Physiological Effects of Pulsed LED Light Added to a Task Lamp to Improve Alertness on Employees of Hospital or Shift Workers / Efectos Fisiológicos de Pulsos de Luz de Diodo Adicionados a una Lámpara de Trabajo para Mejorar el Estado de Alerta en Personal de Hospitales o Trabajadores por Turnos

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a continuous stream of pulses of monochromatic blue pulsed (BP) and a combination of blue and green pulsed (BGP) light-emitting diode (LED) light conditions on physiological responses. This study is an approach to clarify the most suitable LED combination and flickering frequency to evoke alertness when a continuous stream of pulsed LED light is delivered and may suggest applications of continuous pulsed light as support for task illumination for shift workers, hospital nurses, school students or office employees. Combinations were delivered by exposures of BPLED and BGPLED pulses at 100, 200, and 400 Hertz over two background light colors (BLC). Participants were exposed to 12 different light conditions in a counterbalanced procedure. By integrating measures of electroencephalogram (EEG) and pupil constriction; results suggested significant changes in responses during the interaction of BLC, LED, and EEG. Beta waves exhibited a statistically significance (p < 0.05) in arousal levels when exposed to BG light, although no active task was involved during exposure. Furthermore, pupil reacted with larger constriction towards BGPLED exposure than towards monochromatic BPLED exposure, thus demonstrating that a continuous stream of pulses can deliver the same irradiance as if delivered in a continuous flow and without affecting perception as no flickering was perceived in any of the conditions by a qualitative evaluation.

Resumen Este estudio tiene por objetivo determinar cuál es la combinación de luz LED más adecuada y la frecuencia de parpadeo que esta deba tener, para evocar un estado de alerta cuando se emite un flujo continuo de la misma al combinarla con una iluminación de ambiente; y poder sugerir aplicaciones como soporte para la iluminación de tareas para trabajadores por turnos, enfermeras, médicos, estudiantes; o en oficinas y hospitales. Es de original importancia resaltar que en el mercado no existe un producto comercial que se pueda ajustar para apoyar en el trabajo al estado de alerta, se tiene la limitante que estas son pruebas a nivel laboratorio y que posteriores pruebas serán necesarias para validar el producto final. El método usado se basó en las combinaciones que se administraron mediante exposiciones de luz azul pulsada (BPLED) y luz azul y verde combinadas (BGPLED) a frecuencias de 100, 200 y 400 Hz adicionadas a la iluminación ambiental (BLC). Los participantes fueron expuestos a 12 condiciones de luz diferentes en un experimento balanceado y contrapesado. Mediante la integración de medidas electroencefalográficas (EEG) y de constricción pupilar; los resultados sugirieron cambios significativos en las respuestas durante la interacción de BLC, LED y EEG. Las ondas beta mostraron una significancia estadística (p <0.05) en los niveles de activación cuando se expusieron a la luz BGPLED, además, la pupila reaccionó con una mayor constricción hacia la exposición a BGPLED que hacia la exposición BPLED monocromática, adicionalmente se demostró que un flujo continuo de pulsos puede proporcionar una irradiación igual a la que se emite en flujo continuo; se concluyó e identificó además la frecuencia (100 Hz) que mejor evoca estado de alerta encefalográfíca y sin afectar la percepción de los usuarios en cuanto a su percepción del ambiente de acuerdo a la evaluación cualitativa.

Sistema de adquisición de datos en tiempo real para un detector modular de neutrones en los experimentos con el RIBRAS / A real time pulse processing Data acquisition for neutron modular detector on RIBRAS experiments

Resumen Con la finalidad de maximizar las posibilidades experimentales en el estudio de los núcleos exóticos utilizando el haz del sistema "Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil" (RIBRAS), fue desarrollado un sistema modular de detectores centelleantes orgánicos con buena eficiencia y amplio ángulo sólido, conocido como Pared de Neutrones. La detección de los neutrones emitidos en coincidencia con los fragmentos de reacción incrementa las posibilidades experimentales y constituye una de las técnicas más usadas en el campo de la Astrofísica Nuclear. El obsoleto sistema de adquisición de datos de la Pared de Neutrones debe ser remplazado por un sistema basado en módulos del patrón Versa Module Euro Card (VME). El nuevo esquema será definido para incluir el arreglo de detectores de bandas para partículas cargadas y la Pared de Neutrones con el máximo de eficiencia de adquisición, sin tiempo muerto, con selección de datos y sincronización de eventos. Los módulos digitalizadores garantizan tareas como la supresión de ceros y la saturación en la lectura de la señal. Adicionando tarjetas FPGA (field programmable gate array) a la adquisición de datos se garantiza el procesamiento pre y post-algorítmico de los datos.

