The radioactivity levels of food and the dose in residents due to food intake around Shidaowan Nuclear Power Plant / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To analyze the radionuclide levels in food and the committed effective dose due to food intake in residents around the Shidaowan Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP). Methods Daily food samples were collected within 30 km radius around the nuclear power plant in 2019—2022. The radioactivity levels before and after the operation of SNPP were determined. The data were combined with the dietary consumption of residents in Shandong province, China to estimate the committed effective dose. Results The radionuclides 238U, 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K in food were at normal background levels, and the average radioactivity was (0.062 ± 0.004), (0.121 ± 0.007), (0.162 ± 0.010), and (92.4 ± 5.5) Bq/kg fresh weight. Trace 137Cs and 90Sr were detected in some food samples and the average radioactivity was (0.047 ± 0.003) and (0.193 ± 0.200) Bq/kg fresh weight. The levels of radionuclides did not increase after the operation of SNPP compared with that before operation. The estimated committed effective dose in residents due to food intake was 0.205 mSv. Conclusion The radioactivity of food in the area around SNPP shows no difference before and after operation, and the dose burden is low in local residents.

Radioactivity in marine organisms around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant / 中国辐射卫生

@#<b>Objective</b> To determine the radioactive enrichment level in marine biological media around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant and to evaluate the impact of effluent on marine biological media in the surrounding sea area based on the discharge of effluent from the nuclear power plant over the years and the monitoring level of surrounding marine media. <b>Methods</b> The monitoring data of ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, and ^110mAg in the environmental media monitored in Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant from 2008 to 2017 were collected, and the data were processed and analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26. <b>Results</b> The activity concentrations of tritium in mullet and oyster in the sea area around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant were 0.5-2.9 Bq/kg and 0.55-8.2 Bq/kg, respectively, and the activity concentrations of tritium in both increased generally under the influence of effluent from the nuclear power plant. The activity concentrations of ¹⁴C, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁹⁰Sr in the monitored organisms were lower than the background values. The results of correlation analysis showed that the effluent from the nuclear power plant had almost no effect on ¹⁴C. The activity level of ^110mAg decreased significantly year by year in oyster, and remained below the background level in mullet. <b>Conclusion</b> Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant is the longest operating nuclear power plant in mainland China. Most of the nuclides in biological media in the surrounding sea area are lower than the background levels, and the effluents from the nuclear power plant have little influence on marine biological media in the surrounding sea area.

A reflection on medical treatment of radionuclide-contaminated wounds during medical response to nuclear emergencies / 中国辐射卫生

Radionuclide-contaminated wounds are common in medical response to nuclear emergencies, which have different manifestations in different types of accidents. Medical treatment is the key part of the response. Based on the drill experience gained from medical response to nuclear emergencies, the authors summarize the research advances in radionuclide-contaminated wounds in recent years, mainly involving the biokinetic characteristics, medical response, surgical debridement, and prevention and treatment of internal contamination of radionuclide-contaminated wounds; the authors summarize the key points of technical operations and provide suggestions on improvements in the drills. The authors believe that medical treatment of radionuclide-contaminated wounds requires highly compatible integration of the practical skills from clinical medicine and radiological knowledge; emergency response, surgical debridement, and prevention and treatment of internal contamination all together constitute an integrated rescue and treatment strategy with internal logic correlations. However, targeted improvements are needed to achieve desired effects in the drills.

Research progress of irradiation injuries anti-agents / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Irradiation injuries anti-agents refer to drugs that can inhibit the initial stage of radiation injuries, or reduce the development of radiation injuries and promote the recovery of injuries when used early after irradiation exposure. According to the mechanism of action and the time of intervention, the irradiation injuries anti-agents are divided into four categories: radioprotectors, radiomitigators, radiation therapeutics for external radiation exposure, and anti-agents for internalized radionuclides. In this paper, the research progress of irradiation injuries anti-agents in recent years is reviewed.

