Estructura de los síntomas de depresión según el CES-D y la ZDS en pacientes ambulatorios de un hospital general de Lima, Perú / The Structure of Depressive Symptoms Using CES-D and ZDS in Outpatients in a General Hospital in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: La depresión es una de las principales causas de discapacidad por enfermedad en el mundo. Estudios previos han demostrado la gran heterogeneidad del diagnóstico de depresión, por lo que es necesario desarrollar nuevas aproximaciones diagnósticas. El análisis de redes es una perspectiva que considera los síntomas como constituyentes del trastorno psiquiátrico. El objetivo es determinarla estructura de síntomas depresivos a partir de las escalas para depresión CES-D y ZDS. Métodos: Estudio transversal de análisis secundario de 194 pacientes mediante las escalas CES-D y ZDS. A partir de la base de datos se elaboraron matrices de correlaciones y redes de correlaciones parciales regularizadas, se estimaron medidas de centralidad y se realizó un análisis de estabilidad de la red. Resultados: En la escala CES-D, el ítem más central fue «Triste¼, mientras que en la escala ZDS lo fueron «Triste¼ y «Vivir¼. En la escala CES-D, la conexión entre «Disfrutar¼ y «Contento¼ fue la más fuerte. En la escala ZDS, fue entre los ítems «Vivir¼ y «Útil¼. El ítem «Marianas¼ fue el menos conectado de la red ZDS. Conclusiones: El síntoma más central de la escala CES-D fue la tristeza, mientras que en la ZDS fueron la tristeza y la anhedonia.

ABSTRACT Background: Depression represents one of the leading causes of disability due to illness worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the significant heterogeneity of the diagnosis of depression, making it necessary to develop new diagnostic approaches. Network analysis is a perspective that considers symptoms as constituents of the psychiatric disorder itself. The objective was to determine the structure of depressive symptoms using the CES-D and ZDS depression scales. Methods: Cross-sectional study of secondary analysis of 194 patients using the CES-D and ZDS scales. Correlation matrices and regularised partial correlation networks were constructed from the database. Centrality measures were estimated, and a network stability analysis was performed. Results: On the CES-D scale, the most central item was "Sad"; while on the ZDS scale, the most central items were "Sad" and "Live". On the CES-D scale, the connection between "Enjoy" and "Happy" was the strongest. On the ZDS scale, the strongest connection was between the items "Live" with "Useful". The item "Morning" was the least connected on the ZDS. Conclusions: The most central symptom from the CES-D scale was sadness, while from the ZDS scale, was sadness and anhedonia.

Los diagnósticos, la clínica psicoanalítica y el posicionamiento ético / Diagnosis, psychoanalytic clinic and ethical positioning / Diagnostics, clinique psychanalytique et positionnement ethique / Diagnósticos, clínica psicanalítica e posicionamento ético

El ser humano está signado por el conflicto, por los deseos contradictorios, por el intercambio nunca simple con los otros. Suponer que el otro debe ser una máquina que siga pautas implica desvitalizarlo, lo que es equivalente al aniquilamiento de lo humano. Las niñas y los niños no tienen que ser encerrados ni con clasificaciones psicopatológicas, ni con medicamentos. Las niñas y los niños tienen que tener un sostén esperanzado por parte del entorno, un suelo a partir del cual puedan desplegar sus alas... Transmitir esperanzas es parte importante de nuestra tarea. Debemos dejar que la vida fluya y aportar para que ese fluir derive en nuevos vuelos AU

The human being is marked by the conflict, the contradictory desires, by the never easy exchange with other people.Supposing that the other person must be a machine which follows guidelines means devitalize him and implies the annihilation of the human being.Girls and boys cannot be bounded, nor with psychopathological classifications either with medicines. Girls and boys must have a hopeful support by their environment, a ground which helps them to open their wings... Giving hope is a very important part of our duty.We must let the life flows and contribute to that flowing leads to new flights AU

L'être humain est marqué par le conflit, par les désirs contradictoires, par l'échange jamais simple avec autrui.Supposer que l'autre doit être une machine qui suit des directives implique de le dévitaliser, ce qui équivaut à l'anéantissement de l'humain.Les filles et les garçons ne doivent pas être enfermés, ni avec des classifications psychopathologiques, ni avec des médicaments.Les filles et les garçons doivent bénéficier du soutien plein d'espoir de leur environnement, d'un terrain à partir duquel ils peuvent déployer leurs ailes...Transmettre l'espoir est une partie importante de notre tâche.Il faut laisser lavie couler et contribuer à ce que ce flux conduise à de nouveaux envols AU

A pessoa humana está marcada pelo conflito, pelos desejos contraditórios, pela troca nunca simples com os outros.Assumir que a outra pessoa deve ser um aparelho que segue directrizes implica desvitalizá-lo, o que equivale à aniquilação do que é humano.As crianças não devem ser trancadas, nem com clasificações psicopatológicas, nem com medicação.As crianças devem ter um apoio esperançoso do seu ambiente, uma base a partir do qual possam abrir suas asas... Transmitir esperanças é uma parte importante da nossa tarefa. Devemos deixar a vida fluir e contribuir para garantir que esse fluxo conduzca a novos voos AU

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Short Screening Instrument for Psychological Problems in Enuresis for use in Brazil (SSIPPE-Br)

Abstract Objective: Enuresis is associated with attentional and emotional comorbidities in 20 to 30 % of cases. The Short Screening Instrument for Psychological Problems in Enuresis (SSIPPE) is a questionnaire that allows the initial screening of these comorbidities. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the SSIPPE for Brazilian children and adolescents (SSIPPE-Br). Methods: Six steps were performed for translation and cross-cultural adaptation: translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, preparation of the pre-final version of the translated instrument, test of comprehensibility of the pre-final version of the tool, and elaboration of the instrument cross-culturally adapted for Brazil, named 13-itens version SSIPPE-Br. To validate the SSIPPE-Br, a cross-sectional study was carried out, in which the validated Brazilian version of the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) was used. Results: Validation was performed on 127 children and adolescents with a mean age of 9.7 ± 2.8 years, 48 % male. The reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha, ranging from 0.86 to 0.89, indicating good internal consistency. The factorial analysis had a good agreement adjustment (KMO 0.755, Bartlett's test < 0.001) and explained 70.5 % of the data variability. In the reproducibility analysis, the Kappa coefficient ranged from 0.94 to 1, which can be considered almost perfect. A highly significant (p-value < 0.001) and direct correlation existed between the three SSIPPE-Br domains and all evaluated CABI domains. Conclusion: The SSIPPE-Br is a valid and reliable tool for emotional problems screening and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with enuresis whose first language is Brazilian Portuguese.

