Features of the triggering of the yellow code and factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events / Características de la activación del código amarillo y factores relacionados a la ocurrencia de eventos adversos / Características do acionamento do código amarelo e fatores associados à ocorrência de eventos adversos

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the characteristics of the activation of the yellow code in wards and identify the factors associated with adverse events after the Rapid Response Team. Methods: a cross-sectional study with retrospective analysis of medical records of adults admitted to medical or surgical clinic wards of the University Hospital of São Paulo. Results: among the 91 patients, the most frequent signs of triggers (n=107) were peripheral oxygen saturation of less than 90% (40.2%) and hypotension (30.8%). Regarding the associated factors the research identified each minute of attendance of the Rapid Response Team in the wards increased by 1.2% odds of adverse events (twenty-four unplanned admission in the ICU and one cardiac arrest) in the sample (p=0.014). Conclusions: decreased oxygen saturation and hypotension were the main reasons for the triggering, and the length of care was associated with the frequency of adverse events.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar características de la activación del código amarillo en unidades de internación e identificar factores relacionados a ocurrencia de eventos adversos después de la atención del Equipo de Respuesta Rápida. Métodos: estudio transversal con análisis retrospectivo de prontuarios de adultos internados en enfermerías de Clínica Médica o Quirúrgica de hospital universitario de São Paulo. Resultados: entre 91 pacientes, los signos más frecuentes de las activaciones (n=107) fueron saturación periférica de oxígeno inferior a 90% (40,2%) y hipotensión arterial (30,8%). Cuanto a factores relacionados, identificado que cada minuto de atención del Equipo de Respuesta Rápida en enfermerías aumentó en 1,2% la chance de ocurrencia de eventos adversos (24 admisiones no planeadas en Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo y un paro cardíaco) en la amuestra (p=0,014). Conclusiones: caída de saturación de oxígeno e hipotensión arterial fueron los principales motivos de activación, y tiempo de ateción fue relacionado a ocurrencia de eventos adversos.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as características do acionamento do código amarelo em unidades de internação e identificar os fatores associados à ocorrência de eventos adversos após o atendimento do Time de Resposta Rápida. Métodos: estudo transversal com análise retrospectiva de prontuários de adultos internados em enfermarias de Clínica Médica ou Cirúrgica de hospital universitário de São Paulo. Resultados: entre os 91 pacientes, os sinais mais frequentes dos acionamentos (n=107) foram saturação periférica de oxigênio inferior a 90% (40,2%) e hipotensão arterial (30,8%). Quanto aos fatores associados, identificou-se que cada minuto de atendimento do Time de Resposta Rápida nas enfermarias aumentou em 1,2% a chance de ocorrência de eventos adversos (24 internações não planejadas em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e uma parada cardiorrespiratória) na amostra (p=0,014). Conclusões: queda da saturação de oxigênio e hipotensão arterial foram os principais motivos de acionamento, e o tempo de atendimento foi associado à ocorrência de eventos adversos.

Documentação automatizada de parâmetros vitais em enfermarias utilizando estações portáteis - Efeito no acionamento adequado do time de resposta rápida: um protocolo de um ensaio clínico randomizado em clusters / Automated documentation of vital parameters in wards using portable stations - Effect on proper triggering of the rapid response team: a study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da solução Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ em acionar o time de resposta rápida em tempo hábil, em comparação com o acionamento manual. Métodos: O estudo Hillrom é um ensaio clínico unicêntrico, aberto, de superioridade, randomizado em clusters em paralelo (taxa de alocação 1:1) realizado em um hospital terciário. Serão incluídos dois grupos de três enfermarias com 28 leitos (um grupo intervenção e um grupo controle). As enfermarias serão distribuídas aleatoriamente para utilizar a solução automatizada Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ (grupo intervenção) ou para manter a rotina habitual (grupo controle) em relação ao acionamento do time de resposta rápida. O desfecho primário será o número absoluto de ocorrências de acionamento do time de resposta rápida em tempo hábil. Como desfechos secundários, características clínicas como mortalidade, parada cardíaca, necessidade de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva e duração da hospitalização serão avaliadas de forma exploratória de acordo com os grupos. Estimou-se uma amostra de 216 acionamentos de time de resposta rápida, para identificar uma possível diferença entre os grupos. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa institucional. Resultados esperados: Espera-se que a solução automatizada Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ seja mais eficaz no acionamento do sistema de chamada de enfermeiros, para acionar o time de resposta rápida em tempo hábil e de maneira adequada, em comparação com o acionamento manual (prática habitual). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04648579

