Biochemical analysis of oxidative stress and purinergic system in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus / Análise bioquímica do estresse oxidativo e do sistema purinérgico em gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional

Background: Pregnancy is characterized as a physiological period with greater sensitivity to insulin resistance and changes in oxidative stress. Purinergic signaling is directly related to diabetes, as this condition modifies the concentration of extracellular ATP and the level of degradation of ATP to adenosine. Objective: Analyze oxidative stress and the purinergic system in pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and compare them with low-risk pregnant women (LR). Materials and Methods: The research was of a quantitative approach of an experimental nature. The study was carried out at the Clínica da Mulher, which serves high-risk pregnant women, and at the Family Health Centers, which serves low-risk pregnant women, both located in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: From the analysis, it was observed that oxidative stress was increased in pregnant women in LR compared to pregnant women with GDM by increasing the concentration of TBARS and reducing the concentration of Carbonyl Protein in pregnant women with LR. Regarding the purinergic system, there was a significant decrease in the hydrolysis of the nucleotides ATP, ADP, and AMP in pregnant women with GDM, and a significant increase in the hydrolysis of ADA, also in pregnant women with GDM. Conclusion: Therefore, pregnant women with GDM have less oxidative stress compared to pregnant women in LR concerning TBARS and Carbonyl Protein markers, thus allowing a greater antioxidant defense mechanism. Furthermore, concerning the purinergic system, there is an increase in the activity of ADA, which is directly related to the immunosuppression process, a necessary condition for the protection of the fetus during the gestational period (AU).

Introdução: A gravidez é caracterizada como um período fisiológico em que há uma maior sensibilidade a resistência à insulina e alterações no estresse oxidativo. A sinalização purinérgica está diretamente relacionada ao diabetes, pois esta condição modifica a concentração de ATP extracelular e o nível de degradação de ATP em adenosina. Objetivo:Analisar o estresse oxidativo e o sistema purinérgico em gestantes com Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) e compará-los com gestantes de baixo risco (BR). Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa foi de abordagem quantitativa, de caráter experimental. O estudo foi realizado na Clínica da Mulher, que atende gestantes de alto risco, e nas Unidades de Saúde da Família, que atendem gestantes de baixo risco, ambas localizadas no município de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados: A partir das análises, observou-se que o estresse oxidativo apresentou-se aumentado em gestantes de BR quando comparado a gestantes com DMG. No que tange ao sistema purinérgico, houve uma diminuição significativa na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP, ADP e AMP em gestantes com DMG, bem como um aumento significativo na hidrólise de ADA, também em gestantes com DMG. Conclusão: Portanto, gestantes com DMG possuem menor estresse oxidativo quando comparado a gestantes de BR, permitindo assim, um maior mecanismo de defesa antioxidante. Para mais, no que se refere ao sistema purinérgico, verifica-se o aumento da concentração de ADA está diretamente relacionada ao processo de imunossupressão, condição necessária à proteção do feto durante o período gestacional (AU).

Análisis cienciométrico de la producción científica sobre la hipoxantina y xantina en el ejercicio, publicada en la base de datos Scopus (2016-2021) / Scientometric Analysis of the Scientific Production on Hypoxanthine and Xanthine in Exercise, Published in Scopus Database (2016-2021)

La hipoxantina y la xantina son biomarcadores metabólicos que resultan de la degradación de las proteínas purinas. Los análisis cienciométricos constituyen una herramienta para estudiar las publicaciones científicas en torno a un determinado tema con la finalidad de determinar tendencias en la literatura. Se realizó un análisis cienciométrico de la producción científica reciente sobre la hipoxantina y xantina en el ejercicio, publicada en la base de datos Scopus durante el período 2016 - 2021. Para la búsqueda en Scopus se utilizaron las palabras clave en idioma inglés: exercise, hypoxanthine y xanthine. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo, tomando en cuenta los artículos encontrados, así como la información proporcionada por el software VOSviewer. Se identificaron 64 artículos, de estos, 56 fueron de investigación aplicada y ocho de revisión. La categoría de efecto del ejercicio tuvo una mayor cantidad de estudios con 23; dentro de esta se encuentra la subcategoría de metabolismo que presentó 21 artículos. Tanto Estados Unidos como Polonia son los países con mayor número de publicaciones. Existen distintos enfoques y protocolos de ejercicio utilizados para cuantificar la respuesta de la hipoxantina y xantina, así como los perfiles de los sujetos de estudio utilizados como muestra para las investigaciones. La cuantificación de hipoxantina y xantina en el cuerpo es importante para la investigación en el campo de las ciencias del ejercicio(AU)