Abstract In order to potentiate the experiments for studying the exotic nuclei with Brazil Radioactive Ion Beam (RIBRAS), a modular organic scintillation detector (Neutron Wall), with good efficiency and extended solid angle was developed. The detection of neutrons emitted in coincidence with the reaction fragments increases the experimental possibilities and represents one of the most popular techniques in the Nuclear Astrophysics field. The data acquisition system used for the Neutron Wall is obsolete and should be replaced by Versa Module Euro Card Data Acquisition modules. The new scheme will be designed to include the Strip Array and Neutron Wall detectors with maximum readout efficiency, no dead time, data selection and event synchronization. The digitizer modules provide features like zero suppressed readout and overflow suppression. Zero suppression, once enabled, prevents conversion of value, which is lower than user defined threshold. Adding FPGA (field programmable gate array) cards to data acquisition provides pre- and post-algorithmic processing on data.

Influence of hydrology on the fish body condition in a large subtropical floodplain

With the objective of finding fluctuations on fish body condition in the Middle Paraná River floodplain in different hydrological scenarios, this attribute was analyzed in several trophic groups of a secondary floodplain channel and its associated lakes between 2010 and 2012. Standardized residuals generated by length-weight regressions were calculated for each species and the relative weight (Wr) of the most abundant species per group was examined. A two-way factorial ANOVA was carried out (factors: hydrology and habitats) to evaluate the existence of significant spatial-temporal differences by groups and species. Results showed that body condition in detritivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous species fluctuated significantly depending on hydrology and the environment. Optimal body condition was recorded after the largest flood pulse in most species. Body condition decreased during the low-water period and after two disconnection periods, whereas during the second flood pulse it increased in detritivores, herbivores and omnivores. No floods occurred thereafter, but two flow pulses were registered, and body condition increased under these hydrologic scenarios, with similar or higher values to those recorded after the largest pulse. These results indicate that flow pulses, which are supplementary to flood pulses, may have a positive effect on fish body condition.(AU)

Con el objetivo de conocer la fluctuación de la condición corporal de peces en la planicie de inundación del tramo medio del río Paraná ante diferentes escenarios hidrológicos, se analizó este atributo de diferentes grupos tróficos en un cauce secundario de la planicie y sus lagunas asociadas durante 2010 a 2012. Se calcularon los residuos estandarizados generados por las regresiones longitud-peso para cada especie y se examinó el peso relativo (Wr, por sus siglas en ingles) de las especies más abundantes de cada grupo. Se llevó a cabo un ANOVA factorial de dos vías (factores: hidrología y ambientes) para evaluar la existencia de diferencias significativas espacio-temporales por grupos y por especies. Los resultados mostraron que la condición corporal de las especies detritívoras, herbívoras y omnívoras fluctuó significativamente en función de la hidrología y los ambientes. Óptimas condiciones corporales se registraron en la mayoría de las especies después del mayor pulso de inundación. La condición corporal disminuyó durante el período de aguas bajas y luego de dos períodos de desconexión, mientras que, durante el segundo pulso, aumentó en detritívoros, herbívoros y omnívoros. No hubieron inundaciones luego, pero ocurrieron dos pulsos de flujo y las condiciones corporales se incrementaron bajo estos escenarios hidrológicos, presentando valores similares o incluso mayores a los registrados luego del gran pulso. Esto destaca que los pulsos de flujo complementarios a los pulsos de inundación pueden tener un efecto positivo sobre la condición corporal de peces.(AU)

Inspección de la lengua, preferencias y pulsos en corredores chilenos desde la medicina tradicional China / Tongue inspection, preferences and pulses in chilean runners. A perspective by chinese traditional medicine

Objetivos: Describir los aspectos de evaluación de la lengua, preferencias y pulsos pertenecientes a la medicina tradicional china en un grupo de sujetos que participaron en la Maratón de Santiago del año 2015. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se seleccionaron 101 deportistas corredores chilenos quienes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, los cuales fueron asignados de manera aleatoria simple posterior a una inspección de la lengua, preferencias y pulsos por parte de dos acupunturistas certificados. Se utilizaron herramientas de estadística descriptivas. Resultados: La mayoría de los trotadores evaluados posee un color de la lengua rosado, la saburra en los corredores se presenta mayoritariamente como normal. A su vez, tanto la humedad de la lengua como el borde de esta se encuentran también en condiciones normales. Se observa una ligera tendencia de las preferencias de los corredores. La cantidad de latidos por respiración de los corredores se encuentra en un rango de 4 a 5 latidos. Conclusiones: El estado precompetitivo de la evaluación entrega resultados de una lengua y pulsos normales, existe una ligera tendencia de preferencia de los participantes a identificarse con elementos propios del yang, se deben considerar otros aspectos técnicos y metodológicos.