Trauma e literalidade: a razão psicodinâmica no espírito da traumatização neurocientífica / Trauma and literality: psychodynamic reason in the spirit of neuroscientific traumatization

Resumo Desde o seu nascimento na medicina cirúrgica do século XVII, a pesquisa do trauma admitiu interpretações múltiplas e associadas ora às lesões visíveis de órgãos e tecidos, ora à influência de agentes psíquicos patogênicos sobre a memória, a consciência e a personalidade. Com o aprofundamento do papel dos sistemas classificatórios desde DSM-III, o fenômeno do trauma será incorporado ao prisma psiquiátrico através do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático e destinado, finalmente, à circunscrição da pesquisa neurocientífica. A partir de revisão narrativa, este artigo abordará uma das premissas epistemológicas fundamentais para essa transição, que informa como o trauma psicológico ganhou autonomia sobre as descrições anatômicas para ser, cerca de um século depois, por ela reanexado enquanto fenômeno essencialmente corporal e aderido à gramática das neurociências.

Abstract Since its origin in the surgical medicine of the 17th century, trauma research has had multiple interpretations and has been associated either with visible injuries to organs and tissues, or with the influence of pathogenic psychic agents on memory, consciousness and personality. With the intensification of the role of classification systems since DSM-III, the phenomenon of trauma came to be incorporated into the psychiatric realm through Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and destined finally to the constraints of neuroscientific research. Based on a narrative review, this article will address one of the fundamental epistemological premises for this transition, which informs how psychological trauma gained autonomy over anatomical descriptions to be reclassified, around a century later, as an essentially bodily phenomenon and incorporated into the jargon of neurosciences.

Exploring depression in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of the clinical relationship with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale dimensions

Objective: Evidence on the relationship between depression and clinical dimensions of schizophrenia remains limited. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between depression and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) dimensions in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Methods: Trained assessors administered the PANSS to measure symptoms of schizophrenia and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia to measure depression. The association of depression with overall PANSS score and related dimensions was investigated in multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: We included 231 inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (mean age: 42.4 (SD: 12.9) years; men: 58.9%; mean overall PANSS score: 82.5 (SD: 20.1); drug-free or naïve: 39.3%), including 78 (33.8%) with clinically significant depressive symptoms. Depression was associated with higher overall (regression coefficient, SE: 0.029, 0.008; p < 0.001) and general psychopathology (regression coefficient, SE: 0.118, 0.023; p < 0.001) PANSS scores. We found an inverse relationship between depression and positive symptoms (regression coefficient, SE: -0.088, 0.028; p = 0.002). No association between depression and negative symptoms was found. Conclusion: Despite some limitations, our study shows that people affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorders with depression are likely to show more overall and general psychopathology symptoms but lower positive symptoms. Additional studies are needed to explore the generalizability of our findings.

Relações entre tempo vivido, depressão e pandemia na perspectiva da psicopatologia fenomenológica / Interrelation between lived time, depression, and pandemic from the perspective of phenomenological psychopathology / Relations entre le temps vécu, la dépression et la pandémie dans la perspective de la psychopathologie phénoménologique / Relaciones entre tiempo vivido, depresión y pandemia desde la perspectiva de la psicopatología fenomenológica

O tempo foi amplamente investigado por Eugène Minkowski, retomando os conceitos de Henri Bergson de tempo cronológico e duração vivida. Apesar de algumas divergências, a influência bergsoniana contribuiu para os estudos de Minkowski, que buscou alcançar as características e as alterações do tempo vivido nos pacientes. A alteração na vivência do tempo — possivelmente intensificada na pandemia de Covid-19 — está no cerne da depressão de acordo com a psicopatologia fenomenológica. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é ampliar a compreensão sobre o tempo vivido e a depressão durante esse período, o que é relevante considerando o acometimento de mais de 300 milhões de pessoas no mundo pela depressão e o aumento em 25% na sua prevalência global após o primeiro ano de contágio do vírus.

Resumos Time has been extensively investigated by Eugène Minkowski, taking up Henri Bergson's concepts of objective time and lived time. Despite some divergences, Bergsonian's influence contributed to the studies of Minkowski, who sought to reach the characteristics and alterations of lived time in patients. The alteration in the experience of time — possibly intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic — is placed at the core of depression according to phenomenological psychopathology. Thus, this study aims to expand the understanding of lived time and depression during the pandemic, which is relevant considering that more than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression and that its global prevalence increased by 25% after the first year of the virus infection.

Le temps a fait l'objet de recherches par Eugène Minkowski, reprenant les concepts de temps chronologique et de durée vécue d'Henri Bergson. Malgré certaines divergences, l'influence bergsonienne a contribué aux études de Minkowski, qui cherchait à comprendre les caractéristiques et les changements du temps vécu chez les patients. Le changement dans l'experience du temps — peut-être intensifié pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 — est au cœur de la depression selon la psychopathologie phénoménologique. Cet article cherche donc à élargir la compréhension du temps vécu et de la dépression pendant cette période, ce qui est pertinent compte tenu du fait que plus de 300 millions de personnes dans le monde sont touchées par la dépression et l'augmentation de 25% de sa prévalence mondiale après la première année d'infection par le virus.

El tiempo fue ampliamente investigado por Eugène Minkowski, retomando los conceptos de Henri Bergson de tiempo cronológico y duración vivida. A pesar de algunas divergencias, la influencia bergsoniana contribuyó a los estudios de Minkowski, que pretendía llegar a las características y cambios del tiempo vivido en los pacientes. La alteración en la vivencia del tiempo — posiblemente intensificada en la pandemia del COVID-19 — está en el centro de la depresión según la psico-patología fenomenológica. El objetivo de este artículo es ampliar la comprensión del tiempo vivido y de la depresión durante este período, lo que es relevante considerando que la depresión afecta a más de 300 millones de personas en el mundo y que hubo un aumento del 25% en su prevalencia global después del primer ano de contagio del virus.

