Trauma e literalidade: a razão psicodinâmica no espírito da traumatização neurocientífica / Trauma and literality: psychodynamic reason in the spirit of neuroscientific traumatization

Resumo Desde o seu nascimento na medicina cirúrgica do século XVII, a pesquisa do trauma admitiu interpretações múltiplas e associadas ora às lesões visíveis de órgãos e tecidos, ora à influência de agentes psíquicos patogênicos sobre a memória, a consciência e a personalidade. Com o aprofundamento do papel dos sistemas classificatórios desde DSM-III, o fenômeno do trauma será incorporado ao prisma psiquiátrico através do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático e destinado, finalmente, à circunscrição da pesquisa neurocientífica. A partir de revisão narrativa, este artigo abordará uma das premissas epistemológicas fundamentais para essa transição, que informa como o trauma psicológico ganhou autonomia sobre as descrições anatômicas para ser, cerca de um século depois, por ela reanexado enquanto fenômeno essencialmente corporal e aderido à gramática das neurociências.

Abstract Since its origin in the surgical medicine of the 17th century, trauma research has had multiple interpretations and has been associated either with visible injuries to organs and tissues, or with the influence of pathogenic psychic agents on memory, consciousness and personality. With the intensification of the role of classification systems since DSM-III, the phenomenon of trauma came to be incorporated into the psychiatric realm through Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and destined finally to the constraints of neuroscientific research. Based on a narrative review, this article will address one of the fundamental epistemological premises for this transition, which informs how psychological trauma gained autonomy over anatomical descriptions to be reclassified, around a century later, as an essentially bodily phenomenon and incorporated into the jargon of neurosciences.

A soberania do visível: como a memória traumática se torna estresse traumático / The sovereignty of the visible: how traumatic memory becomes traumatic stress / La soberanía de lo visible: cómo la memoria traumática se convierte en estrés traumático

Desde o lançamento da terceira versão do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-III), a psiquiatria biológica vem sistematicamente aplicando seu raciocínio classificatório a fenômenos sociais de múltiplas naturezas. Nessa perspectiva, ganha relevância o discurso do trauma, pelo qual acontecimentos de magnitude devastadora passaram a receber interpretações neurocomportamentais e foram, finalmente, reconhecidos menos por seus impactos culturais e subjetivos que pelas alterações fisiológicas que propiciam. Apoiado em revisão narrativa, este artigo procurará explorar a transição da racionalidade traumática entre o século XIX, quando o trauma fora concebido em associação ao conceito cognitivo de memória, e o século XX, quando finalmente esse fenômeno foi anexado à pesquisa neurocientífica do estresse. A pluralidade de modelos conceituais e paradigmas determinísticos pode contribuir para que a pesquisa do trauma produza protocolos de enfrentamento multifatoriais mais adequados à experiência humana do sofrimento pós-traumático.

Since the release of the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), biological psychiatry has been systematically applying its classification reasoning to social phenomena of many natures. From this perspective, the discourse of trauma gained relevance and events of devastating magnitude began to receive neurobehavioral interpretations until finally being recognized less for their cultural and subjective effects than for the physiological changes they cause. By a narrative review, this study aims to analyze the transition of traumatic rationality from the 19th century, when trauma was associated with the cognitive concept of memory, to the 20th century, when this phenomenon was finally attached to neuroscientific research on stress. The plurality of conceptual models and deterministic paradigms can contribute to the fact that trauma research produces multifactorial coping protocols more appropriate to the human experience of post-traumatic suffering.

Desde la publicación de la tercera versión del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-III), la psiquiatría biológica ha aplicado sistemáticamente su razonamiento clasificatorio a fenómenos sociales de múltiple naturaleza. Desde esta perspectiva cobra relevancia el discurso del trauma, a través del cual eventos muy devastadores pasaron a tener interpretaciones neuroconductuales y finalmente fueron reconocidos menos por sus impactos culturales y subjetivos que por los cambios fisiológicos que provocan. A partir de una revisión narrativa, este artículo busca explorar la transición del razonamiento traumático entre el siglo XIX, cuando el trauma se concibe en asociación con el concepto cognitivo de memoria, y el siglo XX, cuando este fenómeno se vincula a la investigación neurocientífica sobre estrés. La diversidad de modelos conceptuales y paradigmas deterministas puede contribuir a que la investigación del trauma produzca protocolos de afrontamiento multifactoriales más adecuados a la experiencia humana del sufrimiento postraumático.

