Research on the Ethical Supervision of Human Gene Editing Technology: Based on the Perspective of Game Theory / 中国医学伦理学

In view of the current norms and demands of human gene editing technology at home and abroad, the paper explained that the regulatory difficulties faced by human gene editing technology were due to the conflict between economic interests and moral bottom line by constructing a game model in a hypothetical way. On this basis, the ideas of the supervision mode of human gene editing technology were put forward: establish unified international standards based on the country as the main body, enact more stringent and effective laws, to jointly deal with the behavior of genetic manipulation of human gametes, zygotes and embryos for the purpose of reproductive, and ensure the normalization and legalization of gene editing technology to avoid technology abuse.

La porosidad de la relación barrio-cárcel: un estudio de caso en dos prisiones chilenas / The porosity of the neighbourhood-prison relationship: a case study of two Chilean prisons / A porosidade da relação bairro-prisão: um estudo de caso de duas prisões chilenas

Las cárceles han llamado la atención de la sociología al ser una institución dentro de la sociedad y, al mismo tiempo, comportarse como una sociedad en sí misma, con sus propios códigos y normas. Sykes la llamó "sociedad de los cautivos", por cuanto asume que los procesos de adaptación tenían que ver con aspectos endógenos de la propia prisión y no con características exógenas, como las trayectorias de las personas encarceladas o los barrios de los que provienen. Esta investigación, realizada en dos cárceles chilenas usando una metodología cualitativa, analizó cómo se conforman los roles entre internos, para explorar la vigencia de lo señalado por Sykes. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que: (i) las relaciones entre internos se caracterizan por fuertes asimetrías de poder y (ii) los roles y funciones están marcados por lo que ocurre en los barrios de proveniencia, lo que sugiere que en el siglo XXI barrio y cárcel tienen fronteras porosas. Finalmente, discutimos las implicancias de esta porosidad para repensar los programas de reinserción.

Prisons have attracted the attention of sociology for being an institution within society and, at the same time, behaving as a society in its own right, with its own codes and norms. Sykes called it a "society of captives", as he assumes that the adaptation processes had to do with endogenous aspects of the prison itself and not with exogenous characteristics, such as the trajectories of the incarcerated persons or the neighbourhoods they come from. This research, carried out in two Chilean prisons using a qualitative methodology, analysed how roles are shaped among inmates, in order to explore the validity of Sykes' findings. Our findings suggest that: (a) relationships between inmates are characterised by strong power asymmetries and (b) roles and functions are shaped by what happens in the neighbourhoods of origin, suggesting that in the 21st century, neighbourhood and prison have porous boundaries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this porosity for rethinking reintegration programmes.

As prisões têm atraído a atenção da sociologia por serem uma instituição dentro da sociedade e, ao mesmo tempo, comportaremse como uma sociedade em si mesma, com códigos e normas próprios. Sykes a chamou "sociedade de cativos", pois supõe que os processos de adaptação têm a ver com aspectos endógenos da própria prisão e não com características exógenas, como as trajetórias das pessoas encarceradas ou os bairros de onde elas vêm. Nesta pesquisa, realizada em duas prisões chilenas, foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa e analisado como os papéis são moldados entre os detentos, a fim de explorar a validade das conclusões de Sykes. Nossos resultados sugerem que as relações entre os detentos sejam caracterizadas por fortes assimetrias de poder e que os papéis e as funções sejam moldados pelo que acontece nos bairros de origem, o que leva à hipótese de que, no século 21, o bairro e a prisão tenham sido fronteiras porosas. Por fim, discutimos as implicações dessa porosidade para repensar os programas de reintegração.

Human papillomavirus prevalence and frequency of sexually transmitted diseases in encarcered women by self-sampling approach

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic and clinical profile of women deprived of their liberty and to identify the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and human papillomavirus through self-sampling samples. METHODS: This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study of the prevalence and correlation of the diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection in 268 encarcered women in Amazonas submitted to self-sampling from June 2019 to September 2020 using the genotyping analysis. Patients with positive and inconclusive results were evaluated by commercialized PCR to detect pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases. The sample size used was based on a convenience sample. RESULTS: In 268 women, human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 87 (32.5%) of them. Sexually transmitted diseases were detected in 30 (34.48%) of the 87 women with a positive or inconclusive result for human papillomavirus. Women with more than three pregnancies had a higher risk of human papillomavirus detection (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of human papillomavirus and other sexually transmitted diseases in encarcered women in Amazonas is 32.5 and 34.48%, respectively. Most women were single (60.4%) and reported having had more than 15 partners (90.8%).