Influence of peak flow changes on the macroinvertebrate drift downstream of a Brazilian hydroelectric dam / Influência de alterações de vazão sobre a deriva de macroinvertebrados a jusante de uma barragem hidrelétrica brasileira

Successive daily peak flows from hydropower plants can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and alter the composition and structure of macroinvertebrates downstream. We evaluated the influence of peak flow changes on macroinvertebrate drift downstream of a hydroelectric plant as a basis for determining ecological flows that might reduce the disturbance of aquatic biota. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of flow fluctuations on the seasonal and daily drift patterns of macroinvertebrates. We collected macroinvertebrates during fixed flow rates (323 m3.s1 in the wet season and 111 m3.s1 in the dry season) and when peak flows fluctuated (378 to 481 m3.s1 in the wet season, and 109 to 173 m3.s1 in the dry season) in 2010. We collected 31,924 organisms belonging to 46 taxa in the four sampling periods. Taxonomic composition and densities of drifting invertebrates differed between fixed and fluctuating flows, in both wet and dry seasons, but family richness varied insignificantly. We conclude that macroinvertebrate assemblages downstream of dams are influenced by daily peak flow fluctuations. When making environmental flow decisions for dams, it would be wise to consider drifting macroinvertebrates because they reflect ecological changes in downstream biological assemblages.

Os sucessivos pulsos diários de vazão decorrentes da operação de usinas hidrelétricas podem perturbar os ecossistemas aquáticos e alterar a composição e estrutura de macroinvertebrados a jusante de barramentos. Nós avaliamos a influência de alterações de vazão sobre a deriva de macroinvertebrados a jusante de uma barragem hidrelétrica como subsídio para a determinação de vazões ecológicas que podem reduzir os distúrbios sobre a biota aquática. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência das flutuações de vazão sobre os padrões sazonais e diários de deriva de macroinvertebrados. Nós coletamos os macroinvertebrados durante períodos de vazão fixa (323 m3.s1 na estação de chuvas e 111 m3.s1 na estação seca) e com flutuações de vazão (378 - 481 m3.s1 na estação de chuvas e 109 - 173 m3.s1 na estação seca) no ano de 2010. Foram coletados 31.924 organismos distribuídos em 46 taxa nos quatro períodos amostrais. A composição taxonômica e a densidade de invertebrados a deriva diferiram entre os períodos com vazão fixa e flutuante, tanto na estação de chuvas quanto na seca, mas a riqueza taxonômica não variou significativamente. Em conclusão, as comunidades de macroinvertebrados a jusante de barragens são influenciadas pelas flutuações diárias na vazão. Portanto, os macroinvertebrados a deriva devem ser considerados nos cálculos de vazões ambientais, pois eles claramente refletem as mudanças ecológicas nas comunidades biológicas a jusante de barragens hidrelétricas.

Tão negra quanto a madeira desta moldura... / As dark as the wood of this frame... / Tan negra como la madera de este marco...

Este artigo investiga, por meio da psicanálise, como um conto de fadas ("Branca de Neve") possibilita, à maneira de um sonho, evocar fantasias inconscientes geradoras de angústias próprias ao complexo de Édipo, permitindo, assim, sua elaboração psíquica. Parte-se das seguintes perguntas: por que as crianças se interessam pelo conto? E por que os adultos se emocionam frente a ele? Valendo-se da simbologia que permeia o conto, além de sua forma e conteúdo específicos, evidencia-se o combate de vida e morte presente naquele que se vê sujeito de seus próprios desejos e de suas respectivas realizações alucinatórias, particularmente quando dirigidos à imagem materna, como no caso de Branca de Neve.