Hypoxanthine and xanthine are metabolic biomarkers that result from the degradation of purine proteins. Scientometric analyzes constitute a tool to study scientific publications around a certain topic in order to determine trends in the literature. A scientometric analysis was carried out of the recent scientific production on hypoxanthine and xanthine in exercise, published in Scopus database during the period 2016-2021. For the search in Scopus, we used the English keywords exercise, hypoxanthine and xanthine. A quantitative analysis was carried out, taking into account the articles found, as well as the information provided by VOSviewer software. Sixty-four articles were identified, 56 of them were applied research and eight were review. The exercise effect category had a larger number of studies (23). Here there is a subcategory of metabolism that had 21 articles. The United States and Poland are both the countries with the highest number of publications. There are different approaches and exercise protocols used to quantify the response of hypoxanthine and xanthine, as well as the profiles of the study subjects used as a sample for the investigations. The quantification of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the body is important for research in the field of exercise science(AU)

Preservation of sugarcane silage with urea and calcium oxide: performance and metabolic efficiency of dairy cows / Conservación del ensilaje de caña de azúcar con urea y óxido de calcio: rendimiento y eficiencia metabólica en vacas lecheras / Preservação da silagem de cana-de-açúcar com ureia e óxido de cálcio: desempenho e eficiência metabólica de vacas leiteiras

Abstract Background: Inclusion of urea and calcium oxide (CaO) during sugarcane ensilage has been hypothesized to improve dairy cow performance. Objective: To evaluate the use of urea and calcium oxide as additives to preserve sugarcane silage quality and determine whether they improve dairy cow performance and metabolic efficiency. Methods: Four diets were used: sugarcane silage without additive (SS), sugarcane silage with 10 g/kg urea (SU), sugarcane silage with 5 g/kg urea + 5 g/kg CaO (SUC), and sugarcane silage with 10 g/kg CaO (SC). Eight crossbred cows at approximately 100 days of lactation were distributed in two 4x4 Latin squares, and their diets were formulated to reach an average milk production of 15 kg/day. Results: Dry matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates, organic matter, total carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrient intake were the highest (p<0.05) for the cows fed SC. Urinary excretion of nitrogen was higher (p<0.05) for cows fed diets based on SUC than those fed diets with SC. Milk urea nitrogen content was the highest (p<0.05) in animals fed SU diets. Nitrogen balance was positive in all treatments; however, the microbial protein synthesis was low for all diets. Conclusions: The diet with SU showed the highest nitrogen loss through the milk. Among the evaluated silages, those with SC and SUC are recommended to promote a high intake of nutritional components.

Resumen Antecedentes: La hipótesis fue que una dieta con combinación de urea y óxido de calcio (CaO) para el ensilaje de caña de azúcar, puede mejorar la producción de vacas lecheras cruzadas. Objetivo: Evaluar la urea y el óxido de calcio como aditivos para preservar la calidad del ensilaje de caña de azúcar y determinar si mejoran el rendimento y la eficiencia metabólica de vacas lecheras. Métodos: Cuatro dietas fueron utilizadas: ensilaje de caña de azúcar sin aditivo (SS), ensilaje de caña de azúcar con 10 g/kg de urea (SU), ensilaje de caña de azúcar con 5 g/kg de urea + 5 g/kg de CaO (SUC) y ensilaje de caña de azúcar con 10 g/kg de CaO (SC). Ocho vacas cruzadas fueron evaluadas con una producción media de leche de 15 kg/día y aproximadamente 100 días de lactación, distribuidas en dos cuadrados latinos 4x4. Resultados: El consumo de materia seca, carbohidratos no fibrosos, materia orgánica, carbohidratos totales y nutrientes digestibles totales fue mayor (p<0,05) cuando las vacas fueron alimentadas con dietas conteniendo SC. La excreción de nitrógeno en la orina fue mayor (p<0,05) cuando las vacas fueron alimentadas con dietas basadas en SUC que las alimentadas con dietas SC. El nitrógeno ureico de la leche fue mayor (p<0,05) en animales alimentados con dietas con SU. El balance de nitrógeno fue positivo en todos los tratamientos, sin embargo, la síntesis de proteína microbiana fue baja para todas las dietas. Conclusión: La dieta con SU presentó la mayor pérdida de nitrógeno por medio de la leche. Entre los ensilajes evaluados, aquellos con SC y SUC son recomendados por promover un mayor consumo de componentes nutricionales.