Adaptation and psychometric properties of the Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire for Brazil / Adaptação e propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Sintomas de Ansiedade para o Brasil

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to adapt the Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire and analyze its psychometric properties for the Brazilian population. Method The adaptation was conducted in six stages: translation, synthesis, back translation, expert analysis, evaluation by the target population, and a pilot study. A total of 441 adults (M = 35.36; SD = 11.08 years) were interviewed, with 301 classified as healthy, 105 as having anxiety, and 35 as having depression. Results The Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire results demonstrated evidence of content validity, exhibiting high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.975 and McDonald's omega = 0.976). Moreover, the questionnaire showed evidence of criterion validity by effectively distinguishing between groups with and without anxiety (F(2.438) = 22.647; p < 0.01), as well as convergent validity with the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 (ρ = 0.70, p < 0.01), and correlations with anxiety (ρ = 0.62, p < 0.01), depression (ρ = 0.64, p < 0.01), and stress (ρ = 0.70, p < 0.01) scores from another instrument. Conclusion The Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire is valid and reliable for use by healthcare professionals in the Brazilian population.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo adaptar o Questionário de Sintomas de Ansiedade e analisar suas propriedades psicométricas para a população brasileira. Método A adaptação foi realizada em seis etapas: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, análise de especialistas, avaliação da população alvo e estudo piloto, foram entrevistados 441 adultos (M = 35,36; DP = 11,08 anos): 301 saudáveis, 105 com ansiedade e 35 com depressão. Resultados Os resultados do Questionário de Sintomas de Ansiedade demonstraram evidências de validade de conteúdo, alta consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,975 e ômega de McDonald = 0,976), evidências de validade de critério ao diferenciar grupos com e sem ansiedade (F(2,438) = 22,647; p = < 0,01 ), validade convergente com a entrevista estruturada do DSM-5 (ρ = 0,70 e p < 0,01) e com o escore de ansiedade (ρ = 0,62 e p < 0,01), depressão (ρ = 0,64 e p < 0,01) e estresse (ρ = 0,70 e p < 0,01) de outro instrumento. Conclusão O Questionário de Sintomas de Ansiedade é válido e confiável para ser aplicado por profissionais da saúde na população brasileira.

A historical construction of the phenomenon of mania in the field of psychopathology / Uma construção histórica do fenômeno da mania no campo psicopatoiógico / Une construction historique du phénomène de la manie dans le champ psychopathologique / Una construcción histórica del fenómeno de la mania en el campo psicopatológico

This study aims to shed light on the construction of the concept of mania in the field of psychopathology. The article addresses the historical evolution of mania, from manic-depressive illness to the diagnosis of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. It was observed that the current concept of mania is a product of the second half of the 19th century, although it originates from the classical Greek period, when it was understood as a way of being, and then, throughout history, was reduced to a psychopathological symptom. Currently, mania is again being considered in a broader sense, as manic functioning, but without excluding its symptomatic condition. It is from this position that we situate it as a phenomenon, encompassing the symptom and the lived experience, from the perspective constructed from phenomenological psychopathology, which looks at the manic experience not by reducing it to a natural fact, but by understanding it as a historical-cultural phenomenon, constructed in the world of human relationships.

Resumos Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a construção do conceito de mania no campo psicopatológico. Aborda-se a evolução histórica da mania, desde a doença maníaco-depressiva até o diagnóstico de transtornos bipolares e esquizoafetivos. Observou-se que o atual conceito de mania é um produto da segunda metade do século XIX, embora oriundo do período clássico grego quando era entendido como um modo de ser, e depois, ao longo da história, foi reduzido a um sintoma psicopatológico. Atualmente, a mania volta a ser considerada de forma mais ampla, como um funcionamento maníaco, mas sem descartar sua condição sintomática. É a partir dessa posição que a situamos como fenômeno, englobando o sintoma e o vivido, a partir da perspectiva construída a partir da psicopatologia fenomenológica que olha a experiência maníaca não reduzindo-a a um fato natural, mas como fenômeno histórico-cultural, construída no mundo das relações humanas.

Cette recherche vise à comprendre la construction du concept de manie dans le champ psychopathologique. L'évolution historique de la manie, de la maladie maniaco-dépressive aux diagnostics de troubles bipolaires et schizo-affectifs, est abordée. Il a été observe que le concept actuel de manie est un produit de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, bien qu'originaire de lapériode grecque classique où il était compris comme une manière d'etre, puis réduit à un symptôme psychopathologique tout au long de l'histoire. Actuellement, la manie est à nouveau considérée au sens large comme un fonctionnement maniaque, mais sans exclure sa condition symptomatique. C'est à partir de cette position que nous la situons comme un phénomène, englobant le symptôme et le vécu, dans la perspective construite par la psychopathologie phénoménologique qui envisage l'expérience maniaque en ne la réduisant pas à un fait naturel, mais comme un phénomène historico-culturel construit dans le monde des relations humaines.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender la construcción del concepto de mania en el campo psicopatológico. Se aborda la evolución histórica de la manía desde la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva hasta los diagnósticos de trastorno bipolar y esquizoafectivo. Se observó que el concepto actual de manía proviene de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, aunque tuvo su origen en la época clásica griega cuando la entendía como una forma de ser y luego, a lo largo de la historia, se redujo a un síntoma psicopatológico. Actualmente, la manía vuelve a considerarse de forma más amplia como un funcionamiento maníaco, sin descartar su condición sintomática. En esta posición se constituye un fenómeno que abarca el síntoma y lo vivido desde la perspectiva construida en la psicopatología fenomenológica que no mira la experiencia maníaca como un hecho natural, sino como un fenómeno históricocultural construido en el mundo de las relaciones humanas.

Validation of the Brazilian version of the Short Inventory of Grazing (SIG)

Abstract Objective Grazing is a disturbed eating pattern that has been associated with eating disorders and obesity. One of the new measures to investigate this eating behavior is the Short Inventory of Grazing (SIG), a two-item questionnaire that assesses grazing in general and grazing associated with the feeling of loss of control over eating (LOC grazing). However, the psychometric properties of the SIG have not been assessed in the Brazilian population. The present study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate a Brazilian version of the SIG. Methods The SIG was adapted to the Brazilian context following international guidelines. Then, 90 undergraduate students completed an online survey including questions from the SIG, the Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD7), and a question related to self-reported health status. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the questionnaire were assessed. Results The prevalence rates of at least one weekly episode of grazing in general and LOC grazing were 71.1 and 54.5%, respectively. The internal consistence of the SIG was acceptable (0.81). In addition, SIG scores on both items were positively and significantly associated with BES, GAD7, and PHQ9 scores, and with poorer self-rated health. However, SIG test and retest scores differed significantly. Conclusion Overall, the Brazilian version of the SIG demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. The instrument had adequate internal consistency, with both items exhibiting good convergent validity with related measures.

O silenciamento de um enigma: sobre a interpretação da mania como defesa / The silencing of an enigma: interpreting mania as a defense / Une énigme passée sous silence: l'interprétation de la manie comme defense / El silenciamiento de un enigma: sobre la interpretación de la manía como defensa

Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, observa-se a emergência de um debate a respeito do pouco avanço nas pesquisas sobre a mania em psicanálise. Este artigo examina duas hipóteses que elegem a nosografia como fator explicativo elementar para essa lacuna: a primeira concerne ao amplo assentimento da categoria da psicose maníaco-depressiva, ao passo que a segunda se refere à adoção indistinta de categorias divergentes pelos psicanalistas. Contrariamente a essas interpretações, mas ainda dentro do mesmo quadro de referência, pretende-se sustentar que o fator mais decisivo para tal estagnação da pesquisa situa-se nas concepções de curso do quadro incorporadas pela psicanálise. Argumenta-se que, se, por um lado, o sentido de defesa atribuído à posição invariavelmente secundária da mania na circulação com a melancolia contribuiu para a delimitação metapsicológica do quadro, por outro, ela conduziu ao estreitamento exagerado de sua psicopatologia e à correspondente redução das pesquisas sobre esses casos.