Investigation on radionuclide deposition during primary loop overhaul at a nuclear power plant / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate radionuclide deposition in the systems related to the primary loop during the overhaul and refueling at a nuclear power plant.Methods:The radionuclides deposited in the main piping system, the primary loop coolant purification system, the volume and boron control system, the waste heat export system, and the inner wall of pipe in boron-containing water system were measured by using the low and medium radiation field high-purity germanium (HPGe) in-situ γ source term measurement system, the strong radiation field cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) in- situ γ source term measurement system, and the portable radiation monitoring instrument Radiagem-2000. Results:The result had shown that the major radionuclides deposited in the systems related to primary loop were mainly 58Co, 60Co, 95Nb, 95Zr, 51Cr, 124Sb, 54Mn, 110Ag *, 59Fe, and those with higher deposition were 60Co, 58Co, 124Sb, 95Zr. Of them, the largest deposition was 60Co up to 21 200 Bq/cm 2 in extra strong pipe below the safety valve, 58Co up to 8 480 Bq/cm 2 in the pipeline of hot section in the state of full water in the main pipeline. 124Sb was 4 910 Bq/cm 2 in pipeline before the filter of the primary loop purification system and 4 680 Bq/cm 2 in the chemical capacity drainage pipeline, respectively, and 95 Zr was 2 500 Bq/cm 2 in the pipeline of hot section in the state of full water in the main pipeline. The radionuclides deposited, after the filter of the purification system, in the pipe upstream of the boron-containing pump were significantly lower than those in other systems. Conclusions:The types of radionuclides in the systems associated with primary loop at a nuclear power plant are basically identical, but their amount deposited varies greatly. Attention should be paid to the removal of radionuclides in primary loop through the filter of purification system.

Application of nanoformulations and nanomaterials in the decorporation of radionuclides / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Internal contamination of radionuclides in the event of nuclear emergencies can lead to serious harm to human health. The research and development of radionuclide chelating agents and the application of new technologies can reduce the internal damage caused by radionuclides. Compared with traditional preparations, the nano-preparations have the advantages of improving drug dissolution, targeting and positioning drug release, and easily passing through biofilm barrier. In recent years, many scholars have used different nano-preparation forms for different decorporation drugs, including nanoparticles, nano-liposomes, nano-emulsions, etc., to conduct related research in order to achieve better clinical application effects. Nanomaterials with excellent properties have the advantages of high efficiency, rapid adsorption and high biocompatibility, etc., and have been used more and more widely in radionuclide decorporation. In this paper, combined with the relevant literatures at home and abroad, the internal contamination of radionuclides is classified according to nuclide-deposited sites of tissues and organs, and the applications of related nanoformulations and nanomaterials in radionuclide decorporation are introduced in order to provide reference for further research.

Investigation on levels of 90Sr and 137Cs in drinking water and food after installation of the first AP1000 nuclear power unit in China / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate and analyze the radioactivity levels of 90Sr and 137Cs in drinking water and 137Cs in food after the installation of the first AP1000 nuclear power unit in China. Methods:From 2012 to 2019, four drinking water monitoring points around AP1000 nuclear power unit located at Sanmen nuclear power plant site were collected during the wet season and dry season, 90Sr and 137Cs and radioactivity concentrations were determined in drinking water. Local rice, cabbage, crucian and mullet were collected to determine the radioactivity concentration of 137Cs. Results:From 2012 to 2019, the radioactivity concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs in drinking water were 1.2-9.8 mBq/L and 0.2-8.1 mBq/L, respectively. The radioactivity concentration of 137Cs in food were 1.1×10 -2-2.8×10 -1 Bq/kg, lower than the limits specified in the Limited concentrations of radioactive materials in foods (GB 14882-94). Conclusions:After the installation of the first AP1000 nuclear power unit in China, the radioactivity levels of 90Sr and 137Cs in drinking water and 137Cs in foods are stable, without environmental impact identified.

A review of transfer distribution and content of radionuclides in mushrooms / 中国辐射卫生

Since the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the radioactive contamination in food caused by the nuclear accident has been widely concerned by people. There have been a lot of studies on concentrated radionuclides in mushrooms in foreign countries, but the research on radionuclides content and transfer distribution mechanism of radionuclides in mushrooms is almost blank in China. Studies have shown that mushrooms have a strong adsorption capacity on radionuclides. As a common food in daily life, therefore, it is of great significance to study the content of radionuclides in mushrooms for evaluating the internal dose in the human body. In this paper, the types of radionuclides in mushrooms and the methods of their transfer and distribution in mushrooms were reviewed, and the research status and development trends at domestic and abroad in recent years were emphasized, in order to provide theoretical support for the future basic research.

Construction and application of food radionuclide monitoring information system / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective@#To establish a nationwide food radionuclides monitoring network to improve the national food radionuclides monitoring efficiency.@*Methods@#The system includes a nationwide food radionuclides monitoring information system based on the existing National Radiation Health Information Platform. The system consists mainly of information filling, data review, retrieval query, graphic report and data export.@*Results@#Since 2016, a network submission method was used for the first time in the national food radioactive material risk monitoring. The system improved the timeliness and validity of data reporting and provided a more effective means than before for the normative management and scientific application of data.@*Conclusions@#The national food radionuclides monitoring network was successfully constructed and in use. The system has provided a good information support for monitoring the food radionuclide levels in China.