As raízes do trauma: uma revisão sobre a história do psicotraumatismo / The roots of trauma: a review of the history of psychotrauma

Resumo A percepção do papel do trauma psicológico na origem de problemas psiquiátricos aumentou e diminuiu ao longo da história da psiquiatria. Com a concepção do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), entretanto, as sociedades ocidentais presenciaram uma profunda expansão do discurso do traumatismo na interpretação de experiências humanas devastadoras, como catástrofes, genocídios, desastres e epidemias. A partir de revisão bibliográfica integrativa, este artigo analisa alguns dos determinantes históricos e epistemológicos que fundamentam o surgimento da memória traumática e o estabelecimento do trauma como campo semântico que orienta respostas clínicas e estratégias políticas no campo das ciências humanas e da saúde.

Abstract Perceptions of the importance of the role of psychological trauma in the origins of psychiatric problems have oscillated throughout the history of psychiatry. However, since the conception of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), western societies have witnessed a marked expansion of the discourse of trauma in the interpretation of devastating human experiences like catastrophes, genocides, disasters, and epidemics. Through an integrative literature review, this article analyzes some of the historical and epistemological determinants behind the emergence of traumatic memory and the establishment of trauma as a semantic field that orients clinical responses and political strategies in the field of the humanities and the health sciences.

Veritable evaluation and inspection of PCOS and its apropos medicaments

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a vastly familial, prevalent yet complicated endocrine disorder seen in 5 to 15% of premenopausal women. An estimated one in five ~ 20% Indian women suffer from PCOS. In India, PCOS is a tabooed disorder; If neglected, the condition can prove fatal. However, the past decade has seen the changing discourse in India. PCOS negatively affects reproduction, general health, sexual health, and quality of life. Genetic predisposition of hormonal and non-hormonal factors influence ovary functioning and are responsible for the onset of the syndrome. Hormonal imbalance, metabolic abnormality, and insulin resistance are characteristic features that significantly increase the risk of anovulatory infertility, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The underlying cause of the path physiology of PCOS is still under the radar, but the derangement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis could be the sweeping reason for the same. PCOS management should address on healthy lifestyle with symptomatic medical therapy and psychological bearing with special emphasis on far reaching side effects and long-term metabolic consequences This review article gives a comprehensive overview of PCOS and the morbidities hooked up with it. It has a notable emphasis on the PCOS guidelines, diagnosis, non-pharmacological, and pharmacological treatments.

Understanding the psychodynamic functioning of patients with PTSD and CPTSD: qualitative analysis from the OPD 2 interview

Abstract The traumatic event produces intolerable excitations to the psychic apparatus that searches to relief them through the production of symptoms. When established, patients with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) may experience flashbacks, somatizations, negative emotions about themselves, and difficulty in social contact. This work seeks to understand how the psychodynamic functioning of women victims of interpersonal and urban violence, diagnosed with these disorders, is organized, identifying traumatic experiences, ways of interpersonal relationships, conflicts and psychic structures and use of defense mechanisms, and for peculiarities that may differentiate these disorders. The qualitative transversal method was used through the content analysis of clinical interviews based on the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2). The sample of this study consisted of five women with PTSD and five with CPTSD. The following categories were created: reasons for seeking care, symptoms and desire for treatment, traumatic developmental events, and characteristics of the psychic functioning. Early trauma generates psychic organizations with greater disintegration. A new traumatic event destabilizes the psychic organization and intensifies symptoms. Relationships were marked by dependence and isolation. Participants with CPTSD presented tendency to disintegration related to the object relation regulation and the psychic conflict was of Individuation versus Dependence, with more primitive flaws in object representations, existential need for the other and direct discharge of impulses. Participants with PTSD had moderate to low level of object relation integration and the conflict was need to be care of versus self-sufficiency, with self-representations being fragile and with reduced capacity to manage impulses. Thus, it could be observed that OPD-2 is capable of assessing in a broad and deep way patients with traumatic disorders, in addition to identifying essential peculiarities to guide health professionals towards treatment in the search for better quality of life for patients.

Duelo complicado por la muerte de un hijo: presentación de un caso / Complicated grief over the death of a child: presentation of a case

Resumen La pérdida de un ser querido por suicidio puede ser uno de los eventos más estresantes de la vida. Los factores de riesgo y protección asociados a cada caso pueden favorecer o dificultar el procesamiento de la pérdida. Se presenta un caso de trastorno de duelo complejo persistente en el que se aplica el Protocolo Mindfulness para la Aceptación del Dolor, las Emociones y el Duelo. La paciente mejora tras la intervención, observándose que ya no puntúa en trastorno de duelo complejo persistente, ni sintomatologia ansiosa de forma significativa, ha disminuido su afecto negativo y aumentado su autocompasión, afecto positivo y bienestar psicológico. Concluimos que se hace necesaria una evaluación integral desde el sistema sanitario para poder atender a los pacientes que presenten trastorno de duelo complejo persistente de manera multidisciplinar. La intervención psicológica puede disminuir los costes económicos, sanitarios y personales. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(3): 85-92.