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ solution in activating the rapid response team in a timely manner compared to manual activation. Methods: The Hillrom study is a single-center, open-label, superiority, cluster-randomized, parallel-group (1:1 allocation ratio) clinical trial that will be conducted in a tertiary hospital. Two sets of three wards with 28 beds will be included (one as the intervention cluster and the other as the control). The wards will be randomly assigned to use the Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ automated solution (intervention cluster) or to maintain the usual routine (control cluster) regarding rapid response team activation. The primary outcome will be the absolute number of episodes of rapid response team triggering in an appropriate time; as secondary outcomes, clinical features (mortality, cardiac arrest, need for intensive care unit admission and duration of hospitalization) will be assessed according to clusters in an exploratory way. A sample size of 216 rapid response team activations was estimated to identify a possible difference between the groups. The protocol has been approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee. Expected results: The Welch Allyn Connex® Spot Monitor/Hillrom Connecta™ automated solution is expected to be more effective in triggering the nurse call system to activate the rapid response team in a timely and adequate manner compared to manual triggering (usual practice). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04648579

Expert statement on the construction criteria of critical care department in municipal and district designated hospitals under the pandemic prevention and control / 中华危重病急救医学

The global coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic is still in a pandemic state. Aging population with underlying diseases is prone to become severe, and have a higher mortality. The treatment capacity of the critical care department directly determines the treatment success rate of critical illness. At present, there is still a certain gap between domestic and foreign countries in intensive care unit (ICU), which is not only in the allocation of medical staff, but also in the beds and settings. The current medical model cannot fully meet the needs of development. The experience and lessons of many major public health emergencies suggested that " dual track of peace and war" approach in discipline construction of critical care is the best medical model. Following the concept of "combination of peace and war", strengthening the discipline construction of critical care department in municipal and district designated hospitals, allocating reasonable standard ICU, step-down ICU and combat readiness ICU, establishing rapid response team, and strengthening regular training and scientific management may be the key measures to deal with the epidemic.

Effect of septic shock rapid response group on compliance with hour-1 bundle therapy strategy / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of septic shock rapid response team (SSRRT) on the compliance and prognosis of hour-1 bundle therapy strategy in emergency department patients with septic shock.Methods:This study was conducted on emergency patients with septic shock who were admitted to Huai’an First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021. The inclusion criteria were emergency patients with septic shock who met the international guideline for surviving sepsis campaigns (Sepsis 3.0). Exclusion criteria: age<18 years, pregnant patients, patients transferred from another hospital who had received fluid resuscitation and/or vasoactive drugs, patients requiring emergency surgery, patients with emergency detention time<1 h, patients who refused to place central venous catheterization or had contraindications for catheterization, and patients who refused to give informed consent. SSRRT was established in January 2021. According to the establishment of SSRRT, patients were divided into the pre-SSRRT intervention group and the post-SSRRT intervention group. The general clinical data of the enrolled patients were collected, including vital signs, lactate, fluid resuscitation volume, maximum vasoactive drug pumping rate at the diagnosis of septic shock, implementation of hour-1 bundle therapy strategies, and ICU and 28-day mortality. Statistical software SPSS 25.0 was used. Pearson chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables between groups, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables between groups.Results:A total of 289 emergency patients met the inclusion criteria, 115 patients were excluded, and 174 patients were eventually included, including 83 patients in the pre-SSRRT group and 91 patients in the post-SSRRT group. Compared with the pre-SSRRT group, the proportion of lactate monitoring (54.2% vs. 100.0%, P<0.001), blood culture (27.7% vs. 93.4%, P<0.001), antibiotics (57.8% vs. 97.8%, P<0.001), fluid resuscitation volume ≥ 30 mL/kg (4.8% vs. 34.1%, P<0.001), and mean arterial pressure ≥ 65 mmHg (49.4% vs. 68.1%, P<0.001) were significantly increased. There was no significant difference in ICU mortality (50.6% vs. 37.4%, P=0.079) or 28-day mortality (53.0% vs. 38.5%, P=0.054) between the two groups. Conclusions:SSRRT can significantly improve the compliance of hour-1 bundle therapy strategy implementation in patients with emergency septic shock, and has a trend of decreasing mortality.