Construction and application of food radionuclide monitoring information system / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To establish a nationwide food radionuclides monitoring network to improve the national food radionuclides monitoring efficiency. Methods The system includes a nationwide food radionuclides monitoring information system based on the existing National Radiation Health Information Platform. The system consists mainly of information filling, data review, retrieval query, graphic report and data export. Results Since 2016, a network submission method was used for the first time in the national food radioactive material risk monitoring. The system improved the timeliness and validity of data reporting and provided a more effective means than before for the normative management and scientific application of data. Conclusions The national food radionuclides monitoring network was successfully constructed and in use. The system has provided a good information support for monitoring the food radionuclide levels in China.

Analysis of background variations in low-background γ-ray spectrometer with lead shielding / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To study the variation in net count rates of natural radionuclides in background of gamma-ray spectrometer,so as to provide a scientific basis for reducing the effect of background fluctuations on sample measurement.Methods The unscheduled background spectrum obtained using two high-purity gamma-ray spectrometers during 2013-2017 were collected,and then the net count rates of 210pb,234Th,212Pb,214pb,208Tl,214Bi,228Ac and 40K were calculated and analyzed by aid of statistical method.Results There was a significant difference in the net count rates of 210Pb,234Th,212Pb,214Pb,208Tl,214Bi,228Ac and 40K in the background spectrum of gamma-ray spectrometer,and the net count rates of 214Pb,214Bi and 40K was significantly higher than those of 210Pb,234Th,212pb,208Tl and 228Ac.There were no significant differences in the net count rates of these eight natural radionuclides from 2013 to 2017,respectively (P ＞ O.05).However,the coefficients of variation in the net count rates for 214pb and 214Bi were both greater than 50％.Conclusions When the activity concentration of natural radionuclides is determined in a sample by gamma-ray spectrometer,it is critical to subtract the background spectrum obtained recently to ensure the accuracy of the measurement,especially for the low activity concentration of natural radionuclide to be measured.

Intercomparison and evaluation onγ-spectrometry of radionuclides in water / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To improve theγ-spectrometry analysis technology in water sample through the intercomparison conducted among the key laboratories. Methods To take part in the intercomparison of γ-spectrometry analysis in water sample organized by National Institute of Metrology ( NIM ) , the radionuclides of 238 U,226 Ra, 208 Tl, 228 Ac, 40 K, 241 Am, 137 Cs, and 60 Co in water sample were determined. The efficiency of the detector was calibrated renewedly by new standard source in 2015 and a new γ-spectrometry (BE5030) was used for sample measurement. Results Analysis and comparison of the three measurement results and the leading laboratory reference values showed that the results measured by γ-spectrometry ( BE5030 ) were better, especially for the natural radionuclides. The maximum En value between them and NIM reference value was only 0. 71. Conclusions The wide range energy γ-spectrometry (BE5030) has obvious advantages in the measurement and analysis of natural radionuclides. Due to the special structure of the wide range energy detector, its background interference is less in low energy area. This inter-comparison improved the accuracy of sample measurements and analysis, with good result achieved.

Evaluation result of radionuclide γ-spectrometry in 2016 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To evaluate the radionuclide measurability and analyzability of the γ-spectrometry laboratories in radiological technology institutions countrywide,ensure the quality of radionuclide γ-spectrometry and outlook the evaluation work in γ-spectrometry.Methods The 2016 annual evaluation of radionuclide γ-spectrometry was carried,and the accuracy and precision of 232Th,40K and 137Cs,activity concentration in soil samples were summarized and analyzed in γ-spectrometry laboratories of radiological technology institutions countrywide.Results Of received 45 revaluation receipts,43 were effective and the other two were ineffective due to the suspension of the evaluation.The relative deviation of the activity concentration values of 232Th,40K and 137Cs given by most of the institutions were within the range of ± 20％,only with two measurements beyond 20％.The evaluation results from the 43 participants were qualified with the overall qualified rate of 100％,of which five were excellent accounting for 11.6％ of all.Conclusions All of the elevation results submitted were accurate,showing better measurability.However,some submittals deviated from the references to some degree.Henceforth,it is necessary to strengthen experimental operation and data processing according to the defend procedures and improve the accuracy and precision of measurement results.