The relationship between anxiety and depression mood and substance abuse history in male prisoners / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the influence of substance abuse history on anxiety and depression of male prisoners during their imprisonment, and its relationship with violent behavior.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 455 prisoners from October to November 2019.Self-administered personal substance abuse history questionnaires were used to collect the information on substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, and drug use). The generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7) and patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to investigate anxiety and depression.All subjects were divided into substance abuse group ( n=871) and non substance abuse group ( n=584) according to whether they had a history of substance abuse or not.SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.The statistical methods were t-test, chi square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results:(1)The scores of GAD-7 ((4.95±5.88) vs (3.35±5.33), t=-5.407, P<0.01) and PHQ-9 ((6.69±6.50) vs (4.48±5.73), t=-6.821, P<0.01) scales in the substance abuse group were higher than those in the no-substance abuse group.(2)Somatic disease( β=0.700, OR=2.014, 95% CI=1.599-2.538, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.434, OR=1.543, 95% CI=1.176-2.025, P<0.05), history of tobacco abuse( β=0.387, OR=1.473, 95% CI=1.154-1.880, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.372, OR=1.450, 95% CI=1.118-1.881, P<0.05) were the risk factors of anxiety among prisoners.Somatic disease( β=0.686, OR=1.986, 95% CI=1.581-2.496, P<0.05), history of tobacco abuse( β=0.488, OR=1.629, 95% CI=1.286-2.063, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.484, OR=1.622, 95% CI=1.260-2.089, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.344, OR=1.410, 95% CI=1.073-1.854, P<0.05) were the risk factors of depression among prisoners.(3) Years of education ≤ 9 years( β=0.900, OR=2.459, 95% CI=1.855-3.261, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.788, OR=2.199, 95% CI=1.690~2.860, P<0.05), unmarried( β=0.683, OR=1.980, 95% CI=1.421-2.759, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.308, OR=1.361, 95% CI=1.053-1.758, P<0.05), history of drug abuse( β=0.557, OR=1.745, 95% CI=1.055-2.885, P<0.05) were risk factors for violent behavior of prisoners. Conclusion:The history of substance abuse may be a risk factor for anxiety and depression of prisoners during their imprisonment.Alcohol and drug abuse are both factors influencing the occurrence of violent behavior.

Problemas morais e/ou éticos em comitês de ética em pesquisa / Moral and/or ethical issues in research ethics committees / Problemas morales y/o éticos en los comités de ética de investigación

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é analisar problemas morais e/ou éticos vivenciados por membros de comitês de ética em pesquisa durante suas atividades e as estratégias utilizadas para solucionar esses problemas. Trata-se de pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com participação de 39 membros que atuavam em comitês em Salvador/BA, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em outubro de 2020 por questionário on-line autoaplicado na plataforma Google Forms. Os resultados evidenciaram: vivências de conflitos de interesses e de valores, bem como dilemas; e utilização de trocas de experiências e compartilhamento de ideias e opiniões como estratégias para solucionar esses problemas. Conclui-se que os membros desses comitês vivenciam problemas morais e/ou éticos e buscam solucioná-los por meio de estratégias que favorecem o desenvolvimento de pesquisas conforme critérios éticos e metodológicos adequados.

Abstract The objective of the study is to analyze moral and/or ethical issues experienced by members of research ethics committees when performing their activities and the strategies used to deal with those issues. This is a qualitative study with 39 individuals that participated in committees in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Data were collected in October 2020 using a self-administered online questionnaire developed using Google Forms. Results showed that participants underwent conflicts of interests and values, and also faced dilemmas, and the strategies used to deal with those issues were exchanging of experiences and sharing of ideas and opinions. It is concluded that members of such committees experience moral and/or ethical issues and seek to deal with them via strategies that favor the development of research according to appropriate ethical and methodological criteria.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es analizar los problemas morales o éticos experimentados por los miembros de los comités de ética de investigación durante sus actividades y las estrategias que utilizan para resolver dichos problemas. Se trata de una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, con la participación de 39 miembros que actuaban en comités en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Los datos se recopilaron en octubre del 2020 por medio de un cuestionario en línea autoadministrado en la plataforma Google Forms. Los resultados mostraron experiencias de conflictos de intereses y valores, así como dilemas; y el intercambio de experiencias, ideas y opiniones como estrategias para solucionar dichos problemas. Se concluye que los miembros de estos comités experimentan problemas morales o éticos y tratan de solucionarlos mediante estrategias que favorezcan el desarrollo de investigaciones de acuerdo con criterios éticos y metodológicos adecuados.