Effect of intelligent early warning scoring system in condition monitoring of hospitalized non-critically ill patients / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To establish and apply the electronic further modified early warning score system (e-fMEWS), and explore its role in the condition evaluation and early warning of inpatients in non-critical units, so as to provide clinical nurses with an early and dynamic method to identify the potential deterioration risk of patients' condition.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 262 805 inpatients in multiple non-critical units of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January to December 2018 and January to December 2020 was performed. The patients who were hospitalized from January to December 2018 were used as the control group, and the responsible nurse used the traditional single evaluation index to start the emergency response system; the patients from January to December 2020 were used as the research group, and the emergency response system was started using e-fMEWS. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) hospitalization time ≥24 h; (2) patient ≥14 years old. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients had cardiopulmonary resuscitation before admission; (2) patients discontinued treatment or were transferred to another hospital during treatment; (3) patients received palliative care; (4) patients were admitted to non-critical wards in grade I of emergency pre-examination and triage. The activation of the rapid response team (RRT), the activation of the cardiorespiratory arrest team, the incidence of cardiac and respiratory arrest, the number of cases of invasive mechanical ventilation, the number of cases admitted to the intensive care unit, the length of hospital stay and the prognosis were compared. Statistical software SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis.Results:Under the e-fMEWS assessment, compared with the control group, the rate of initiation of the research group decreased by 0.03%. For patients who initiated RRT, the average length of hospital stay was shortened, and the number of in-hospital respiratory cardiac arrest decreased (12.2% vs. 13.2%) and the number of cases transferred to the intensive care unit was less (42.8% vs. 50.6%), the rate of improvement and recovary increased (58.4% vs. 56.1%).Conclusions:The application of e-fMEWS can help clinical nurses to quickly and accurately identify the potential risk of deterioration of the patient's condition. Through early identification of potentially critically ill patients in non-critical units, early intervention and timely treatment can avoid adverse events and improve the patient prognosis.

Estructura y función de los equipos de respuesta rápida para la atención de adultos en contextos hospitalarios de alta complejidad: Revisión sistemática de alcance / Structure and roles of rapid response teams for adult care in high complexity hospitals: Scoping review