This article investigates, by means of psychoanalysis, how a fairy tale ("Snow White") enables one, in the same way as a dream, to evoke unconscious fantasies which generate anxieties pertaining to the Oedipus complex, allowing, as such, psychic elaboration. The following questions are taken as starting points: why are children interested in the story? And why are adults moved by it? Taking the symbolism which permeates the story, as well as its shape and specific contents, the battle of life and death, present in he who sees himself as subject of his own desires and respective hallucinatory realizations, is brought to light. Especially when such desires and realizations are directed to the maternal image, as is the case in Snow White.

Este artículo investiga, mediante el psicoanálisis, cómo un cuento de hadas ("Blanca Nieves") permite, en forma de sueño, evocar las fantasías inconscientes que generan angustias propias del complejo de Edipo, posibilitando, de esta forma, su elaboración psíquica. Se parte de las siguientes preguntas: ¿por qué los niños se interesan por el cuento?, y ¿por qué los adultos se emocionan ante él? Valiéndose de la simbología que impregna el cuento, además de su forma y contenido específicos, se evidencia el combate de vida y muerte presente en aquel que se ve sujeto de sus propios deseos y de sus respectivos logros alucinatorios, particularmente cuando están dirigidos a la imagen materna, como en el caso de Blanca Nieves.

Effects of the flood regime on the body condition of fish of different trophic guilds in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil / Influência do regime de cheias na condição corporal de peixes de diferentes guildas troficas na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná, Brazil

In this study, we evaluated the influence of various hydrological cycles on the feeding body condition of fish species of different trophic guilds in the Paraná River floodplain, as well as the impacts of upstream impoundments on fish conditions. Attributes of the river floods (duration, time of year, intensity, and variability in a given year) and the body condition, measured by the mean residuals of length-weight ratios, of the detritivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous, invertivores, omnivorous, piscivorous, and planktivorous species were evaluated. Fish were sampled during a period before (1986-1994) and after (2000-2004) the completion of filling of the Porto Primavera Reservoir, which is located upstream from the floodplain area under study. Three sub-basins in the floodplain were sampled: the Ivinheima River, which has no dams; the Paraná River, which has several dams; and the Baia River, which is influenced by the Paraná. A two-way ANOVA identified significant variations in mean body conditions for localities and for the hydrological cycles, and the interactions were also significant. The findings revealed that before the Porto Primavera Reservoir was filled, the body condition of the feeding guilds varied similarly in the three sub basins, but this pattern was not observed after filling was completed. However, in years with minor or no floods, the body condition was high, especially in the sub-basins influenced by Porto Primavera (Paraná and Baía). Pearson's and Spearman's correlations showed that most effects of the floods were unfavorable to the body condition of the guilds, except for the annual variation in water level, which aids herbivores in accessing allochthonous food resources. Detritivores were negatively affected by all flood attributes. A correlation between the relative stomach weight (mean residual of the ratio of total and stomach weights) and the body condition demonstrated the poor relationship between the amount ...

Nesse estudo, buscou-se avaliar a influência de diversos ciclos hidrológicos sobre a condição nutricional de peixes de diferentes categorias tróficas, na planície alagável do alto rio Paraná, bem como dos impactos de represamentos a montante, sobre esse processo. Para isso foram avaliados os atributos das cheias anuais (duração, época, intensidade, variabilidade) e a condição nutricional dos peixes, medida pelos resíduos médios da relação entre o peso e o comprimento de espécies detritívoras, herbívoras, insetívoras, invertívoras, onívoras, piscívoras e planctívoras. Os peixes foram coletados em período anterior (1986-1995) e posterior (2000-2004) ao represamento de Porto Primavera, a montante, em três subsistemas da planície alágável do alto rio Paraná, Ivinheima (sem controle por represamentos), Paraná (com represamentos) e Baía (influenciado pelo rio Paraná). Uma análise de variância (ANOVA bifatorial) revelou variações significantes na condição nutricional média dos peixes, tanto entre subsistemas e ciclos hidrológicos, como em suas interações. Os resultados evidenciaram que antes do represamento, as variações na condição nutricional dos peixes foram similares entre os subsistemas, divergindo no período subseqüente, e que em anos com cheias incipientes ou nulas a condição nutricional foi elevada, especialmente nos subsistemas influenciados pelo represamento a montante. As correlações de Pearson e Spearman revelaram que, pelo menos parte dos atributos das cheias foram adversos para os peixes de diferentes categorias tróficas, exceto a variabilidade anual dos níveis fluviométricos, que possibilitou às espécies herbívoras o acesso periódico a fontes de alimento externas. As espécies detritívoras foram afetadas negativamente por todos os atributos da cheia. As mesmas correlações realizadas entre o peso relativo do estômago (resíduo médio da relação peso do estomago-peso total) e a condição nutricional demonstraram ausência de relação ...