Programa Educativo de salud bucodental en reclusos del Centro de Atención al Joven. Sancti Spíritus / Oral Health Education Program in inmates of the Youth Care Center. Sancti Spiritus

RESUMEN Fundamento: El insuficiente nivel de conocimiento sobre salud bucal, la presencia de factores de riesgos y las características propias de la juventud, son elementos determinantes que favorecen el desarrollo y aplicación de programas educativos. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del Programa Educativo de salud bucodental en reclusos del Centro de Atención al Joven de la provincia Sancti Spíritus durante el período de enero a julio del 2017. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención comunitaria con diseño antes y después en un ambiente no controlado en una muestra de 42 reclusos de 18 a 25 años. El nivel de conocimiento se identificó a través de una encuesta, las prácticas a través de una entrevista estructurada y la eficiencia del cepillado bucodental mediante el control de placa dentobacteriana. Resultados: Se observó un cambio de 9.5 % a un 71.4 % del nivel de conocimiento bueno, al igual que en las prácticas y en la eficiencia del cepillado de un 31.0 % a un 83.3 %. Conclusiones: El Programa Educativo demostró su efectividad al obtener resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a la modificación de los conocimientos y prácticas sobre salud bucodental en los reclusos.

ABSTRACT Background: The insufficient level of knowledge about oral health, the presence of risk factors and the characteristics of youth, are determining elements that favor the development and application of educational programs. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Oral Health Education Program in inmates of the Youth Care Center in Sancti Spiritus province from January to July 2017. Methodology: A quasi-experimental study of community intervention with former and later design in an uncontrolled environment was designed, sample of 42 inmates aged 18 to 25. The level of knowledge was identified through a survey, practices through a structured interview and the efficiency of oral brushing through the control of dentobacterial plaque. Results: A change from 9.5 % to 71.4 % of good knowledge level was observed, as well as practices and brushing efficiency from 31.0 % to 83.3 %. Conclusions: The Education Program demonstrated its effectiveness by obtaining satisfactory results regarding the modification of knowledge and practices on oral health in inmates.

La tuberculosis en el cárcel: un retrato de las adversidades del sistema prisional brasileño / Tuberculosis in prison: a portrait of the adversities of the Brazilian prison system

Resumo:Tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que tem na forma pulmonar a maior importância clínica e epidemiológica.O Brasil apresenta alta incidência de TB, ocupando o 20º lugar no mundo e a situação entre as pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL) é ainda mais grave. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória quali-quantitativao, buscou-se analisar o atual panorama da tuberculose no Brasil, com ênfase no sistema prisional. Na prisão, o desenvolvimento da TB é favorecido pela superlotação, nutrição precária, más condições higiênico-sanitárias, além de altas taxas de comorbidades. Assim, a incidência de TB entre PPL é cerca de 31 vezes superior ao notificado extramuros, colocando-as entre o grupos mais vulneráveis, equiparadas às pessoas vivendo com HIV. Este fato torna-se ainda mais preocupante quando se reconhece que o Brasil é o quarto país com a maior população prisional do mundo e com taxas crescentes de aprisionamento. Deve-se ter em mente que a população intramuros não está completamente isolada, tornando-se fonte de transmissão da tuberculose para o restante da população, através de visitas, transferências e contato com os profissionais do presídio. Diversos programas tiveram relativo êxito em reduzir o índice de incidência da tuberculose nos últimos anos, contudo, para as PPL as mazelas ainda se mantêm, tornando o sistema prisional um verdadeiro reservatório de tuberculose.

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that has the greatest clinical and epidemiological importance in pulmonary form. Brazil has a high incidence of TB, occupying the 20th place in the world and the situation among people deprived of liberty (PPL) is even more serious. Through exploratory qualitative-quantitative research, we sought to analyze the current panorama of tuberculosis in Brazil, with emphasis on the prison system. In prison, the development of TB is favored by overcrowding, poor nutrition, poor hygienic-sanitary conditions, and high rates of comorbidities. Thus, the incidence of TB among PLWA is about 31 times higher than reported outside the city walls, placing them among the most vulnerable groups, equal to those living with HIV. This fact becomes even more worrying when one recognizes that Brazil is the fourth country with the largest prison population in the world and with increasing rates of imprisonment. It should be borne in mind that the intramural population is not completely isolated, becoming a source of transmission of tuberculosis to the rest of the population through visits, transfers and contact with prison staff. Several programs have been relatively successful in reducing the incidence of tuberculosis in recent years; however, for PPLs the adversities still remain, making the prison system a true reservoir of tuberculosis.