Resumo Antecedentes: A hipótese foi que uma dieta com a mistura de ureia e óxido de cálcio (CaO) para a ensilagem de cana de açúcar, poderia melhorar a produção de vacas leiteiras mestiças. Objetivo: Avaliar ureia e óxido de cálcio como aditivos para preservar a qualidade da silagem de cana de açúcar: melhoria da produção e eficiência metabólica de vacas leiteiras. Métodos: Quatro dietas foram utilizadas: silagem de cana de açúcar sem aditivo (SS), silagem de cana de açúcar com 10 g/kg de ureia (SU), silagem de cana de açúcar com 5 g/kg de ureia + 5 g/kg de CaO (SUC) e silagem de cana de açúcar com 10 g/kg de CaO (SC). Oito vacas mestiças foram avaliadas com uma produção media de 15 kg/dia e aproximadamente 100 dias de lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4x4. Resultados: O consumo de matéria seca, carboidratos não fibrosos, matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais foi maior (p<0,05) quando as vacas foram alimentadas com dietas contendo SC. A excreção de nitrogênio na urina foi maior (p<0,05) quando as vacas foram alimentadas com dietas baseadas em SUC do que aqueles animais alimentados com dietas SC. O nitrogênio ureico do leite foi maior (p<0,05) em animais alimentados com dietas com SU. O balanço de nitrogênio foi positivo em todos os tratamentos, no entanto, a síntese de proteína microbiana foi baixa para todas as dietas. Conclusão: A dieta com SU apresentou maior perda de nitrogênio por meio do leite. Entre as silagens avaliadas, aquelas com SC e SUC são recomendadas por promover maior consumo de componentes nutricionais.

The role of the purinergic system in the acupuncture-induced analgesia / O papel do sistema purinérgico na analgesia induzida pela acupuntura

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Musculoskeletal disorders and acute and chronic pain are the main causes of disability. Acupuncture is a safe and well-tolerated treatment, and the understanding of the physiological basis of its effectiveness in the management of acute and chronic painful conditions is growing. The objective of this study was to describe the main components of the purinergic system involved in the acupuncture-mediated analgesia. CONTENTS: Review the literature relevant to the terms "acupuncture", "purinergic system", "purines", "pain" and "analgesia" found on the Pubmed platform. CONCLUSION: Several previous studies have shown relevant roles of purines and their derivatives on acupuncture-mediated analgesia, displaying promising results in the knowledge of the potential biological benefits of acupuncture. New experimental and clinical studies are warranted to further investigate the purinergic mechanisms involved in the acupuncture-mediated analgesia, addressing potential therapeutic benefits of acupuncture in different clinical settings.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos e a dor aguda e crônica são as principais causas de incapacidade. A acupuntura é um tratamento seguro e bem tolerado, e o entendimento sobre a base fisiológica de sua eficácia para o tratamento de quadros dolorosos agudos e crônicos está crescendo. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os principais componentes do sistema purinérgico envolvidos na analgesia mediada pela acupuntura. CONTEÚDO: Revisar a literatura pertinente aos temas "acupuntura", "sistema purinérgico", "purinas", "dor" e "analgesia" encontrados na plataforma Pubmed. CONCLUSÃO: Diversos estudos prévios têm evidenciado efeitos relevantes das purinas e seus derivados na analgesia mediada pela acupuntura, demonstrando resultados promissores no conhecimento dos potenciais benefícios biológicos da acupuntura. A ampliação da investigação dos mecanismos purinérgicos envolvidos na acupuntura deverá ser garantida por meio de novos estudos experimentais e clínicos, abordando potenciais benefícios terapêuticos da acupuntura em diversos cenários clínicos.

A study of the PfNT3 in Plasmodium falciparum

Previous genetic studies demonstrated that survival and proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum parasites is dependent on salvage of essential purines from the host. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most lethal form of human malaria lacks the enzymes required for de novo synthesis of purines. Analysis of the hypothetical nucleoside/nucleobase transporter protein, the gene product of PfNT3 (PF14_0662) gene in P. falciparum parasites was carried out by localisation, in view of a novel chemotherapeutic target. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic localization of PfNT3 was demonstrated using polyclonal antiserum in in vitro cultured Plasmodium falciparum parasites, propagated in human red blood cells. PfNT3 protein, the translated product of PfNT3 gene was detected in intraerythrocytic ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages. PfNT3 was localized primarily to the PPM (Parasite Plasma Membrane). The endogenous PfNT3 putative nucleoside transporter with the predominant location to the parasite plasma membrane may serve not only as routes for targeting of purine analogs/cytotoxic agents into the intracellular parasite but may also serve as drug targets. Being genome encoded the vital transporter protein can be prevented from expression by silencing of the gene, validating it to be a novel drug target.