Abstract The loss of a loved one by suicide can be one of life's most stressful events. The risk and protective factors associated with each case may make it easier or harder to process the loss. Here we present a case of persistent complex grief disorder in which the Mindfuness Protocol for Acceptance of Grief, Emotions, and Bereavement is applied. The patient improves after the intervention, being observed that she no longer scores in persistent complex grief disorder, nor anxious symptoms in a significant way, her negative affect has decreased, and her grief, positive affect and psychological well-being have increased. We conclude that a comprehensive evaluation from the health system is necessary in order to attend patients with persistent complex mourning disorder in a multidisciplinary way. Psychological intervention can reduce economic, health and personal costs. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(3): 85-92.

Instrumentadores quirúrgicos como segundas víctimas en un hospital académico de Buenos Aires: un estudio cualitativo / Surgical instruments as second victims in an academic hospital in Buenos Aires: a qualitative study

Introducción: un gran porcentaje del personal de salud se ve implicado en algún momento de su vida profesional en un evento adverso. Es decir, el paciente sufre un daño de manera no intencional por parte del equipo de salud y esto no solo afecta al paciente y su entorno, sino también a los profesionales implicados a quienes nos referiremos como "segundas víctimas". La imposibilidad de la segunda víctima de superar el evento traumático puede acarrear importantes consecuencias en la salud de los profesionales y aumentar las oportunidades de que vuelva a ocurrir un episodio. Objetivo: explorar las perspectivas de instrumentadores quirúrgicos identificados como segundas víctimas. Metodología: se utilizó una metodología cualitativa exploratoria de estudio de casos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a instrumentadores quirúrgicos del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires identificados como segundas víctimas. Se realizó un análisis de contenido con base en los ejes temáticos de investigaciones previas. Resultados: se entrevistó a tres instrumentadoras que estuvieron involucradas en eventos adversos de diferente gravedad. Explorando los principales ejes temáticos, las participantes refirieron sentimientos de angustia y culpa tras los eventos remarcando la importancia de recibir apoyo tanto del círculo cercano como de la institución para sobreponerse. También señalaron los problemas en la comunicación y la falta de apego a las normas de procedimiento como algunos de los causantes principales de los eventos. Coincidieron en la tendencia de los equipos médicos a ocultar los eventos. Refirieron haber recibido un adecuado apoyo por parte de sus pares en una primera instancia y por parte del Comité de Seguridad del hospital posteriormente, con poca articulación con el área de recursos humanos. Conclusiones: el estudio revela la importancia de la implementación efectiva de las normas de procedimiento y protocolos de seguridad en la prevención de los eventos adversos, así como también el rol fundamental que ocupa la institución sanitaria en la contención de las segundas víctimas luego del incidente.

Introduction: A high percentage of health personnel is involved in an adverse event at some point in their professional careers. In other words, the patient is unintentionally harmed by the healthcare team, and not only does it affect the patients and their environment but also affects the professionals involved, whom we will refer to as "second victims". The second victim's impossibility of overcoming the traumatic event can have significant health consequences for professionals and increase the chances of a recurrence. Objective: To explore perspectives of surgical technologists identified as second victims. Method: An exploratory, qualitative case study design was used, conducting semi-structured interviews with surgical technologists working at the Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires and identified as second victims. A content analysis was performed based on central themes of previous studies. Results: Three female surgical technologists who were involved in adverse events of varying severity were interviewed. While central themes were explored, the participants reported feelings of distress and guilt after the events and stressed the importance of receiving support from both their inner circle and the hospital to overcome the incidents. They also indicated communication problems and lack of adherence to procedural rules as some of the main causes of the events. They agreed on the proneness of medical teams to hide events. They reported having received adequate support first from their peers and later from the hospital's safety committee, but there was little coordination with the human resources area. Conclusions: This study reveals the importance of an effective implementation of procedural standards and safety protocols to prevent adverse events and the fundamental role of the healthcare institution in supporting second victims after incidents.

Introdução: uma grande porcentagem do pessoal de saúde vê-se envolvida em algum momento de sua vida profissional em um evento adverso. Ou seja, o paciente sofre um dano não intencional por parte da equipe de saúde e isso afeta não apenas o paciente e seu ambiente, mas também os profissionais envolvidos, a quem chamaremos de "segundas vítimas". A incapacidade da segunda vítima de superar o evento traumático pode acarretar consequências importantes na saúde dos profissionais e aumentar as chances de que um episódio volte a ocorrer. Objetivo: explorar as perspectivas dos instrumentadores cirúrgicos identificados como segundas vítimas. Metodologia: utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa exploratória de estudo de caso, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas a instrumentadores cirúrgicos do Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires identificados como segundas vítimas. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo com base nos eixos temáticos de pesquisas anteriores. Resultados: três instrumentadoras cirúrgicas que estiveram envolvidas em eventos adversos de diferentes gravidades foram entrevistadas. Explorando os principais eixos temáticos, as participantes relataram sentimentos de angústia e culpa após os acontecimentos, destacando a importância de receber apoio tanto do círculo interno quanto da instituição para superação. Também apontaram os problemas de comunicação e o não cumprimento das regras procedimentais como algumas das principais causas dos eventos. Elas concordaram sobre a tendência das equipes médicas de ocultar eventos. Relataram ter recebido apoio adequado de seus pares na primeira instância e, posteriormente, da Comissão de Segurança Hospitalar, com pouca articulação com a área de recursos humanos. Conclusões: O estudo revela a importância da implementação efetiva de normas procedimentais e protocolos de segurança na prevenção de eventos adversos, bem como o papel fundamental que a instituição de saúde ocupa na contenção de segundas vítimas após o incidente.