Abstract: Recent decades saw the emergence of a debate regarding the halt in research on mania in psychoanalysis. This article examines two explanatory hypotheses for this gap based on nosography: the first concerns the broad endorsement of manic-depressive psychosis as a category, whereas the second refers to the indistinct adoption of divergent categories by psychoanalysts. Contrary to these interpretations, but within the same framework, we claim that the most decisive factor for such stagnation lies in the conceptions of mania assumed by psychoanalysis. If, on the one hand, the meaning attributed to the invariably secondary position of mania alongside melancholia as a defense contributed to the metapsychological delimitation of the clinical picture, on the other, it led to the exaggerated restriction of its psychopathology and the corresponding decrease in research on these cases.

Résumé : Au cours des dernières décennies, un débat a émergé sur le faible progrès dans la recherche sur la manie en psychanalyse. Cet article examine deux hypothèses qui privilégient la nosographie comme facteur explicatif élémentaire de cette lacune : la première concerne l'acceptation générale de la catégorie de psychose maniaco-dépressive, tandis que la seconde se réfère à l'adoption indistincte de catégories divergentes par les psychanalystes. Contrairement à ces interprétations, mais toujours dans le même cadre de référence, nous soutenons que le facteur le plus décisif de cette stagnation réside dans les conceptions de l'évolution de la manie incorporées par la psychanalyse. Si, d'une part, le sens la défense attribué à la position invariablement secondaire de la manie en circulation avec la mélancolie a contribué à la délimitation métapsychologique du tableau clinique, d'autre part, il a conduit à un rétrécissement exagéré de sa psychopathologie et à une réduction correspondante de la recherche.

Resumen: En las últimas décadas ha surgido un debate sobre la falta de avances en la investigación sobre la manía en psicoanálisis. Este artículo examina dos hipótesis que eligen a la nosografía como factor explicativo elemental de esta brecha: La primera se refiere a la amplia adhesión a la categoría de psicosis maníaco-depresiva, mientras que la segunda alude a la adopción indistinta de categorías divergentes por parte de los psicoanalistas. Contrariamente a estas interpretaciones, pero dentro del mismo marco, se sostiene que el factor determinante para el estancamiento de esta investigación reside en las concepciones del curso de la manía asumidas por el psicoanálisis. Por un lado, se argumenta que el sentido de defensa atribuido a la posición invariablemente secundaria de la manía en circulación con la melancolía contribuyó a la delimitación metapsicológica del cuadro clínico; por otro, esta ha llevado a una restricción de su psicopatología y disminución de los estudios sobre estos casos.

Malestar psicológico y síntomas psicopatológicos en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el malestar psicológico y los síntomas psicopatológicos en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19. Se trabajó con metodología mixta, cuali-cuantitativa. Método: Participaron del estudio 131 adultos de entre 21 y 76 años (68,7 % habían padecido COVID- 19), quienes completaron un cuestionario personal y el Inventario de Síntomas de Derogatis Revisado [SCL-90-R]. Adicionalmente se efectuaron 10 entrevistas semi-estructuradas en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 que debieron hospitalizarse a causa de la enfermedad. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que los participantes recuperados de COVID-19 reportaban mayores niveles de malestar y síntomas psicopatológicos luego de su recuperación, en comparación con los participantes que no contrajeron la enfermedad. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) para casi todos los indicadores, a excepción de Sensibilidad interpersonal e Ideación paranoide (p = 0,06). Además, los pacientes que fueron hospitalizados, pero no fueron intervenidos con respiración asistida, presentaron indicadores más altos para Somatizaciones y para Obsesiones y compulsiones en comparación al grupo que fue internado con respirador (p < 0,05). Complementaria- mente, el análisis cualitativo sugiere que los participantes hospitalizados experimentaron malestar y distintas consecuencias por la internación y la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Los resultados están en línea con lo reportado en la literatura y sugieren la importancia de la contención psicológica como complementaria a la recuperación física.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate psychological distress and psychopathological symptoms in patients recovered from COVID-19. For this purpose, we worked with a mixed, quali-quantitative methodology. Method: A total of 131 adults between 21 and 76 years of age (68,7 % had suffered COVID-19) participated in the study, completing a personal questionnaire and the Symptom Check-List-90-R [SCL-90-R]. In addition, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with recovered COVID-19 patients who had to be hospitalized because of the disease. Results: The results indicated that participants who recovered from COVID-19 reported higher levels of distress and psychopathological symptoms after their recovery, compared to participants who did not contract the disease. Statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) were found for almost all indicators, except for Interpersonal Sensitivity and Paranoid Ideation (p = 0,06). Additionally, patients who were hospitalized but not given assisted breathing interventions showed higher indicators for Somatization and Obsessions and Compulsions compared to the group that was hospitalized with a ventilator (p < 0,05). Furthermore, the qualitative analysis suggests that hospitalized participants experienced distress and different consequences from hospitalization and the disease. Discussions: The results are in line with what has been reported in the literature and suggest the importance of psychological support as a complement to physical recovery.

¿La pandemia de COVID-19 condiciona el contenido delirante de los pacientes con psicosis? Un estudio observacional / Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Condition the Delusional Content of Patients with Psychosis? An Observational Study