Effects of the flood regime on the body condition of fish of different trophic guilds in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil

In this study, we evaluated the influence of various hydrological cycles on the feeding body condition of fish species of different trophic guilds in the Paraná River floodplain, as well as the impacts of upstream impoundments on fish conditions. Attributes of the river floods (duration, time of year, intensity, and variability in a given year) and the body condition, measured by the mean residuals of length-weight ratios, of the detritivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous, invertivores, omnivorous, piscivorous, and planktivorous species were evaluated. Fish were sampled during a period before (1986-1994) and after (2000-2004) the completion of filling of the Porto Primavera Reservoir, which is located upstream from the floodplain area under study. Three sub-basins in the floodplain were sampled: the Ivinheima River, which has no dams; the Paraná River, which has several dams; and the Baia River, which is influenced by the Paraná. A two-way ANOVA identified significant variations in mean body conditions for localities and for the hydrological cycles, and the interactions were also significant. The findings revealed that before the Porto Primavera Reservoir was filled, the body condition of the feeding guilds varied similarly in the three sub basins, but this pattern was not observed after filling was completed. However, in years with minor or no floods, the body condition was high, especially in the sub-basins influenced by Porto Primavera (Paraná and Baía). Pearson's and Spearman's correlations showed that most effects of the floods were unfavorable to the body condition of the guilds, except for the annual variation in water level, which aids herbivores in accessing allochthonous food resources. Detritivores were negatively affected by all flood attributes. A correlation between the relative stomach weight (mean residual of the ratio of total and stomach weights) and the body condition demonstrated the poor relationship between the amount of food intake and weight gain; insectivores were the exception, showing a significant negative correlation. Therefore, for this guild, there is evidence that their food sources during floods have low nutritional value. It is hypothesized that dry years lead to improvement in the nutritional quality of food resources, and that the water released from the upstream dam dilutes and removes these resources without providing new food inputs. This exacerbates the effects of floods on body conditions.

Nesse estudo, buscou-se avaliar a influência de diversos ciclos hidrológicos sobre a condição nutricional de peixes de diferentes categorias tróficas, na planície alagável do alto rio Paraná, bem como dos impactos de represamentos a montante, sobre esse processo. Para isso foram avaliados os atributos das cheias anuais (duração, época, intensidade, variabilidade) e a condição nutricional dos peixes, medida pelos resíduos médios da relação entre o peso e o comprimento de espécies detritívoras, herbívoras, insetívoras, invertívoras, onívoras, piscívoras e planctívoras. Os peixes foram coletados em período anterior (1986-1995) e posterior (2000-2004) ao represamento de Porto Primavera, a montante, em três subsistemas da planície alágável do alto rio Paraná, Ivinheima (sem controle por represamentos), Paraná (com represamentos) e Baía (influenciado pelo rio Paraná). Uma análise de variância (ANOVA bifatorial) revelou variações significantes na condição nutricional média dos peixes, tanto entre subsistemas e ciclos hidrológicos, como em suas interações. Os resultados evidenciaram que antes do represamento, as variações na condição nutricional dos peixes foram similares entre os subsistemas, divergindo no período subseqüente, e que em anos com cheias incipientes ou nulas a condição nutricional foi elevada, especialmente nos subsistemas influenciados pelo represamento a montante. As correlações de Pearson e Spearman revelaram que, pelo menos parte dos atributos das cheias foram adversos para os peixes de diferentes categorias tróficas, exceto a variabilidade anual dos níveis fluviométricos, que possibilitou às espécies herbívoras o acesso periódico a fontes de alimento externas. As espécies detritívoras foram afetadas negativamente por todos os atributos da cheia. As mesmas correlações realizadas entre o peso relativo do estômago (resíduo médio da relação peso do estomago-peso total) e a condição nutricional demonstraram ausência de relação entre a quantidade de alimento ingerida e o ganho de peso, exceto para as espécies insetívoras, para as quais a correlação mostrou-se significativamente negativa, sugerindo ser sua fonte de recurso durante as cheias de menor valor nutricional. Postula-se que os anos secos permitem uma melhoria na qualidade nutricional dos recursos alimentares e que os efluentes de barragem promovem a diluição e o arraste desses recursos, sem que se promovam novos aportes, potencializando o efeito das cheias sobre a condição nutricional dos peixes, independente de seus hábitos alimentares.