Psicodrama como terapia en trauma y estrés postraumático / Psychodrama as a Therapy in Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia disponible de la eficacia del psicodrama como terapia para el manejo del trauma psicológico, trastorno por estrés agudo y postraumático. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, LILACS y Ovid hasta abril de 2019. Se incluyeron los términos: (1)Psychodrama, (2)Role-playing, (3)Stress disorders, Acute, posttraumatic, y (4)Psychological trauma (MeSH). Se seleccionaron revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura, metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos aleatorios, cuasi aleatorios y estudios observacionales en inglés y español. Se seleccionaron los trabajos que incluyeran una descripción de las intervenciones con técnicas del psicodrama. Resultados: 14 trabajos cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Conclusión: No se encontró una asociación fuerte de la eficacia del psicodrama ante los síntomas de estrés postraumático. Se requieren más investigaciones con diseño metodológico ajustado para este tipo de intervenciones.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the available evidence in regarding the efficacy of psychodrama in patients with acute and posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma- Methods: Systematic review. Terms: (1)Psychodrama, (2)Role-playing, (3)Stress disorders, Acute, posttraumatic, and (4)Psychological trauma (Mesh), were searched in Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, Lillacs and OVID, until April 2019. Systematic reviews of the literature, meta-analysis, randomized clinical trials, quasi-randomized and observational studies in English and Spanish were selected. The works should have described interventions with psychodrama techniques. Results: 14 papers met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: There is no evidence of the psychodrama response to the symptoms after traumatic stress. Research should be carried out with a more rigorous methodological design.

Dilemas clínicos en la constitución de la tercera causal de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo / Clinical dilemmas derived from the need to certify rape for voluntary pregnancy interruption

Since 2017, women in Chile are allowed to interrupt voluntarily a pregnancy on three grounds: 1) When a woman's life is at risk due to the pregnancy, 2) When there are fetal anomalies incompatible with life, or 3) When pregnancy is result of rape. Women who qualify for any of these three pregnancy interruption requirements are entitled to a psychosocial accompaniment program to promote an integrative approach. In this article we will discuss the role of the psychosocial team in cases of rape resulting pregnancy. Specifically, the clinical and ethical dilemmas posed by the need to certify the rape in a general hospital such as difficulties in assessment of the story's plausibility, clinician's dual role and the limits to confidentiality, are discussed.

Psychological Trauma And PTSD During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review

@#As of August 9, 2021, there have been around 203 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (2019) COVID-19, including 4.3 million deaths. Adverse psychological effects are expected to be long-lasting in vulnerable groups, especially among frontline healthcare workers, given the magnitude of the crisis. Observing strict quarantine and social distancing measures, while being an important strategy to curb the spread, have also led to a significant negative impact on mental health indicators; the long-term consequences are yet to be assessed on a global scale. A medical crisis may become a mental health crisis and the updated findings are reviewed in this paper to provide an updated brief for immunological, occupational, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, psychological predictors while commenting on care recommendations to prevent psychological trauma from progressing to PTSD.

Perspectivas neurocientíficas para uma teoria do trauma: revisão crítica dos modelos integrativos entre a biologia e a cultura / Perspectivas neurocientíficas para una teoría del trauma: revisión crítica de los modelos integradores entre la biología y la cultura / Neuroscientific perspectives for a theory of trauma: a critical review of integrative models of biology and culture

Durante o último quarto do século XX, a psicopatologia codificou um arco diversificado de fenômenos sociais sob a rubrica do traumatismo, notabilizando o estudo do trauma psicológico como área autônoma e progressivamente informada pelas pesquisas culturais e neurobiológicas. Nesse cenário, presenciamos a emergência do paradigma biocultural, perspectiva epistemológica que procura elucidar as trajetórias interativas pelas quais cultura e biologia consolidam, entre si, os seus efeitos recíprocos. Este artigo abordará as interseções entre o campo dos psicotraumatismo e as neurociências, tomando, como eixos de análise, a expansão da categoria do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), os pressupostos epistemológicos das pesquisas neurocomportamentais do estresse e do medo, e as limitações da tese da bidirecionalidade, preconizada pelas neurodisciplinas culturais contemporâneas. A elaboração de abordagens definitivamente integrativas pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de modelos compreensivos capazes de conceber os saberes e as práticas ao nível da experiência humana, evitando interpretações reducionistas que submetem vivências culturais e subjetivas complexas ora aos imperativos do cérebro, ora aos códigos semiológicos do raciocínio patogênico.