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Una importante proporción de pacientes hospitalizados presenta deterioro clínico severo que puede terminar en eventos adversos, paro cardíaco no esperado, o muerte; para reducir su frecuencia y prevenir sus consecuencias se han creado los equipos de respuesta rápida (ERR). El objetivo de esta revisión de alcance es describir la conformación, funcionamiento y resultados de la implementación de los ERR en el contexto hospitalario, con énfasis en los servicios de cirugía ginecológica y atención obstetricia. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos de literatura médica Medline vía Pubmed, Embase vía OVID, LILACS, Cochrane Library y Open Gray. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales descriptivos y analíticos, estudios experimentales y estudios cualitativos que incluyeron ERR en instituciones de salud de alta complejidad u hospitales universitarios. Dos investigadores seleccionaron los estudios y extrajeron los datos respecto a la conformación, funcionamiento, los criterios de activación del equipo, los tiempos de respuesta o las herramientas de evaluación de su desempeño. No se hicieron restricciones de fecha o estado de publicación. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, español y portugués. Se hace síntesis narrativa de los hallazgos. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 15,833 títulos, un total de 15 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Solo un estudio menciona el uso de los ERR en servicios de obstetricia. La conformación de los ERR es multidisciplinaria y están disponibles al menos 12 horas cada día. Sus funciones son la identificación temprana de pacientes con deterioro de la condición, especialmente en áreas por fuera de la unidad de cuidados intensivos y de pacientes con condiciones subyacentes o eventos desencadenantes que aumentan el riesgo de paro cardíaco. Además, implementan intervenciones rápidas multifacéticas que incluyen tratamientos farmacológicos, procedimientos cardiopulmonares, y desarrollan actividades de comunicación y formación. Se dispone de herramientas para la activación y evaluación de los procesos asistenciales. Conclusión: La estructura y las funciones del ERR están claramente descritas, lo que permite que sean ensamblados en hospitales de alta complejidad. Se deben realizar más investigaciones sobre los beneficios y riesgos del uso de los ERR para mitigar los daños en pacientes con EREND y comparar la efectividad y seguridad entre la activación de códigos y las estrategias de ERR en los servicios de obstetricia.

Abstract Introduction and Objective: A significant proportion of hospitalized patients experience severe clinical deterioration that may result in adverse events, unexpected cardiac arrest, or death. Rapid response teams (RRTs) have been created to reduce the frequency and prevent the consequences of these events. The objective of this scoping review is to describe the structure, role and results of the implementation of RRTs in the hospital context, with a focus on gynecological surgery and obstetric care. Materials and methods: A search was conducted in the Medline via Pubmed, Embase via OVID, LILACS, Cochrane Library and Open Gray medical databases. The search included descriptive and analytical observational studies, experimental studies and qualitative studies that included RRTs in high complexity healthcare institutions or teaching hospitals. Two researchers selected the studies and extracted data pertaining to the structure, roles and team activation criteria, response times or tools to assess their performance. No date or publication status restrictions were applied. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included. A narrative synthesis of the findings is made. Results: Overall, 15,833 titles were retrieved, of which 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only one study mentions the use of RRTs in obstetric services. RRTs have a multidisciplinary structure and they must be available at least 12 hours a day. The roles of RRTs include identification of patients who are deteriorating, especially outside the intensive care setting, and of patients with underlying conditions or triggering events that increase the risk of cardiac arrest. In addition, they implement rapid multifaceted interventions that include pharmacological treatments, cardiopulmonary procedures, and they develop communication and training activities. Tools for team activation and care process assessment are available. Conclusion: The structure and roles of RRTs are clearly described, making it possible to assemble them in high complexity hospitals. Further research is required to explore risks and benefits of using RRTs to mitigate harm in patients with adverse events and to compare effectiveness and safety between code activation and RRT strategies in obstetrics services.

Equipos de trauma: realidad mundial e implementación en un país en desarrollo. Descripción narrativa / Trauma teams: global reality and implementation in a developing country. Narrative description

Introducción. El trauma es una de las entidades con mayor morbimortalidad en el mundo. Los equipos especializados en la atención del paciente traumatizado son llamados «equipos de trauma¼. Dichos equipos surgieron de la necesidad de brindar tratamiento oportuno multidisciplinario a individuos con heridas que condicionan gran severidad en la guerra; sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo se trasladaron al ámbito civil, generando un impacto positivo en términos de tiempos de atención, mortalidad y morbilidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el proceso de desarrollo de los equipos de trauma a nivel mundial y la experiencia en nuestra institución en el suroccidente colombiano. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PUBMED, que incluyó revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, revisiones de Cochrane, ensayos clínicos y series de casos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 41 estudios para esta revisión narrativa, y se observó que el tiempo de permanencia en Emergencias, el tiempo de traslado a cirugía, la mortalidad y las complicaciones asociadas al trauma fueron menores cuando se implementan equipos de trauma. Discusión. El diseño de un sistema de atención y valoración horizontal de un paciente con traumatismos severos produce un impacto positivo en términos de tiempos de atención, mortalidad y morbilidad. Se hace necesario establecer los parámetros operativos necesarios en las instituciones de salud de alta y mediana complejidad en nuestro país para implementar dichos equipos de trabajo