Response of Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) to water level fluctuations in two lakes with different connectivity in the Paraná River floodplain

Floodplain lakes are especially dynamic due to the irregular flow regime of the Paraná River and its location along the geomorphologic gradient between the lakes and the river. The response of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (one of the most frequent aquatic plant) was studied in two floodplain lakes with different flooding regimes. Samples were taken between March 1997 and December 2001 on 13 different hydrologic conditions during prolonged hydrologic connection and prolonged hydrologic isolation. Leaf height, leaf density, biomass and nutrient content of the mature leaves of E. crassipes were measured and related to water level fluctuation and the hydrologic connectivity. The lake more connected with the main channel had a long lasting inundation phase. In this condition the surface area covered by water increased more than three times compared to prolonged hydrologic isolation condition. As river water entered the floodplain lakes, dissolved inorganic nitrogen increased to high values, especially NO3-, whereas the isolation condition was characterised by a decrease in NO3- concentrations to undetectable levels. Compared to plants growing in the more isolated lake, those growing in the more connected lake had a significantly lower leaf density, longer leaves, less root biomass and lower ratio between below-ground and above-ground biomasses. However, total and leaf biomasses were not significantly different between sites. In each lake, differences in leaf height, leaf biomass and root biomass between prolonged hydrologic connection and isolation, as well as the insignificant relationship between leaf size and leaf density, indicate that the morphological traits of E. crassipes respond to pluri-annual water level fluctuations. The highest nutrient concentration in mature leaves was registered at the end of the prolonged hydrologic connection in the more connected lake. During the prolonged isolation, leaves had more lignin and a higher L:N ratio than at high waters, at the same sites. The success of E. crassipes in occupying habitats subjected to wide and erratic fluctuations in water level, such as the Paraná River floodplain, appears to be related to its ability to modify morphological traits according to water level. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 613-623. Epub 2008 June 30.

Se analiza la respuesta de Eichhornia crassipes, una de las plantas acuáticas más frecuentes en la planicie de inundación del río Paraná, a las fluctuaciones del río en dos lagos con diferente conectividad. Las muestras fueron tomadas en 13 condiciones hidrológicas entre Marzo de 1997 y Diciembre de 2001. Durante el periodo de prolongada conectividad hidrológica, el área cubierta por el agua aumenta más de tres veces y el contenido de nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto fue mayor en comparación con la condición de prolongado aislamiento. En comparación con las plantas del lago más aislado del río, las del más conectado tuvieron significativamente menor densidad de hojas, hojas más largas, menor biomasa de raíces y menor cociente entre la biomasa de las partes aéreas y las partes sumergidas. Las diferencias en la altura y la biomasa de hojas y raíces entre diferentes condiciones hidrológicas y la no significativa relación entre el tamaño y su densidad, indican que las características morfológicas de las plantas responden a fluctuaciones del nivel del agua. Durante la prolongada conexión con el río el contenido de nutrientes de las hojas maduras fue alto, en tanto que durante el aislamiento prolongado las hojas tuvieron mayor contenido de lignina y alto cociente L:N. El éxito de Eichhornia crassipes en la ocupación de hábitats sujetos a amplias y erráticas fluctuaciones del nivel del agua parece estar relacionado con su capacidad para modificar sus características morfológicas en función de las fluctuaciones del nivel del agua.

Aumento de la actividad panificante de levaduras comerciales por aplicación de condiciones de estrés durante su propagación / Increase of baking activity of commercial yeasts by application of stress conditions during their propagation

La actividad panificante valorada como producción de CO2 de dos cepas comerciales de Saccharomyces cerevisiae pudo ser incrementada, principalmente en amasijos azucarados, por la aplicación de un esquema de “hambreado/ pulso¼ de melaza de caña de azúcar durante su propagación bajo la forma de lote alimentado. Dicho incremento fue dependiente de la cepa utilizada. Otras características relacionadas con el comportamiento industrial de las levaduras no se vieron afectadas, con excepción de la concentración intracelular de trehalosa.Se discute la aplicabilidad del método para la producción industrial de levaduras de panificación.

Baking activity determined as CO2 production of two commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be increased mainly in sweet bread doughs by introducing a “starvation/ pulse feeding” schedule of sugar cane molasses during a fed-batch propagation . Such increase was strain dependent. Except for the trehalose intracellular level, other traits related to the yeast industrial performance were unaffected. Applicability of method for baker‘s yeast industrial production is discussed.