Intercomparison and evaluation onγ-spectrometry of radionuclides in water / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To improve theγ-spectrometry analysis technology in water sample through the intercomparison conducted among the key laboratories. Methods To take part in the intercomparison of γ-spectrometry analysis in water sample organized by National Institute of Metrology ( NIM ) , the radionuclides of 238 U,226 Ra, 208 Tl, 228 Ac, 40 K, 241 Am, 137 Cs, and 60 Co in water sample were determined. The efficiency of the detector was calibrated renewedly by new standard source in 2015 and a new γ-spectrometry (BE5030) was used for sample measurement. Results Analysis and comparison of the three measurement results and the leading laboratory reference values showed that the results measured by γ-spectrometry ( BE5030 ) were better, especially for the natural radionuclides. The maximum En value between them and NIM reference value was only 0. 71. Conclusions The wide range energy γ-spectrometry (BE5030) has obvious advantages in the measurement and analysis of natural radionuclides. Due to the special structure of the wide range energy detector, its background interference is less in low energy area. This inter-comparison improved the accuracy of sample measurements and analysis, with good result achieved.

Clinical research of percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with strontium-89 on patients with spinal malignant tumors / 重庆医学

Objective This study aims to investigate the clinical value of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP)combined with strontium-89 (89 Sr)on patients with spinal malignant tumor.Methods Seventy four patients who were diagnosed as spinal malig-nant tumor were divided into two groups randomly.37 patients of the control group were treated by PVP only,and 37 patients of joint group were treated by PVP and 89 Sr together.Then the clinical effect of the joint group and control group was compared after treatment.Results After treatment,the quality of life,ratio of pain relief,clinical effect and survival time in joint group were dis-tinctly better than control group (P <0.05).Conclusion PVP combined with 89 Sr can be an effective and safe treatment for pa-tients with spinal malignant tumor.

Studies on radionuclides 228Ra, 238U, 228Th and 40 K in selected seaweeds of coastal Tamil Nadu, India.

Studies on natural and anthropogenic radioactivity assume greater importance in the context of human health and development. Hence two species of seaweeds viz: Gracilaria edulis and Ulva lactuca, from three high background radiation areas (Arockiapuram, Kadiapattinam and Kurumpanai) on the southwest coast of Tamil Nadu, and Mandapam as low background radiation area of the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu were studied for variations in activity concentration of 228 Ra, 40 K, 238 U and 228 Th. Among these radionuclides, 40K recorded significant inter-species variation while 238 U and 228 Th showed significant association. The overall mean concentration of radionuclides was found high in G.edulis (5.31, 57.49, 36.05, 356.55 Bq kg-1 for 228 Ra, 40K, 238U, 228 Th respectively), while the mean concentrations for U.lactuca were 4.88, 42.35, 34.40, 347.70 Bqkg-1 for 228 Ra, 40K, 238U, 228 Th respectively. The mean concentration of radionuclides was uniformly found low during northeast monsoon season in both the seaweed species.

Fatores de correção volumétrica na medição de atividade de 99mTc e 123I em calibradores de radionuclídeos / Volume corrections factors in the measurement of 99mTc and 123I activities in radionuclide calibrators

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de correção para a variação volumétrica dos radiofármacos contidos em recipientes de diferentes geometrias. Comparar a influência desses fatores na determinação da atividade de 99mTc e 123I utilizando dois tipos de calibradores: um com câmara de ionização e outro com detector Geiger-Müller (G-M). Avaliar o desempenho de calibradores de alguns serviços de medicina nuclear em medição de atividade de 99mTc e 123I. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados oito calibradores, frascos de vidro 10R, seringas de plástico de 3 e 5 mL e soluções de 99mTc e 123I. Os fatores de correção foram determinados a partir das medições práticas da variação da leitura do calibrador com a variação do volume da solução no recipiente. O desempenho foi avaliado em relação ao critério de aceitação de ±10% de exatidão exigida pela norma brasileira. RESULTADOS: A variação da resposta do calibrador com a variação do volume do frasco foi bem maior no calibrador que utiliza G-M. Ela também foi maior para 123I do que para 99mTc. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados confirmam que a resposta dos calibradores depende do volume contido nos recipientes. Essa dependência é mais crítica para os calibradores equipados com detector G-M e para 123I quando comparado com 99mTc.