Clinical study on sildenafil in treatment of pregnant women with pulmonary arterial hypertension / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To explored the effect of sildenafil in treatment of pregnant women with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Methods From January 2012 to November 2013,64 pregnant women with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were randomly divided into group and control group.Control group:16 cases with mild and 16 cases with moderate PAH.To treatment with low-flow oxygen,low-salt diet therapy,cardiac,etc.sildenafil group:15 cases were mild pulmonary hypertension,and 17 cases moderate PAH.Treatment sildenafil 25 mg,rid in this study.Then the variation of the blood oxygen saturation,pulmonary artery systolic pressure,hemodynamic parameters and pregnancy outcome,including delivery modes,neonatal weight,morbidity of mother and fetus were compared.Results (1) Cardiac function and pulmonary hypertension:control group:the proportion of cardiac functional class Ⅰ-Ⅱ reduced from 81％ (26/32) to 56％ (18/32) significantly after treatment (P ＜ 0.05).Sildenafil group:the proportion of cardiac functional class Ⅰ-Ⅱ increased from 75％ (24/32) to 84％ (27/32) significantly after treatment (P ＜ 0.05).Between two groups,the proportion of mild and moderate turning to server PAH patients were significant differentce (P ＜ 0.05).(2) The pregnancy outcome of two group:the premature birth rate,low birth weight rate and cesarean section rate of 9％ (3/32),9％ (3/32)and 69％ (22/32)in sildenafil group were significantly lower than 16％ (5/32),19％ (6/32) and 81％ (26/32) in control group (P ＜0.05).The rate of vaginal delivery,term pregnancy and neonatal weight of 31％ (10/32),91％ (29/32) and (3 214 ±306) g in sildenafil group were different with 19％ (6/32),84％ (27/32) and (3 004 ±458) g in control group (P ＜ 0.05).(3) Hemodynamic parameters:in control group,arterial partial pressure of oxygen,oxygen saturation and left ventricular ejection fraction,pulmonary systolic pression were (80 ± 5) ％ to (72 ±8)％,(87 ±8) to(83±9) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),0.77 ±0.24 to 0.70 ±0.38 and (63 ±9) to (69 ± 12) mmHg before and after treatment,which showed remarkable decreased trends(P ＜ 0.05).The other parameter were not significantly different (P ＞ 0.05).In sildenafil group,arterial partial pressure of oxygen,oxygen saturation and left ventricular ejection fraction,pulmonary systolic pression showed increased trend before and after treatment,which were (80 ± 9) ％ to (88 ± 9) ％,(84 ± 3) to (89 ± 7) mmHg,0.70 ± 0.32 to 0.79 ± 0.27 (P ＜ 0.05),in the mean time,pulmonary systolic pression showed decreased trend from (65 ± 18) to (60 ± 13) mmHg (P ＜0.05).The other parameter did not show significant different (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Sildenafil treatment can significantly improve the clinical symptoms,cardiac function and hemodynamic parameters.It also could significantly improve pregnancy outcomes,reduce premature delivery,the incidence of low birth weight children,and cesarean section rate.

Purinas y ácido úrico en pre-eclampsia: interacciones fisiopatológicas y proyecciones en investigación / Uric acid and purine plasma levels as plausible markers for placental dysfunction in pre-eclampsia

Uric acid is the final metabolite of purine break down, such as ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine. The metabolite has been used broadly as a renal failure marker, as well as a risk factor for maternal and neonatal morbidity during pre-eclamptic pregnancies. High purine levels are observed in pre-eclamptic pregnancies, but the sources of these purines are unknown. However, there is evidence that pre-eclampsia (mainly severe pre-eclampsia) is associated with an increased release of cellular fragments (or microparticles) from the placenta to the maternal circulation. These in fact could be the substrate for purine metabolism. Considering this background, we propose that purines and uric acid are part of the same physiopathological phenomenon in pre-eclampsia (i.e., placental dysfunction) and could become biomarkers for placental dysfunction and postnatal adverse events.