Durante el último cuarto del siglo XX, la psicopatología codificó un arco diversificado de fenómenos sociales, bajo la rúbrica del traumatismo, poniendo en relevancia el estudio del trauma psicológico, como área autónoma, y progresivamente informada por las investigaciones culturales y neurobiológicas. En este escenario, presenciamos el surgimiento del paradigma biocultural, perspectiva epistemológica que procura elucidar las trayectorias interactivas por las cuales cultura y biología consolidan, entre sí, sus efectos recíprocos. Este artículo abordará las intersecciones entre el campo de los psicotraumatismos y las neurociencias, tomando, como ejes de análisis, la expansión de la categoría del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), los presupuestos epistemológicos de las investigaciones neurocomportamentales del estrés y del miedo, y las limitaciones de la tesis de la bidireccionalidad, preconizada por las neurodisciplinas culturales contemporáneas. La elaboración de abordajes definitivamente integradores pueden apoyar el desarrollo de modelos comprensivos, capaces de concebir los saberes y prácticas en el nivel de la experiencia humana, evitando interpretaciones reduccionistas que someten vivencias culturales y subjetivas complejas, bien sea a los imperativos del cerebro, bien sea a los códigos semiológicos del raciocinio patogénico.

In the last 25 years of the 20th century, psychopathology coded a diverse range of social phenomena under the heading of trauma, featuring the study of psychological trauma as an autonomous area progressively informed by cultural and neurobiological research. In this scenario, we witnessed the emergence of the biocultural paradigm, an epistemological perspective that seeks to elucidate the interactive trajectories by which culture and biology consolidate each other´s effects. This article will address the intersections between the field of psychological trauma and neurosciences, based on the analytical dimensions of expansion of the category of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the epistemological premises of neurobehavioral studies of stress and fear, and the limitations of the bidirectionality hypothesis advanced by contemporary cultural neurosciences. The elaboration of definitively integrative approaches can assist the development of comprehensive models capable of conceiving knowledges and practices at the level of human experience, avoiding reductionist interpretations that submit complex cultural and subjective experiences alternatingly to the imperatives of the brain and to semiologic codes of pathogenic reasoning.

Crescimento pós-traumático em profissionais de emergências: uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais / Posttraumatic growth among emergency workers: a systematic review of observational studies / Crecimiento post-traumático en profesionales de servicios de urgencia: una revisión sistemática de estudios observacionales

A exposição a eventos traumáticos pode gerar Crescimento Pós-Traumático (CPT). O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática das publicações sobre prevalência de CPT e sua associação com estressores ocupacionais entre profissionais de emergências. A revisão foi baseada no método PRISMA e previamente registrada no PROSPERO. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (ScIELO). Dentre os resultados, não foi possível identificar a prevalência de CPT. Estressores operacionais foram associados ao CPT. Estressores organizacionais foram raramente investigados. Concluiu-se que o CPT é um dos focos em estudos sobre reações pós-traumáticas entre profissionais de emergências e está associado a estressores ocupacionais. Por isso, trata-se de um construto importante para compreender a saúde mental desses profissionais, dada a organização e a natureza de suas tarefas no trabalho. (AU)

Exposure to traumatic events can lead to Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The present study aimed to was to conduct a systematic review of publications on the prevalence of PTG and its association with occupational stressors among emergency professionals. The review was based on the PRISMA method and previously registered in PROSPERO. The search was conducted in following eletronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Mediline), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). It was not possible to identify the prevalence of The prevalence of PTG was not identified among emergency professionals. Operational stressors were associated with to PTG. Organizational stressors were rarely investigated. We concluded that PTG is one of the focuses in studies on post-traumatic reactions among emergency professionals and it is associated with occupational stressors. Therefore, it is an important construct to understand the mental health of these professionals given the organization and the nature of their occupational tasks. (AU)

La exposición a eventos traumáticos puede generar Crecimiento Post-Traumático (CPT). El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones sobre predominio del CPT y su asociación con estresores ocupacionales entre profesionales de servicios de urgencia. La revisión fue basada en el método PRISMA y previamente registrada en el PROSPERO. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos de Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). Entre los resultados, no fue posible identificar el predominio del CPT. Estresores operativos se asociaron con el CPT y estresores organizacionales fueron raramente investigados. Se concluyó que el CPT es el foco principal en los estudios sobre reacciones postraumáticas entre los profesionales de servicios de urgencia y está asociado a estresores ocupacionales. Por eso, se trata de un constructo importante para comprender la salud mental de esos profesionales dada la organización y la naturaleza de sus tareas en el trabajo. (AU)