ResumenLa tuberculosis (TB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que tiene en forma pulmonar la mayor importancia clínica y epidemiológica. Brasil presenta alta incidencia de TB, ocupando el 20º lugar en el mundo y la situación entre las personas privadas de libertad (PPL) es aún más grave. Por medio de una investigación exploratoria cuali-cuantitativa, se buscó analizar el actual panorama de la tuberculosis en Brasil, con énfasis en el sistema penitenciario. En la prisión, el desarrollo de la TB es favorecido por el hacinamiento, la nutrición precaria, las malas condiciones higiénico-sanitarias, además de altas tasas de comorbilidad. Así, la incidencia de TB entre PPL es aproximadamente 31 veces superior al notificado extramuros, colocándolos entre los grupos más vulnerables, equiparados a las personas que viven con el VIH. Este hecho se vuelve aún más preocupante cuando se reconoce que Brasil es el cuarto país con la mayor población prisional del mundo y con tasas crecientes de encarcelamiento.Se debe tener en cuenta que la población intramurosa no está completamente aislada, convirtiéndose en fuente de transmisión de la tuberculosis para el resto de la población, a través de visitas, transferencias y contacto con los profesionales de la cárcel. Diversos programas tuvieron éxito en reducir el índice de incidencia de la tuberculosis en los últimos años, sin embargo, para las PPL las adversidades aún se mantienen, haciendo que el sistema penitenciario un verdadero reservorio de tuberculosis.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la tuberculosis en Santiago de Cuba durante el quinquenio 2007-2011 / Risk factors associated to tuberculosis in Santiago de Cuba during 2007-2011

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal de 323 casos de tuberculosis estimados en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba en el período 2007-2011, para describir los factores de riesgo epidemiológicos asociados. Fueron computados números absolutos y porcentajes. En la serie predominaron los reclusos o exreclusos (28,9 %), así como la edad avanzada y el alcoholismo como factores importantes (16,4 y 11,7 %, respectivamente). Se concluyó que debe incentivarse la pesquisa y el control de la tuberculosis en las personas vulnerables, con el propósito de mantener riesgos bajos de enfermar y morir por esta causa en la provincia de referencia

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 323 cases of tuberculosis estimated in Santiago de Cuba during 2007-2011, was carried out to describe the associated epidemiologic risk factors. Absolute numbers and percentages were computed. In the series the prisoners or exprisoners prevailed (28.9%), as well as the advanced age and the alcoholism as important factors (16.4 and 11.7%, respectively). It was concluded that the investigation and control of tuberculosis should be motivated in vulnerable people, with the purpose of maintaining low risks of getting sick and dying for this cause in the reference province

Pre-Blood-Donation Screening of Volunteer Prisoners for Hepatitis B and C in Prisons of the Punjab, Pakistan.

Objectives: To identify the potential benefits of pre-donation screening of blood. Study design: Retrospective. Place and Duration: Prisons in the Punjab province. From January 2011 t0 September 2013. Background: Prisoners, as a high risk group, are not recommended for blood donations. In Pakistan, however, prisoners are legally allowed to donate blood and get thirty days remission. Methodology: Volunteer prisoners, after examination and verification by a physician for their physical fitness, were tested for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) by Rapid Test Kit before bleeding. Data was analyzed by Epi-Info. Results: A total of 5894 male volunteer prisoner donors were screened and 1038 (17.6%) were rejected because of hepatitis infection. The mean age was 28 years (range; 17 - 70 years). Of 5894 prisoners, 857 (14.5%) were HCV positive and 222 (3.8%) were HBV positive. Co-infection of HCV and HBV was present among 41 (0.7%). Hepatitis infection, among convicted- prisoner blood donor, is significantly associated with higher seroprevalence for HCV (OR 1.35, 95% C.I. 1.17-1.57) while under-trial- prisoner is significantly associated with higher seroprevalence for HBV (OR 1.40, 95% C.I. 1.06-1.85). Conclusion: Hepatitis B and C viruses were responsible for almost 18% prisoner blood donor rejection. Pre-donation screening of blood donors is an effective intervention to improve the safety and limit the cost of blood. Treatment of identified infected prisoners may contribute to public health. In the international scenario this study findings necessitate the amendments in the relevant prison rules.