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo principal es analizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en los desencadenantes de la psicopatología y el contenido delirante de los pacientes con síntomas psicóticos atendidos durante los primeros 3 meses en un hospital terciario de Madrid. Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y retrospectivo en pacientes que acudieron a urgencias psiquiátricas entre el 11 de marzo y el 11 de junio de 2020. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se realizaron las pruebas de la x2 o el test exacto de Fisher para el contraste de hipótesis de variables categóricas. El nivel de significación estadística se estableció en p < 0,05. Resultados: En el primer mes, la COVID-19 condiciona el contenido delirante del 38,5% de los pacientes ingresados y actúa como desencadenante directo de las consultas en el 46,2% de los casos. En la segunda semana en concreto, afecta al 100% de los pacientes en ambos casos. Posteriormente se observa un descenso progresivo y significativo, y la COVID-19 es el factor desencadenante del 17,6 y el 11,5% de las consultas en el segundo y el tercer mes y el condicionante del contenido delirante en el 13,7 y el 3,8% de los casos respectivamente. Conclusiones: La actual pandemia afecta a la patoplastia del delirio. El contenido delirante de los pacientes ingresados con síntomas psicóticos se ve rápidamente condicionado, lo que puede estar en relación con el cambio de vida radical, sin transición ni preparación previa. Los acontecimientos y el entorno del paciente tienen un enorme impacto en la dinámica y las características de trastornos mentales. © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The primary objective is to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the triggers of psychopathology and on the delusional content of patients with psychotic symptoms treated during the first three months of the pandemic in a tertiary hospital in Madrid. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study of all patients attending the psychiatric emergency room (ER) between 11th March and 11th June 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were included. The chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test were performed to compare categorical variables. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: In the first month of the pandemic, COVID-19 conditioned the delirious content of 38.5% of the admitted patients and acted as a direct trigger for 46.2% of consultations. In the second week it affected 100.0% of the patients in both cases. Subsequently, a progressive and significant decrease was observed, with COVID-19 being the triggering factor for 17.6% and 11.5% of consultations in the second and third months of the pandemic respectively. Similarly, it was the main determinant of the delusional content in 13.7% and 3.8% of cases respectively. Conclusions: The current pandemic affects delirium's pathoplasty. The delusional content of patients admitted with psychotic symptoms is quickly conditioned, which may be related to the radical change in their life, without transition or prior preparation. The patient's environmental context and events have a huge impact on the dynamics and characteristics of mental disorders.

Medicalização, saúde mental e biopolítica: uma revisão integrativa / Medicalization, mental health and biopower: a integrative

Este estudo objetivou investigar o fenômeno da medicalização em adultos no campo da saúde mental no contexto brasileiro, problematizando o uso de medicamentos como principal ferramenta terapêutica para lidar com o sofrimento psíquico, dispondo do entendimento de biopoder por meio de Foucault e das contribuições de Amarante para o campo da saúde mental. Adotou-se como método a revisão integrativa de literatura a partir de artigos científicos publicados no Portal de Periódicos da Capes e nas bibliotecas eletrônicas científicas SciELO e PePSIC entre 2011 e 2021. Os dados coletados foram tratados por meio da técnica de análise temática de conteúdo. Apontou-se a medicalização como lógica que limita as subjetividades e atua na manutenção do sistema político-econômico vigente. Além disso, identificou-se a correlação entre o uso indiscriminado de medicações e a individualização do sofrimento, reduzindo o cuidado à saúde. Portanto, contribuiu-se para condições desmedicalizantes e antimanicomiais.

This study had the purpose to investigate the phenomenon of medicalization in adults in the mental health field in a Brazilian context, problematizing the use of medications as the main tool to handle psychic suffering, with Foucault's concept of biopower and contributions of Amarante for the mental health field. The chosen method was the integrative literature review of published scientific articles, in Capes Portal of Journals and scientific electronic library SciELO and PePSIC, between 2011-2021. The collected data was managed by content analysis as a method. The medicalization and its main pillars was pointed as a limited logic of the subjectives and political-economic current system maintainers; as well as the correlation between the indiscriminate use of medications and suffering individualization, reducing the wealth of care. Therefore, contributes for a desmedicalization process and anti-asylum conditions.

Una versión reducida y modificada del Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5 (PID-5) en la Argentina / A reduced and modified version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) in Argentina

Resumen El modelo dimensional alternativo para los trastornos de personalidad incluye 25 facetas (rasgos patológicos) organizadas en cinco dominios de orden superior (Desapego, Afectividad Negativa, Psicoticismo, Antagonismo y Desinhibición). Para evaluar este modelo, se desarrolló el Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), que posee dos versiones: una extensa (220 ítems) que evalúa dominios y facetas, y una breve (25 ítems) que evalúa solo los dominios. En un trabajo anterior, se brindó evidencia favorable para una versión breve (31 ítems) adaptada para ser utilizada en población argentina. En el presente trabajo se estudian las propiedades psicométricas de una versión reducida y modificada del PID-5 que permite evaluar ambos componentes por medio de una cantidad de ítems (108). La validez convergente se evaluó a través de la relación con una medida de rasgos de personalidad normal del Modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores. Se trabajó con una muestra de tipo no probabilística de n = 525 sujetos de población general, que respondieron la versión adaptada del PID-5 y el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar la Personalidad. Los resultados brindaron evidencia de validez y confiabilidad para el instrumento. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio sugirió un buen ajuste de la estructura pentafactorial. La consistencia interna resultó adecuada y los ítems presentaron buenos índices de discriminación. Se observaron diferencias de género y edad, y correlaciones con los factores correspondientes de los cinco grandes. Esta versión puede ser utilizada para evaluar el modelo, con fines tanto clínicos como de investigación, y con ventajas respecto al tiempo de administración respecto a la versión extensa original.

Abstract The official classification of personality disorders in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) remains categorical. However, a dimensional alternative for personality disorders is presented as an emerging model. The model is organized in five higher order domains (Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition and Psychoticism), with relationships with the Big Five Model of Personality, strongly established within the Personality Psychology. The proposal also includes 25 facets or second-order traits, included within the main domains. Domains and facets represent psychopathological traits with clinical relevance. To assess this model, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was developed. PID-5 has two forms: extensive (220 items) that assesses domains and facets, and brief (25 items) that assesses only the domains. In a previous study, evidence for a short version (31 items) adapted to the Argentine population was provided, that overcomes some of the limitations of the original one. In this work, the psychometric properties of a reduced and modified version of the PID-5 are studied, which allows evaluating five domains and 25 facets, through a reduced number of items (108). We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of n = 525 subjects from the general population, who answered the adapted version of the PID-5 and the Adjectives Checklist to Assess the Big Five Personality Factors (AEP), a Big Five Model measure. The following data analyses were performed: (1) Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to evaluate the internal structure of PID-5; (2) reliability analysis to assess the internal consistency of the PID-5 scales; (3) item analysis to assess discriminating power; (4) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine significant differences due to gender and age; and (5) bivariate correlation analysis to analyze PID-5 convergent validity. The results provided evidence of validity and reliability. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested a five-factor structure. The facets presented factor loadings in the domain theoretically expected, with some exceptions: Suspiciousness (loaded in Psychoticism), Hostility (loaded in Disinhibition), Depressivity (loaded in Detachment) and Insensitivity (loaded in Detachment). CFA also suggested a good model fit (CFI = .98; RMSEA = .04; SRMR = 0.083). Psychoticism, Detachment, and Disinhibition facets had their higher factor loadings in the expected domain. Negative affectivity showed higher correlations with the rest of the scales. Internal consistency was satisfactory, especially at the domain level, and the items had good discrimination indices. Correlations with the corresponding of the Big Five factors were observed, similar to previous studies. The five PID-5 domains were also found positively correlated. Additionally, gender and age differences were found. In line with previous literature, results suggest that some facets scales are "pure" markers of these domains (e. g., Psychoticism and Antagonism facets), whereas others (e. g., Negative Affectivity facets such as Depressiveness, Suspicion, Hostility), are located "in between" domains since they share features of more than one domain. Psychoticism facets presented higher loadings in their domains and lower in the rest. This is not surprising; although most of psychopathology cannot be understood as categories, schizophyte and Schizotypal Personality Disorder are exceptions, and Psychoticism would be the representation of these categories in the APA model. Findings also provide evidence of convergent validity for the instrument, as well as theorical evidence regarding the relationship between normal and pathological personality traits. This version can be used to evaluate the model, both in research and clinical practice. It has advantages over the original longer version, in terms of administration time and participants' fatigue, while maintaining its psychometric properties. The results are also expected to contribute to the recent literature on the dimensional approach to personality psychopathology. However, complementary studies, particularly with a clinical population, are needed.