El maltrato infantil y su rol en el curso clínico de pacientes con trastorno bipolar / History of child abuse among patients with bipolar disorders

Background: A history of child abuse is common and has a significant impact in the clinical course of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorders (BD). Aims: To assess the frequency of child abuse experiences in patients BD type I and to evaluate its association with clinical course and cognitive functioning variables. Material and Methods: 117 patients with BD aged 45 ± 14 years (66% women) answered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The clinical course (illness onset, history of suicide attempts and number of hospitalizations) was obtained from medical records. Cognitive functioning was evaluated through social and non-social cognition tasks. Results: 64% of participants reported some type of child abuse. This variable was associated with an early onset of the disease (Odds ratio (OR) = 3.3; p < 0.02), increased risk of suicide attempts (OR = 2.4; p < 0.04) and specific disturbances in social cognitive tasks. Conclusions: Our study supports evidence of a common history of child abuse in patients with BD. Although child abuse predicts a worse clinical course, major clinical practice guidelines, as well as research designs, do not highlight this evidence.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the International Trauma Questionnaire for use in Brazilian Portuguese

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The most recent editions of diagnostic manuals have proposed important modifications in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is the gold-standard measurement for assessing PTSD and complex PTSD in accordance with the model of the 11th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to adapt the ITQ for the Brazilian context. DESIGN AND SETTING: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ITQ for use in Brazilian Portuguese was performed in trauma research facilities in Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: The adaptation followed five steps: (1) translation; (2) committee synthesis; (3) experts' evaluation through the content validity index (CVI) and assessment of interrater agreement though kappa statistics; (4) comprehension test with clinical and community samples (n = 35); and (5) final back-translation and authors' evaluation. RESULTS: Two independent translations were conducted. While working on a synthesis of these translations, the committee proposed changes in six items to adapt idiomatic expressions or to achieve a more accurate technical fit. Both the expert judges' evaluation (CVI > 0.7; k > 0.55) and the pretest in the target population (mean comprehension > 3) indicated that the adapted items were adequate and comprehensible. The final back-translation was approved by the authors of the original instrument. CONCLUSION: ITQ in its Brazilian Portuguese version achieved satisfactory content validity, thus providing a tool for Brazilian research based on PTSD models of the ICD-11.

O profissional de saúde na Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados: Atenção e cuidado com os aspectos psicológicos dos pacientes / The healthcare professional in the Burn Treatment Unit: Care and attention to patient's psychological aspects / El profesional de salud en la Unidad de Tratamiento de Quemados: La atención y el cuidado con los aspectos psicológicos de los pacientes

Objetivo: Identificar, na atuação do profissional de saúde na Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados (UTQ), a compreensão e o cuidado com os aspectos psicológicos do paciente. Método: Estudo qualitativo com caráter exploratório-descritivo. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram revisão bibliográfica e coleta de dados em entrevistas semiestruturadas com um grupo de profissionais atuantes em uma UTQ, com análise posterior dos discursos, por meio de abordagem fenomenológica em pesquisa. Resultados: Os profissionais identificam a UTQ como "lugar da dor", ressaltam as particularidades dos pacientes, o sofrimento psíquico intenso, e afirmam ser a experiência o principal recurso para o aprendizado do trabalho. Ainda indicam que, em sua formação, pouco preparo tiveram para atuar nessa unidade, principalmente no que se refere aos cuidados com os aspectos psicológicos. Conclusão: A UTQ necessita de saberes específicos para o cuidado com os pacientes e os cursos de formação em saúde não contemplam esse aprendizado, especialmente no que tange aos aspectos psicológicos, apontados como muito significativos em vítimas de queimaduras.

Objective: To identify, in the healthcare professionals performance in the Burn Treatment Unit (BTU), the understanding and care with the psychological aspects of the patients. Methods: Qualitative study with an exploratory-descriptive aspect. The methodological procedures were bibliographic review and data collection in semi-structured interviews with a group of working professionals at a Burn Treatment Unit, with a later analysis of the results, by means of a phenomenological approach in research. Results: Working professionals at BTU identify the place as "place of pain", emphasize the particularities of patients, the intense psychic suffering, and claim that experience is the main resource for learning the job. They still indicate that during their graduation few preparation was given to act in this area, principally with regard to care for the psychological aspects. Conclusion: BTQ needs specific knowledge to care for patients and health training courses do not contemplate this learning, especially regarding the psychological aspects, indicated as very significant in victims of burns. KEYWORDS: Burns. Burn Units. Psychological Trauma. Patient Care. Pain.