Uma análise semiológica de imagens e representações sociais elaboradas por detentos e agentes da Penitenciária Modulada Estadual de Osório /RS /Brasil / A semiological analysis of images and social representations made by prisoners and prison guards in the state Penitentiaries Modulate in Osorio /RS /Brazil / Un análisis semiológico de imágenes y representaciones sociales elaboradas por encarcelados y agentes de la Penitenciaria Modulada Estadual de Osorio /RS /Brasil / Une analyse sémiotique des images et des représentations sociales préparé pour les détenus et les agents de l'Etat Pénitencier Modulée Osorio /RS /Brésil

O artigo analisa as representações sociais elaboradas por presos e agentes prisionais da Penitenciária Modulada Estadual de Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, por meio de imagens desenhadas nos ambientes da prisão e suas significações. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, de tipo exploratório, descritivo e interpretativo que utilizou a análise semiológica de fotografias oriundas do ambiente prisional. As coleções de imagens foram organizadas em torno a quatro campos semânticos: Violência; Sexualidade; Religiosidade e Fé; Inscrições. Foi realizado o procedimento de grupo focal onde os agentes penitenciários assistiam a projeção das fotografias e expunham suas percepções e representações sobre as mesmas. Após a análise de todo o material foram encontrados três campos analíticos: Relações de Poder; Identidades Assumidas; Modos de Subjetivação. As análises problematizam os significados que os agentes penitenciários elaboram, seus preconceitos e estereótipos, além do fatalismo atribuído aos presos e à criminalidade.

This paper analyzes social representations by prisoners and prison guards from the State Penitenciaria Modulada in Osorio, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, considering images drawn in the prison surroundings and their meanings. This qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, interpretative research used the semiological analysis of photographs of the prison surroundings. The collections of images were organized in four semantic fields: Violence; Sexuality; Religiousness and Faith; Inscriptions. A focus group procedure was used. The photographs were projected to the prison agents, who showed their perceptions and representations about them. After the analysis of the whole material, three analysis fields were found: Power Relationships; Assumed Identities; Modes and Processes of Subjectivation. The analyses problematize the meanings that the prison guards create, their prejudices and stereotypes, besides the fatalism attributed to both the prisoners and criminality.

El artículo analiza las representaciones sociales elaboradas por encarcelados y agentes de la Penitenciaria Modulada Estadual de Osorio, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, a través de imágenes dibujadas en los ambientes de la cárcel y sus significados. Fue realizada una investigación cualitativa, de tipo exploratorio, descriptivo e interpretativo que utilizó el análisis semiológico de imágenes del ambiente prisional. Las colecciones de imágenes fueron organizadas a partir de cuatro campos semánticos: Violencia; Sexualidad; Religiosidad y Fe; Inscripciones. Fue realizado el procedimiento de grupo focal dónde los agentes asistieron a la proyección de las imágenes y presentaron sus percepciones y representaciones. El análisis total del flujo de datos encontró tres campos analíticos: Relaciones de Poder; Identidades Asumidas; Modos y Procesos de Subjetivación. Los análisis discuten los significados que los agentes elaboran, sus prejuicios y estereotipos, además del fatalismo atribuido a los encarcelados y a la criminalidad.

Cet article analyse les représentations sociales faites par les détenus et agents pénitentiaires modulée Estadual de Osorio, Rio Grande do Sul, au Brésil, à travers des images tirées des environnements de prison em et leurs significations. Cette étude a effectué une recherche qualitative descriptive et interprétative, exploratoire, qui a utilisé l'analyse sémiotique des images de l'environnement correctionnel. Les collections d'images ont été organisées à partir de quatre champs sémantiques : la violence; Sexualité ; Religiosité et la foi; Inscriptions. Il a été mené le processus de groupe de discussion où les agents ont assisté à la projection d'images et ont présenté leurs perceptions et représentations. L'analyse globale des flux de données trouvé trois champs d'analyse : Relacones électriques ; Identités assumées; Les méthodes et les processus subjectifs. L'analyse examine les significations que les agents produisent, préjugés et les stéréotypes, outre le emprisonné attribué à la criminalité et le fatalisme.