Diseño de un modelo de regresión para predecir la presencia de la depresión durante el embarazo a partir de la inteligencia emocional, el cuidado parental, la ansiedad y el estrés

Introducción: La depresión perinatal se ha definido como la presencia de episodios depresivos mayores o menores durante el período gestacional y/o durante el primer año posparto. La depresión durante el embarazo afecta alrededor de un 13% de las mujeres embarazadas a nivel mundial y en un 10% en la población chilena con consecuencias significativas para la mujer, su hijo y su familia. Objetivo: Diseñar un nuevo modelo para predecir la presencia de depresión en mujeres durante el embarazo. Método: Estudio no experimental, transversal, de tipo explicativo de la depresión en mujeres durante el embarazo (regresión logística) considerando las variables inteligencia emocional, cuidado parental, ansiedad y estrés. La muestra estuvo conformada por 273 mujeres-madres gestantes entre 14 y 38 semanas de embarazo, con edades entre 18 y 38 años, para una media de 25.67 años (SD= 5.8). Resultados: El modelo de regresión es válido y significativo en la predicción de las probabilidades de ocurrencia de la depresión, explicando el 82,4% de la varianza de la VD (Presencia de la depresión) por las variables edad, las dimensiones claridad y reparación de la inteligencia emocional, las dimensiones sobreprotección materna y paterna, cuidado paterno de las variables estilo parental; estrés, trabajo y estado civil soltera. Hay un 95.2% de probabilidad de acierto en el resultado de la depresión cuando se incorpora cada una de las variables del modelo. Conclusiones: Los mejores predictores de la depresión en el embarazo serían por una parte mayores niveles o valores de las variables e indicadores edad, reparación, sobreprotección materna, cuidado paterno y estrés, y por otra parte puntajes bajos en las dimensiones y valores de variables claridad, y sobreprotección paterna; sumado a si la mujer trabaja y es soltera. Esta combinación de las variables serían las condiciones tanto individuales como contextuales que influyen en dicha aparición.

Background: Emotion regulation involves the modulation of emotional experiences to facilitate goal attainment. Conversely, emotional difficulties are a pattern of emotional experiences and expressions that interfere with goal-directed behavior. Objectives: Design a new model to predict the presence of depression in women during pregnancy. Methods: Non-experimental, cross-sectional, explanatory study of depression in women during pregnancy (logistic regression) considering the variables emotional intelligence, parental care, anxiety and stress. The sample consisted of 273 pregnant women-mothers between 14 and 38 weeks pregnant, aged between 18 and 38 years, for a mean of 25.67 years (SD= 5.8). Results: The regression model is valid and significant in predicting the probability of occurrence of depression, explaining 82.4% of the variance of DV (Presence of depression) by the variables age, clarity and repair of depression dimensions. emotional intelligence, the maternal and paternal overprotection dimensions, and paternal care of the parental style variables; stress, work and single marital status. There is a 95.2% probability of success in the depression result when each of the model variables is incorporated. Conclusions: The best predictors of depression in pregnancy would be, on the one hand, higher levels or values of the variables and indicators age, reparation, maternal overprotection, paternal care, and stress, and on the other hand, low scores in the dimensions and values of clarity variables, and paternal overprotection; added to whether the woman works and is single. This combination of variables would be the individual and contextual conditions that influence said appearance.

Design of a regression model to predict the presence of depression during pregnancy based on emotional intelligence, parental care, anxiety and stress / Diseño de un modelo de regresión para predecir la presencia de la depresión durante el embarazo a partir de la inteligencia emocional, el cuidado parental, la ansiedad y el estrés

Background: Emotion regulation involves the modulation of emotional experiences to facilitate goal attainment. Conversely, emotional difficulties are a pattern of emotional experiences and expressions that interfere with goal-directed behavior. Objectives: Design a new model to predict the presence of depression in women during pregnancy. Methods: Non-experimental, cross-sectional, explanatory study of depression in women during pregnancy (logistic regression) considering the variables emotional intelligence, parental care, anxiety and stress. The sample consisted of 273 pregnant women-mothers between 14 and 38 weeks pregnant, aged between 18 and 38 years, for a mean of 25.67 years (SD= 5.8). Results: The regression model is valid and significant in predicting the probability of occurrence of depression, explaining 82.4% of the variance of DV (Presence of depression) by the variables age, clarity and repair of depression dimensions. emotional intelligence, the maternal and paternal overprotection dimensions, and paternal care of the parental style variables; stress, work and single marital status. There is a 95.2% probability of success in the depression result when each of the model variables is incorporated. Conclusions: The best predictors of depression in pregnancy would be, on the one hand, higher levels or values of the variables and indicators age, reparation, maternal overprotection, paternal care, and stress, and on the other hand, low scores in the dimensions and values of clarity variables, and paternal overprotection; added to whether the woman works and is single. This combination of variables would be the individual and contextual conditions that influence said appearance.

Introducción: La depresión perinatal se ha definido como la presencia de episodios depresivos mayores o menores durante el período gestacional y/o durante el primer año posparto. La depresión durante el embarazo afecta alrededor de un 13% de las mujeres embarazadas a nivel mundial y en un 10% en la población chilena con consecuencias significativas para la mujer, su hijo y su familia. Objetivo: Diseñar un nuevo modelo para predecir la presencia de depresión en mujeres durante el embarazo. Método: Estudio no experimental, transversal, de tipo explicativo de la depresión en mujeres durante el embarazo (regresión logística) considerando las variables inteligencia emocional, cuidado parental, ansiedad y estrés. La muestra estuvo conformada por 273 mujeres-madres gestantes entre 14 y 38 semanas de embarazo, con edades entre 18 y 38 años, para una media de 25.67 años (SD= 5.8). Resultados: El modelo de regresión es válido y significativo en la predicción de las probabilidades de ocurrencia de la depresión, explicando el 82,4% de la varianza de la VD (Presencia de la depresión) por las variables edad, las dimensiones claridad y reparación de la inteligencia emocional, las dimensiones sobreprotección materna y paterna, cuidado paterno de las variables estilo parental; estrés, trabajo y estado civil soltera. Hay un 95.2% de probabilidad de acierto en el resultado de la depresión cuando se incorpora cada una de las variables del modelo. Conclusiones: Los mejores predictores de la depresión en el embarazo serían por una parte mayores niveles o valores de las variables e indicadores edad, reparación, sobreprotección materna, cuidado paterno y estrés, y por otra parte puntajes bajos en las dimensiones y valores de variables claridad, y sobreprotección paterna; sumado a si la mujer trabaja y es soltera. Esta combinación de las variables serían las condiciones tanto individuales como contextuales que influyen en dicha aparición.