Objetivo: Identificar, en la actuación del profesional de la salud de la Unidad de Tratamiento Quemados (UTQ), la comprensión y el cuidado con los aspectos psicológicos del paciente. Método: estudio qualitativo de carácter exploratório-descriptivo. Los procedimientos metodológicos fueron revisión bibliográfica y recopilación de datos en entrevistas semi estructuradas con un grupo de profesionales actuantes en una UTQ, con análise posterior de los discursos, por medio de un enfoque fenomenológico en investigación. Resultados: Los profesionales identifican la UTQ como el "lugar del dolor", resaltan las particularidades de los pacientes, el sufrimiento psíquico intenso, y afirman ser la experiencia el principal recurso para el aprendizaje del trabajo. Todavía indican que tuvieron poco preparo durante su formación para actuar en esta unidad, principalmente en lo que se refiere a los cuidados con los aspectos psicológicos. Conclusion: La UTQ necesita de saberes específicos para el cuidado con los pacientes y los cursos de formación en salud no contemplan ese aprendizaje, principalmente en relación a los aspectos psicológicos, indicados como muy significativos en víctimas de quemaduras.

Caminhos da sobrevivência psíquica à resiliência: um relato de caso / Pathways from psychic survival to resilience: a case report

Resiliência é um conceito ainda em evolução que procura compreender a capacidade de alguns indivíduos suportarem situações traumáticas de três maneiras principais: mantendo seu equilíbrio mental, retornando ao seu funcionamento prévio ou crescendo psiquicamente após o trauma. No contexto psicoterapêutico, é importante conhecer como auxiliar o indivíduo a percorrer os caminhos de um estado mental de adaptação ao trauma (sobrevivência psíquica) à resiliência. O presente relato ilustra dificuldades enfrentadas nesse processo em psicoterapia de orientação analítica de um paciente com história de múltiplos traumas e problemas severos ao longo de seu ciclo vital. Destaca a importância do papel de tutor de resiliência exercido pelo psicoterapeuta, através de encontros emocionalmente genuínos e sensíveis que criam um espaço para que a dor seja acolhida e a resiliência "tecida" mediante narrativas que produzam experiências de reparação, facilitando a construção de novas bases de segurança e metamorfoseando feridas psíquicas em novos significados. Para o psicoterapeuta empreender essa função, o relato também delineia a importância de se compreender os fatores que dificultam o sujeito a percorrer esse caminho sem ajuda profissional, incluindo: déficit na aquisição de recursos internos na infância; tipo, intensidade, período do ciclo vital, contexto e significados do evento traumático; bem como carência de rede de apoio ou dificuldade ao mobilizá-la para narrar e encenar o trauma.(AU)

Resilience is an evolving concept that tries to understand the ability of some individuals to endure traumatic situations in three main ways: maintaining their mental balance, returning to their previous functioning or growing psychically after the trauma. In the psychotherapeutic context, it is important to know how to help the individual to go through the pathways from a mental state of adjustment to trauma (psychic survival) to resilience. The present report illustrates difficulties faced in this process in psychoanalytic psychotherapy of a patient with history of multiple traumas and severe problems throughout his life cycle. It highlights the importance of the role of tutor of resilience performed by the psychotherapist, through emotionally genuine and sensitive encounters that set up a space for pain to be embraced and resilience "woven" by narratives that produce experiences of reparation, facilitating the development of new foundations of safety and metamorphosing psychic wounds into new meanings. For the psychotherapist to undertake this function, the report also delineates the importance of understanding the factors that hinder the individual to go through this pathway without professional help, including: deficit in acquisition of internal resources in childhood; type, intensity, life cycle period, context and meanings of the traumatic event; as well as lack of support network or difficulty in mobilizing it to narrate and enact the trauma.(AU)

Resiliencia es un concepto aún en evolución que busca comprender la capacidad de algunos individuos para soportar situaciones traumáticas de tres maneras principales: manteniendo su equilibrio mental, retornando a su funcionamiento previo o creciendo psíquicamente después del trauma. En el contexto psicoterapéutico, es importante conocer cómo ayudar al individuo a recorrer los caminos de un estado mental de adaptación al trauma (supervivencia psíquica) a la resiliencia. El presente relato ilustra dificultades enfrentadas en ese proceso en psicoterapia de orientación psicoanalítica de un paciente con historia de múltiples traumas y problemas severos en su ciclo vital. Destaca la importancia del papel de tutor de resiliencia ejercido por el psicoterapeuta, a través de encuentros emocionalmente genuinos y sensibles que crean un espacio para que el dolor sea acogido y la resiliencia "tejida" mediante narrativas que produzcan experiencias de reparación, facilitando la construcción de nuevas bases de seguridad y metamorfoseando heridas psíquicas en nuevos significados. Para el psicoterapeuta emprender esa función, el relato también delinea la importancia de comprender los factores que dificultan al sujeto a recorrer ese camino sin ayuda profesional, incluyendo: déficit en la adquisición de recursos internos en la infancia; tipo, intensidad, período del ciclo vital, contexto y significados del trauma; así como carencia de red de apoyo o dificultad al movilizarla para narrar y escenificar el trauma.(AU)