Relation between charitable behavior and life satisfaction in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship of charitable behavior and life satisfaction in college students.Methods:Totally 194 college students were surveyed by using the prisoner's dilemmatask to assess charitable behavior tendency,the donating experiment to assess the actual donation money and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)for life satisfaction.The partial correlation analysis and linear regression were used to explore the re-lationship of charitable behavior tendency,donation and life satisfaction.Results:There was significant positive cor-relation between charitable behavior tendency and SWLS scores (r =0.22,P <0.05).The scores of actual donation were significantly and positively correlated with SWLS scores (r =0.19,P <0.05).The scores of life satisfaction of college students were positively associated with both scores of charitable behavior tendency(β=0.21,P <0.05) and donation (β=0.19,P <0.05 ).Conclusion:It suggests that individuals with higher fife satisfaction may be likely to do charitable behavior.

Elevación de los conocimientos sobre virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y sida en reclusos de la Prisión Kilo 8 de Pinar del Río / Increase of knowledge on the human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS in prisoners of Prison Kilo 8 from Pinar del Río

Introducción: en la conducta sexual influyen varios factores, tales como: personalidad individual, clase social, moral vigente en los entornos social y familiar. Objetivo: ampliar los conocimientos sobre VIH/sida en reclusos de la Prisión Kilo 8 de Pinar del Río. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio de intervención educativa en 70 individuos de 20-30 años, pertenecientes a la Prisión Kilo 8 de Pinar del Río, desde enero hasta julio del 2011. La investigación se diseñó en 3 etapas, según el protocolo general del Programa de Intervención Comunitaria (diagnóstico inicial, intervención y diagnóstico final). Para el análisis comparativo se empleó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado. Resultados: inicialmente, existían dificultades en el nivel de conocimientos sobre conceptos, vías de transmisión y principales conductas de riesgo, pero una vez concluida la intervención educativa, se obtuvieron cambios significativos, pues 97,1 % identificaron el VIH/sida y reconocieron las medidas de prevención; 98,5 % conocían las conductas de riesgo; 95,7 % dominaban las vías de transmisión y todos expresaron la necesidad de usar el condón. Conclusiones: se demostró la efectividad de la instrucción realizada, la cual permitió desarrollar prácticas para evitar la adquisición del VIH/sida, así como tener una sexualidad sana y segura.

Introduction: several factors, such as: individual personality, social status, moral in the social and family environments influence the sexual behaviour. Objective: to increase the knowledge on HIV/AIDS in prisoners of the Prison Kilo 8 from Pinar del Río. Methods: a study of educational intervention was carried out in 70 prisoners between 20-30 years, belonging to the Prison Kilo 8 of Pinar del Río, from January to July, 2011. The investigation was designed in 3 stages, according to the general protocol of the Community Intervention Program (initial diagnosis, intervention and final diagnosis). For the comparative analysis the chi-square test was used. Results: initially, difficulties were found in the level of knowledge on concepts, transmission ways and main risky behaviours, but once the educational intervention was concluded, significant changes were obtained, because 97.1% identified HIV/aids and they recognized the prevention measures; 98.5% knew the risky behaviours; 95.7% knew about the transmission ways and all expressed the necessity to use the condom. Conclusions: the effectiveness of the instruction carried out was demonstrated, which allowed to develop practices to avoid the infection by HIV/aids, as well as to have a healthy and safe sexuality.

Mental Health Status of Prisoners in Correctional Institutions / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify mental health state of prisoners in correctional institutions and to develop strategies for improvement of the environment related to it. METHODS: This research included a total of 1700 inmates from three out of 50 prisons nationwide; Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Korean Version of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, and cut down, annoy, guilty, eye-opener were applied. Additional questionnaires were employed for investigation of inmates' experience of violence within the correctional facilities and to examine utilization of mental health service before and after their admission to correctional facilities. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of the participants attained SCL-90-R T-scores of 65 or higher, which suggested that these individuals had, or were at great risk of, mental illness. As the level of anger felt by the prisoners turned out to be lower than expected, BDI scores of 22 and higher were observed in 28.1% of the inmates, and 33.6% of the prisoners had suicidal ideation. In addition, 39.1% of the total inmates were diagnosed with alcohol abuse. Twenty-one percent of the prisoners were victimized in their correctional institutions; therefore, violence may be one of the potential factors leading to stress. However, only a small percentage of the inmates requested and received counseling as a help. CONCLUSION: Mental health state among prisoners was serious and undesirable. This finding emphasizes the dire need for a system for regular assessment and improvement.

