor pain, rather stir physical discomfort after childbirth and does not fully increase the women's childbirth satisfaction. Therefore, it is proposed that nurses should provide the pregnant women the right knowledge and information, thereby enabling them to select the useful method of childbirth to their own course of childbirth and health-recovering after the delivery.