The Moderating Effect of Interpersonal Skills on the Relationship between Childhood Emotional Trauma and Depression in Nursing Students / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and depression. METHODS: From June to July, 2017, a convenience sample of 226 nursing students was recruited. Research data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: 68.1% (154) respondents experienced emotional abuse, and 48.1% (110) emotional neglect in childhood emotional trauma. The average depression score was 10.76. There were 54.4% (123), 34.5% (78), 12.8% (29), and 7.1% (16) of respondents with mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. The average interpersonal skills score was 3.59. There was a significant correlation between childhood emotional trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect), interpersonal skills and depression. And the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and depression was significant. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal skills play a role as a moderating variable influencing the relationship between emotional neglect of childhood emotional trauma and depression, and also reduce the effects of childhood emotional trauma on depression. When developing a depression prevention program for nursing college students, such programs should consider strategies to reduce the negative effects of childhood emotional trauma and to improve interpersonal skills.

Exploring Contributing Factors to Psychological Traumatic Childbirth from the Perspective of Midwives: A Qualitative Study

PURPOSE: As midwives witness and attend the whole process of childbirth, they have a better understanding of which factors may cause traumatic childbirth. However, because most of the studies paid their attention on mothers, little is known about psychological birth trauma from the perspective of midwives. This study aims to gain a full understanding of which factors may contribute to psychological traumatic childbirth from the perspective of midwives.METHODS: A qualitative research was conducted using in-depth interviews, which involved fourteen midwives from the maternal ward of a tertiary hospital. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and then, Colaizzi's method was used to analyze the contents of the interviews.RESULTS: We proposed four themes and eight subthemes on the influencing factors of psychological traumatic childbirth from the perspective of midwives: low perceived social support (lack of support from family and lack of support from medical staff), hard times (protracted labor in the first stage and futile efforts during the second stage), poor birth outcomes (poor birth outcomes of the mother and poor birth outcomes of the baby), and excruciating pain (unbearable pain of uterine contraction and labor pain was incongruent with the mother's expectations).CONCLUSION: Medical staff should pay attention to psychological traumatic childbirth and its effects, and emphasis on the screening and assessment of birthing women with negative feelings so that their psychological traumatic childbirth can be prevented and decreased.

Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a sample of Brazilian university students / Propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático em uma amostra de estudantes universitários brasileiros

Abstract Objective: To examine psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Method: A total of 300 university students were evaluated though instruments that investigated trauma history, depression and posttraumatic symptoms, and personality traits through the Big Five model. Pearson's correlation was used to assess internal consistency, inter-item reliability and construct validity. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to investigate the factor structure of the PTGI. Results: Results confirmed the original five-factor structure. The results showed good internal consistency for the total scale (α = 0.91) and its subscales, ranging from α = 0.85 to α = 0.70. Also, evidence of construct and convergent validity was observed through correlations with posttraumatic and depression symptoms and personality measures. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that the Brazilian PTGI is reliable and showed adequate evidence of validity.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é examinar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory - PTGI). Método: Foram avaliados 300 estudantes universitários através de instrumentos que investigaram histórico de trauma, sintomas pós-traumáticos e de depressão e traços de personalidade através do modelo Big Five. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para investigar consistência interna, confiabilidade entre itens e procedimentos de validade de construto. Análise de componentes principais e análise de fatores confirmatórios foram realizadas para investigar a estrutura fatorial do PTGI. Resultados: Os resultados confirmaram a estrutura original de cinco fatores. Os resultados mostraram boa consistência interna para a escala total (α = 0.91) e suas subescalas, variando de α = 0.85 a α = 0.70. Além disso, evidências de validade de construto e convergente foram observadas através de correlações com sintomas pós-traumáticos e de depressão e medidas de personalidade. Conclusões: Os resultados preliminares sugerem que o PTGI brasileiro é confiável e apresentou evidência de validade adequada.

Traditional Healing – At What Cost ?: A Case Report from Rural India

In rural parts of India still the “magico-religious beliefs” regarding the occurrence of the psychiatric disordersand “magico-religious treatments” of the psychiatric disorders often seen and prevail. Such beliefs andtreatments many times lead to physical as well as psychological trauma to an individual suffering from anypsychiatric disorder and may lead to delay in seeking an appropriate professional help in time. The presentcase report attempts to depict what kind of physical and psychological trauma a person with psychiatricdisorder suffered at the hands of faith healer in absence of lack of awareness about the psychiatric disordersamong family members and other villagers.