Effects of communication and cultural consequences on choices combinations in INPDG with four participants / Efectos de la comunicación y las consecuencias culturales en combinaciones de elecciones en un INPDG con cuatro participantes

En dos juegos de INPDG, cuatro personas eligieron una tarjeta verde o rojo de forma individual. El verde siempre produce el mejor resultado para las personas si todos los otros optaron por el rojo y el peor resultado si todos eligieron verde. Todos los que eligen las tarjetas rojas optimizan puntos. En ningún caso, ningún grupo elige rojo en condición A (Línea de base de 20 ensayos) Las metacontingencias se agregaron (consecuencias culturales de las combinaciones de opciones enVR2) y fueron manipulados a través estas 2 condiciones, la selección de por lo menos 3 tarjetas rojas (condición B), o por lo menos 3 tarjetas verdes (condición C). se permitió la conducta verbal en un grupo (GV), y para la última sesión del otro grupo (GNV), las opciones de estos grupos estabilizados todos de color rojo (o todo verde), dependiendo de la metacontingencia en vigor. Aunque los grupos sin la conducta verbal terminaron con tres de los cuatro participantes en la elección de color rojo, de acuerdo con la metacontingencia, los 4 participantes de ambos grupos llegaron a un consenso sobre la elección de color verde.

In two games of INPDG, four people chose a green or red card individually. The green one always produces the best outcome for individuals if all the others chose red and the worst outcome if all chose green. All who choose red cards optimize points. In no case any group choose red in Condition A (Baseline 20 trials). Metacontingencies were added (cultural consequences on VR 2 for various combinations of choices) and manipulated across the next 2 conditions, selecting for at least 3 red cards (B condition) or at least 3 greens (C condition). Verbal behavior was allowed in one group (GV), and for the last session of the other group (GNV); the choices in these groups stabilized on all red (or all green), depending on the metacontingency in effect. Although groups without verbal behavior ended with 3 of 4 participants choosing red in accordance with the metacontingency, all 4 participants in both groups reached consensus on choosing green.

Conservative infection control on acute pericoronitis in mandibular third molar patients referred from the prison

In the presence of acute pericoronitis of mandilbular third molar, antibiotic therapy and early incision and drainage are the method of choice, followed by definitive surgical extraction of the tooth as soon as it becomes subacute. If excision of the overlying tissues is decided on, it should be done adequately. All overlying tissues must be throughly excised, and the crown portion of the unerupted tooth should be completely exposed. After excision has been completed, the wound should be managed with a surgical dressing. This should be allowed to remain approximately 7 days. And then, surgical extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar can be done usually. In this operation, there are many complications, such as, postoperative bleeding, infection, trismus, dysphasia and paresthesia. The surgeon are discredited and medicolegal problem may be occurred in the presence of many distressed complications. Therefore, the relatively nonsurgical treatment is the method of choice. So, authors selected the conservative treatment methods of incision and drainage, primary endodontic drainage, operculectomy without surgical extraction of the mandibular third molars. The results were more favorable without the postoperative complication in Wonju old offender prison.

HIV status and related factors among drug-abused prisoners of Quang Ninh detension center

Background: HIV/AIDS has appeared in the early 1980s. Today this disease has become a threat to human. As of 17/3/2006, Vietnam had detected 105,611 cases of HIV infection. Prevalence of abused prisoner in detention centers is quite high. \r\n', u'Objectives: To evaluate the HIV infected status and related factors and to investigate about knowledge, practice of drug-abused prisoners of Quang Ninh detention center on HIV/AIDS prevention.\r\n', u'Subjects and method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 346 drug-abused prisoners (338 men, 8 women) of Quang Ninh detention center from June 01 to July 14, 2006.\r\n', u'Results: Prevalence of HIV was 56.07% (CI 95%: 50.9-61.3).Shared syringes increase HIV risk to 5.76 times. Reused syringes increase HIV risk to 7.5 times. Daily drug using increase the risk to 2.46 times. The risk in drug users with more than 5 years increases 12 times. HIV infected rate in cities is 1.92 times more than in rural areas. Good knowledge about non-transmitted behavior was 83%; about 3 ways of transmitions was 50.3%. Knowing about how to detect themselves from HIV only 32.7% have properly answers. Conclusion: HIV prevalence of drug-abused prisoners of Quang Ninh detention center is very high.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'

The situation of HIV/AIDS infection of prisoners at Binh Dien prison from 2005-2006