OBJECTIVE: To determine correction factors for the variation in volume of radiopharmaceuticals in containers of different geometries, comparing the influence of such factors on the determination of 99mTc and 123I activity with two types of calibrators - one with ionization chamber and another with Geiger-Müller (G-M) detector -; and to evaluate calibrators performance in the measurement of 99mTc and 123I activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight calibrators, 10R glass vials, 3 and 5 mL plastic syringes and 99mTc and 123I solutions were utilized. The correction factors were determined with basis on practical measurements of the variation in the calibrators' response according to the volume of radionuclide solution in the glass vials. The performance was evaluated according to the acceptance criterion of ±10% accuracy required by the Brazilian standard. RESULTS: The variation of the calibrators' response according to the variation in radionuclide volume was reasonably greater in the calibrator with G-M detector. It was also greater for 123I than for 99mTc. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that the calibrators' response depends on the radionuclide volume contained in the vials. Such dependence is more critical for the calibrators equipped with G-M detector and for 123I as compared with 99mTc.

Therapeutic effects of radioisotope labeled Ku70 antisense oligodeoxynuclecotide on thyroid carcinoma implanted in nude mice / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of radioisotope labeled Ku70 antisense oligodeoxynuclecotide (ASODNs) on thyroid carcinoma implanted in nude mice and the related mechanism. Methods: The Ku70 ASODNs labeled with 131I was used to treat the tumor-bearing mouse model derived from thyroid carcinoma TT cells. The tumor-forming rate, mortality rate and tumor growth were observed and calculated after treatment with 131I-ASODNs, 131I-Na, ASODNs or NS (normal saline). Annexin V/PI assay was used to examine the apoptosis of tumor cells by flow cytometry. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the protein expressions of Ku70, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, a cell proliferation marker) and Bcl-2(a cell apoptosis marker). Results: After treatment with 131I-ASODNs, the Ku70 protein level was down-regulated in the tumor tissues and the growth of tumor was inhibited. The tumor volume, tumor-forming rate and mortality rate were significantly decreased in 131I-ASODNs group than in the NS control group (P<0.01). The tumor volume of 131I-ASODNs group was also significantly smaller than that in the 131I-Na group (P<0.05); the apoptosis rate of 131I- ASODNs group (35.6%) was significantly higher than that of the ASODNs group (10.4%), NS group (9.2%) and 131I-Na group (26.6%) (P<0.05). Further investigation found that PCNA and Bcl-2 protein levels in 131I-ASODNs group were lower than those in NS and ASODNs groups. Conclusion: The Ku70 131I-ASODNs can effectively inhibit the growth of thyroid carcinoma and promote apoptosis of TT tumor cells, which might be related to the down-regulation of Ku70 and the changes of PCNA and Bcl-2 signal pathway.

Nationwide intercomparison of 226Ra,232Th and 40K for soil and building material by γ-spectrometry analyses in 2008 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To assess the accuracy and precision of γ-spectrometry analysis, and to obtain accurate and valid measurement results in the middle term and long term. Methods A nationwide intercomparison on gamma-ray spectrometry measurement of activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil and building material was organized by National Institute for Radiological Protection( NIRP) , China CDC. Results 15 laboratories participated in this intercomparison, with 13 laboratories produced acceptable results. Only 2 laboratories were classified as " not acceptable" , including one for inappropriate accuracy in determination of 40K and another for inappropriate precision determination of 226Ra in both kinds of the samples. Through comment and discussion, the second round intercomparison got satisfactory results. Conclusions The overall measurement results of samples for intercomparison are in close agreement with the reference values. Most of the laboratories involved in the intercomparison have good ability in γ-spectrometry analysis.

Evaluation on the effect of Qinshan nuclear power station in normal operational condition on the environmental radioactivity in Shanghai city / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To study the effect on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when Qinshan Nuclear Power Station(QNPS) has been in normal operational condition for 17 years. Methods The field monitoring and the sampling analytical method were used for monitoring the radioactivity level in outdoor environment, drinking water, food and soil. Results The outdoor natural radiation level and the radioactivity level in the sample of the environmental media were on the normal background level. There was no distinct change in the environmental radiation level of Jinshan Area when QNPS was in normal operational condition. The radioactivity level in the environmental media was far lower than the limit values specified by the national standard GB. The effective dose of the outdoor natural external exposure for the residents is about 0.102 mSv/a and the effective dose of the internal exposure from the artificial radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in food for the residents is about 0.488 μSv/a. Conclusions There is no effect of the radioactive contamination on the environmental radioactivity level and the health of the residents in Shanghai when QNPS has been in normal operational condition for 17 years.