Validation Spanish of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale in the Postpartum - City BITS / Validación al castellano de la Escala de Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático en el Postparto - City BITS

Background: Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a prevalence of 3-4% in women, rising to 15-19% in the presence of risks during pregnancy or childbirth, and reaching 39% in the case of neonatal death. Perinatal complications can trigger a real or perceived threat to maternal or neonatal life, which can evoke intense emotional reactions equivalent to a traumatic stressor according to PTSD criteria. Four symptom clusters have been identified: re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal symptoms. Despite its high comorbidity with depression and anxiety, postpartum PTSD remains underdiagnosed in maternal settings. The Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale, originally developed in England, is in the process of translation and global validation. Objective: To validate the Spanish adaptation of the City Birth Trauma Scale. Methods: Quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study in a sample of 677 Argentine women with children under 12 months of age. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed two dimensions that explained 49.56% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor structure. The scale showed high internal consistency (total α = .903), with α = .872 for 'birth-related symptoms' and α = .886 for 'general symptoms'. Construct validity of the City BiTS was demonstrated by moderate associations with the DASS-21 subscales and a negative correlation with the BIEPS-A. Conclusions: The Spanish adaptation of the City Birth Trauma Scale is confirmed as a reliable and valid instrument, consistent with original research findings and subsequent validations, articulating postpartum PTSD in two symptom categories: birth-related and general.

Introducci�n: El Trastorno de Estr�s Postraum�tico (TEPT) posparto tiene una prevalencia del 3�4% en mujeres, incrementando al 15-19% en presencia de riesgos durante la gestaci�n o parto, y alcanzando un 39% en caso de fallecimiento neonatal. Las complicaciones perinatales pueden desencadenar una amenaza real o interpretada sobre la vida materna o neonatal, lo cual puede suscitar intensas respuestas emocionales equivalentes a un estresor traum�tico seg�n los criterios de TEPT. Se identifican cuatro grupos sintom�ticos: reexperimentaci�n, evitaci�n, cogniciones y estado de �nimo negativos y s�ntomas de hiperactivaci�n. A pesar de su alta comorbilidad con depresi�n y ansiedad, el TEPT posparto permanece subdiagnosticado en contextos maternales. La Escala de Trastorno de Estr�s Postraum�tico en el Postparto, originalmente dise�ada en ingl�s en Inglaterra, est� en proceso de traducci�n y validaci�n global. Objetivo: Validar la adaptaci�n al castellano de The City Birth Trauma Scale. M�todo: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal y descriptivo-correlacional en una muestra de 677 mujeres argentinas con hijos menores de 12 meses. Resultados: El an�lisis factorial exploratorio revel� dos dimensiones que explican el 49.56% de la varianza total. El an�lisis factorial confirmatorio respald� esta estructura bifactorial. La escala demostr� una alta consistencia interna (α total = 0.903), siendo α = 0.872 para "S�ntomas relacionados con el parto" y α = 0.886 para "S�ntomas generales". La validez de constructo de City BiTS se evidenci� a trav�s de asociaciones moderadas con las subescalas de DASS-21 y una correlaci�n negativa con BIEPS-A. Conclusi�n: La adaptaci�n al castellano de The City Birth Trauma Scale se confirma como un instrumento confiable y v�lido, alineado con hallazgos de la investigaci�n original y validaciones subsiguientes, articulando el TEPT posparto en dos categor�as sintom�ticas: las relacionadas al parto y las generales.

Brazilian Version of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Evidence of Reliability and Validity / Versão Brasileira da Escala de Nível de Funcionamento da Personalidade - Forma Breve - 2.0: Evidência de Fidedignidade e Validade

Abstract The goal of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form - 2.0 (LPFS-BF-2.0) in Brazilian samples. Therefore, two samples were used in this study, one with 415 and the other with 1,011 Brazilians. Participants completed the Brazilian version of the LPFS-BF-2.0 and other measures of common mental disorder symptoms, suicide risk, the severity of personality pathology, and pathological personality traits. The results indicated that the two-factor model (including self-functioning and interpersonal functioning domains) fits the Brazilian samples better than a one-factor model. The LPFS-BF-2.0 scales indicated adequate reliability coefficients and evidence of convergent validity.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Nível de Funcionamento da Personalidade - Forma Breve - 2.0 (LPFS-BF-2.0) em amostras brasileiras. Assim, duas amostras foram utilizadas, uma com 415 e outra com 1.011 brasileiros. Os participantes responderam a versão brasileira da LPFS-BF-2.0 e outras medidas de sintomas de transtornos mentais comuns, de risco de suicídio, de severidade da patologia da personalidade e de traços patológicos da personalidade. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de dois fatores (incluindo os fatores de funcionamento do self e interpessoal) ajustou melhor às amostras de brasileiros do que o modelo de um fator. As escalas da LPFSP-BF-2.0 indicaram adequados coeficientes de fidedignidade e evidência de validade convergente.

A psicopatia e o criminoso nato: a modernização do positivismo criminológico / Psychopathy and the born criminal: the modernization of criminological positivism / Psicopatía y el criminal nato: la modernización del positivismo criminológico

O conceito de psicopatia é habitualmente associado a uma psicopatologia caracterizada pela falta de empatia, manipulação, agressividade, impulsividade, egocentrismo, crueldade e criminalidade. Já amplamente aceito pela comunidade científica, o conceito costuma ser utilizado em contextos jurídico-penais na validação de seu funcionamento punitivo. Dentre as concepções que alicerçaram o surgimento histórico desse conceito, destaca-se o papel do criminoso nato de Lombroso. Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou evidenciar como o conceito contemporâneo de psicopatia se firma enquanto modernização das concepções lombrosianas acerca do criminoso nato. Para isso, nos apoiamos na psicopatolologia para realizar um estudo comparativo entre as produções de Lombroso e as pesquisas contemporâneas acerca da psicopatia. Dentre as principais similaridades, destacamos a ênfase atribuída à suposta natureza criminal, etiologicamente decorrente de sua configuração orgânica. No mais, tais concepções também se assemelham no destaque de um déficit afetivo e moral, assim como na descrição da tendência a ser canhoto, egoísta, mentiroso, resistente à dor, narcisista, impulsivo, promíscuo, cruel, maléfico e inapto ao trabalho. Assim como fez Lombroso, as pesquisas acerca da psicopatia costumam ser realizadas com sujeitos já previamente criminalizados; condicionando uma seletividade étnico-racial e de classe. Descritos como sujeitos perigosos, incuráveis e intratáveis, ambas as concepções promovem a defesa do acirramento da punição jurídico-penal. Concluímos que a criminalidade nata de Lombroso continua a ser expressa no conceito de psicopatia, visto que as funções jurídico-penais e socioeconômicas de sua definição exercem o mesmo papel na legitimação científica da violência de Estado, encarceramento em massa e racismo estrutural.(AU)