Background: With the development of HIV/AIDS pandemic in community, amount of HIV/AIDS people more and more increase in prison. Objectives: Determine the rate of HIV/AIDS infection of prisoners at Binh Dien prison. Learning about related elements to HIV/AIDS infection. Subjects and method: Prisoners at Binh Dien prison. Method: 492 prisoners were chosen, interviewed directly and taken blood samples to HIV test. Using cross-sectional study on accidental samples. Techniques were used in this study: SERODIA-HIV and ELISA technique. Results: The rate of current HIV/AIDS infections was 21,74%, some HIV/AIDS related factors in the prison included sex, religion, income source, marrital status, common knowledge of HIV/AIDS, drug addiction history, needle sharing, sexually transmitted disease history, body tatoos and forskin inserted with metal balls, alcohol and beer drinking history, some factors such as: age and educational level were not associated with HIV/AIDS infection in prison. Conclusion: Strengthen interventional activities in prison to prevent HIV/AIDS spread between prisoners. To prisoners who were not infected HIV/AIDS: strengthen educational communication to they may prevent themselves from HIV/AIDS infection behaviors. To HIV/AIDS prisoners: Need to educate and consult especially to they have right behaviors, prevent HIV/AIDS spread for the others while they were in prison as well as they return to society.

Foreign Objects in Korean Prisoners

BACKGROUND: Foreign objects in the gastrointestinal tract are usually the result of accidental swallowing. Yet foreign object ingestion is often seen in prisoners who mainly desire to leave prison. We report here on a series of 33 Korean prisoners with foreign object ingestion and they were treated endoscopically or surgically. METHDOS: We reviewed the medical records of 33 Korean prisoners (52 episodes) who were admitted due to ingestion of foreign objects between January 1998 and June 2004 to Konyang University Hospital and Gyeongsang National University Hospital. RESULTS: All the patients were male with a mean age of 35 years. The most common duration from ingestion to the visit to the ER was within 24 hours (25/52 episodes). Most of the foreign objects were located in the esophagus (42.3%) and stomach (42.3%). The number of foreign objects was one in 28 episodes, two in 12 episodes and three or more in twelve episodes. The most common foreign objects were metal wires (26/52 episodes). The mean size of the foreign objects was 11.9 centimeters long. Successful endoscopic treatment was performed in most patients (46/52 episodes, 88.5%). The remaining six cases were treated surgically. CONCLUSIONS: The foreign objects in prisoners were a variety of unusual things because of the prison environment, and endoscopy is a mainstay of treatment for foreign object removal in Korean prisoners.

Knowledge,attitude and related factors associate with HIV/AIDS among female prisoners in Shaanxi province / 中国艾滋病性病

Objective To investigate the knowledge,attitude and related factors associated with HIV/AIDS among female prisoners in Shaanxi province.Method A cross-sectional survey with questionnaire was conducted in 837 female prisoners.Results Of the studied female prisoners 94% had heard of HIV/AIDS.The rate of correct answer on basic knowledge about AIDS was 19.8%-87.3%.The rate of correct answer on the transmission route was 11.6%-87.6%.The rate of correct answer on non-transmission route was 23.4%-48.6%.The rate of correct answer on prevention was 36.7%-57.5%.Of them 46.6%-55.7% were afraid of AIDS,and 26.6%-90.0% had prdjudice and stigma to HIV/AIDS and PLWHA(people living with HIV/AIDS).The factors affecting HIV/AIDS related knowledge included marriage status,career,education background and number of family members.The factors affecting attitude included age and education background.Conclusion The studied female prisoners have wide but superficial knowledge about HIV/AIDS and have expressed over fear for HIV/AIDS.They also cannot tolerate AIDS patients.

A path analysis on prisoners' health behavior and medical utilization

In this thesis, Korean prisoners' health behavior and the characteristics of their medical utilization were surveyed and analysed. Because prisoners are inclined to be mediators of communicable diseases or unhealthy behaviors between prison institution and the outside world, health care for prisoners is directly related to the national population. Data were collected through a self-administered survey of 5 Korean prisons out of a total of 38 correctional facilities and analysed in accordance with a causal model based on a path frame, by serial multiple regressions on health behavior, health status, and medical utilization, etc. According to the survey analysis, while prisoners were generally concerned with their health much more than they were before imprisonment, they perceived that their health status had deteriorated after imprisonment, and that their need for health services was increasing gradually during their time in prison. In the path analysis on the causal relations among variables related to the prisoners' health status and medical utilization, the prisoners' characteristics affected their health concern and health behavior, and subsequently affected their health status and medical utilization, respectively. To sum up these exploratory studies on prisoners' health behavior and health service utilization, some efforts to organize a health care system embracing the correctional institution and health care administration should be made on the level of establishing a health care delivery system for special social groups like prisoners.