Técnicas de quantificação da síntese microbiana no rúmen: uma revisão / Quantification techniques of the protein microbial synthesis in rumen: a review / Técnicas de cuantificación de síntesis microbiana en rumen: una revisión

Quantificar a síntese de proteína microbiana em animais ruminantes é de grande importância para avaliar a qualidade nutritiva das dietas. A determinação dessa síntese se obtém por meio da utilização de marcadores microbianos, osquais são classificados em internos (subprodutos dos microrganismos ruminais) e externos (produtos administrados aos animais que são incorporados pelos microrganismos) e técnicas indiretas. Embora tenham ocorrido avanços ainda não se tem o marcador ideal. O objetivo desta revisão é detalhar a cada uma das vantagens e desvantagens das técnicas para estimar a síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen e discutir os resultados obtidos utilizando cadatécnica.

The quantification of the microbial protein synthesis in the ruminants is of great importance to assess the nutritional quality of the diets. The determination of microbial synthesis is achieved through the use of microbial markers, which are classified: internal (by-products of rumen microorganisms) and external (substances administeredto animals that are incorporated by rumen microorganisms). Although some advances has occurred lately anideal marker still need to be developed. So the objective of this review is to detail each of the techniques forestimating microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, and discuss the results obtained using each technique.

La cuantificación de la síntesis de proteína microbiana en los rumiantes es de gran importancia para evaluar lacalidad nutricional de las dietas. La determinación de la síntesis microbiana se logra a través del uso de marcadoresmicrobianos que se clasifican como: Internos (subproductos de los organismos de la panza) y externos (sustancias administradas a los animales que son incorporadas por los organismos de la panza). Aunque últimamente ha habido algunos avances, aún es necesario desarrollar un marcador ideal. Así que el objetivo de esta revisión es detallarcada una de las técnicas usadas para estimar la síntesis de proteína microbiana en la panza y discutir los resultados obtenidos al usar cada técnica.

Physiological roles of the receptors for purines and pyrimidines / 中国药理学通报

Purines and pyrimidines have widespread and specific action in many tissues of both invertebrates and vertebrates. These compounds have powerful physiological roles in both short-term actions of neurotransmission, exocrine and endocrine secretion, and regulation of immune cell function, and long-term actions of cell growth, cell differentiation and proliferation in the development and regeneration.

Mycophenolic acid:a novel immunosuppressive drug / 中国病理生理杂志

Mycophenolate acid is a novel immunosuppressive drug. Its target of action is the isomerⅡof inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase(IMPDH). It inhibits de nove purine synthesis and also decreases expression of adhesive molecule. It inhibits selectively the proliferation of lymphocyte, so that it has strong immunosuppressive effects on various rejections to allograft or xenograft, and on autoimmune diseases, and has the features of higher potency and lower toxicity.[

Physiological roles of the receptors for purines and pyrimidines / 中国药理学通报

Purines and pyrimidines have widespread and specific action in many tissues of both invertebrates and vertebrates. These compounds have powerful physiological roles in both short-term actions of neurotransmission, exocrine and endocrine secretion, and regulation of immune cell function,and long-term actions of cell growth, cell differentiation and proliferation in the development and regeneration.

New light on tautomerism of purines and pyrimidines and its biological and genetic implications.

The tautomerism of the natural 1-substituted pyrimidines and 9-substituted purines found in nucleic acids has been re-examined in the light of new experimental data on various nitrogen heterocycles in solution, in the gas phase and, in part, in low-temperature inert matrices. The results are compared with those obtained by quantum chemical calculations, including improved versions of the latter. Examples are presented of natural nucleosides which exhibit appreciable tautomerism in solution, e.g. formycins A and B, isoguanosine, but are not found in DNA. Illustrations are given of synthetic promutagenic nucleosides with pronounced tautomerism in solution relevant to their role in mutagenesis, such as the N4-hydroxy- and N4-methoxy cytidines. The amino-imino tautomeric equilibria of the promutagenic N6-hydroxy- and N6 -methoxy-adenosines are highly dependent on the solvent medium, the proportion of the imino species varying from 10% in CCl4 to 90% in aqueous medium. The type of base pairing of these is dependent on the conformation of the exocyclic hydroxy or methoxy groups. At the monomer level, addition of a potentially complementary base leads to a shift in the tautomeric equilibrium in favour of the species which pairs with this base. Biological and genetical implications of the foregoing are described.