Psychopathy is usually associated with a psychopathology characterized by a lack of empathy, manipulation, aggressiveness, impulsivity, egocentrism, cruelty, and criminality. Widely accepted by the scientific community, this concept is often used in legal and criminal contexts to validate its punitive functioning. Among the conceptions that underpinned the historical emergence of psychopathy, Lombroso's born criminal stands out. Hence, this study analyzes how the contemporary concept of psychopathy updates Lombrosian conceptions about the born criminal. To do so, we rely on psychopathology to conduct a comparative study between Lombroso's work and contemporary research on psychopathy. Among the main similarities, we highlight the emphasis given to the supposed criminal nature, etiologically arising from its organic configuration. Moreover, such conceptions emphasize an affective and moral deficit, and describe a tendency toward left-handedness, selfishness, lying, pain-resistance, narcissism, impulsivity, promiscuousness, cruelty, maliciousness and unfitness for work. As did Lombroso, research on psychopathy is usually conducted with individuals who have already been criminalized, conditioning an ethnic-racial and class selectivity. By describing these subjects as dangerous, incurable and intractable, both conceptions advocate for increased legal and penal punishment. In conclusion, Lombroso's natural criminality continues to underpin the concept of psychopathy, since its legal-criminal and socioeconomic functions play the same role in scientifically legitimizing state violence, mass incarceration, and structural racism.(AU)

La psicopatía es un concepto generalmente asociado a una psicopatología que se caracteriza por la falta de empatía, la manipulación, agresividad, impulsividad, egocentrismo, crueldad y criminalidad. Ya ampliamente aceptado por la comunidad científica, este concepto se utiliza a menudo en contextos legales para validar su funcionamiento punitivo. Entre los conceptos que fundamentaron el surgimiento histórico de este concepto, destaca el papel del criminal nato de Lombroso. En este contexto, este estudio buscó mostrar cómo el concepto contemporáneo de psicopatía se establece como la modernización de las concepciones lombrosianas sobre el criminal nato. Para eso, se utiliza la psicopatología para realizar un estudio comparativo entre las producciones de Lombroso y la investigación contemporánea sobre psicopatía. Entre las principales similitudes, destaca el énfasis atribuido a su supuesta naturaleza criminal, resultado etiológico de su configuración orgánica. Además, estas concepciones también son similares al resaltar un déficit afectivo y moral, así como al describir la tendencia a ser zurdo, egoísta, mentiroso, resistente al dolor, narcisista, impulsivo, promiscuo, cruel, malévolo e inadecuado para el trabajo. Como hizo Lombroso, los estudios sobre psicopatía se suelen realizar con sujetos que ya han sido criminalizados; condicionando una selectividad étnica, racial y de clase. Calificados como sujetos peligrosos, incurables e intratables, ambas concepciones promueven la defensa del aumento de la pena legal. Se concluye que la criminalidad nata de Lombroso continúa expresándose en el concepto de psicopatía, ya que las funciones penales y socioeconómicas de su definición juegan el mismo papel en la legitimación científica de la violencia estatal, encarcelamiento masivo y racismo estructural.(AU)

Neuro-psicopatología y procrastinación

Introducción: La procrastinación es un fenómeno omnipresente, polifacético y problemático. Abordaremos el mejor conocimiento científico publicado al respecto, que es limitado y de calidad más bien reducida. Método: Para este estudio original de revisión, se han examinado de forma no sistemática varias importantes bases de datos bibliométricas, sin pretensiones de exhaustividad. La metodología en muchas de las investigaciones consultadas es deficiente. Se ha pretendido que el resultado obtenido de las fuentes primarias fuera sintético, y se han evitado las más especulativas. Resultados: En relación con la clínica neuro-psicopatológica, internalizar la conducta se relaciona con el neuroticismo, y externalizarla con la impulsividad. La procrastinación aumenta con la afectividad negativa y, a menudo, ocurre en ciertos trastornos mentales en los que suele constituir una forma permanente de comportamiento. Pocos estudios han investigado los correlatos neurales de la procrastinación. Esta puede ser, además de voluntaria, consecuencia indirecta de rasgos perfeccionistas de la personalidad, entre otros. En general, la mejora de las habilidades para regular las emociones probablemente sea muy eficaz para reducir el comportamiento procrastinador. En relación con el sueño nocturno, su postergación habitual parece relacionada también con las características de la personalidad. Conclusiones: Se plantea por el autor la hipótesis de que cualquier intervención específica, sea o no sanitaria, que mejore la concienciación de la propia tendencia pasiva procrastinadora propiciará su reducción. Pero si se buscara influir específicamente sobre la salud mental del sujeto, la intervención tendrá que practicarse exclusiva o preferentemente por facultativos clínicos adecuados.

Introduction: Procrastination is a ubiquitous, multifaceted and problematic phenomenon. This paper will address the best scientific understanding published on this subject, although it is limited and of poor quality. Method: For this original revision study, we have examined various relevant bibliometric databases in a non-systematic way and with no claim to being comprehensive. The methodology used in much of the research consulted is quite deficient. Our objective has been to provide synthetic results from primary sources and have therefore avoided the most speculative ones. Results: With regard to the neuropsychopathological clinical features of procrastination, internalizing this behaviour is related to neuroticism, and externalizing it is linked to impulsivity. Procrastination increases with negative affectivity, and it often occurs in certain mental disorders, where it tends to constitute a permanent behaviour. Few studies have researched the neural correlations of procrastination. It can be can be voluntary and also an indirect consequence of perfectionist traits of personality, among others. In general, improving one's ability to regulate emotions might be very effective in reducing procrastinating behaviour. In relation to bedtime, its continued postponement seems to also be tied to personality traits. Conclusions: The author proposes the hypothesis that any specific intervention, whether medical or not, that improves awareness of one's own passive tendency to procrastinate will favour its reduction. However, if the intention is to influence somebody's mental health specifically, then the intervention should be conducted exclusively or preferably by properly qualified physicians.