Introduction. Trauma is one of the entities with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Teams specialized in trauma patient care are called «trauma teams¼. These teams arose from the need to provide timely multidisciplinary treatment to individuals with severe injuries in war; however, with time they moved to the civilian arena, generating a positive impact in terms of care times, mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to describe the process of development of trauma teams worldwide and the experience in our institution in southwestern Colombia. Methods. A search of the PUBMED database was carried out, which included systematic reviews, metaanalyses, Cochrane reviews, clinical trials, and case series.Results. Forty-one studies were included for this narrative review, and it was observed that the length of stay in the ER, the time of transfer to surgery, mortality and complications associated with trauma were lower when trauma teams are implemented. Discussion. The design of a horizontal care and assessment system for a patient with severe trauma produces a positive impact in terms of care times, mortality and morbidity. It is necessary to establish operational parameters in high and medium complexity health institutions in our country to implement such work teams

Modificações no perfil de paradas cardíacas após implantação de um Time de Resposta Rápida / Changes in cardiac arrest profiles after the implementation of a Rapid Response Team

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as modificações nas características das paradas cardíacas no hospital após a implantação de um Time de Resposta Rápida. Métodos: Este foi um estudo observacional prospectivo de paradas cardíacas ocorridas no hospital entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2017. O critério de exclusão foi parada cardíaca na unidade de terapia intensiva, na emergência ou na sala cirúrgica. O Time de Resposta Rápida foi introduzido no hospital do estudo em julho de 2014. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: Pré-Time de Resposta Rápida (parada cardíaca no hospital antes da implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida) e Pós- Time de Resposta Rápida (parada cardíaca no hospital após a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida). Os pacientes foram seguidos até a alta hospitalar ou óbito. Resultados: Ocorreram 308 paradas cardíacas (64,6 ± 15,2 anos; 60,3% homens; 13,9% com ritmo inicial chocável). Houve diminuição de 4,2 para 2,5 no índice de parada cardíaca no hospital por 1.000 admissões após o início da atuação do Time de Resposta Rápida, além de cerca de 124 chamados por 1.000 admissões. A parada antes da implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida se associou com hipóxia (29,4 versus 14,3%; p = 0,006) e alteração da frequência respiratória (14,7 versus 4,2%; p = 0,004) em comparação aos dados referentes à parada cardíaca após a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida. Parada cardíaca por hipóxia foi mais comum antes da implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida (61,2 versus 38,1%; p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada, o retorno à circulação espontânea se associou com ritmo chocável (RC 2,97; IC95% 1,04 - 8,43) e parada cardíaca testemunhada (RC 2,52; IC95% 1,39 - 4,59) mas não com a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida (RC 1,40; IC95% 0,70 - 2,81) ou sinais premonitórios (RC 0,71; IC95% 0,39 - 1,28). Na análise multivariada, a mortalidade hospitalar se associou com ritmo não chocável (RC 5,34; IC95% 2,28 - 12,53) e idade (RC 1,03; IC95% 1,01 - 1,05), porém não com a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida (RC 0,89; IC95% 0,40 - 2,02). Conclusão: Apesar de a implantação de um Time de Resposta Rápida se associar com redução na incidência de parada cardíaca no hospital, ela não se associou com a redução da mortalidade das vítimas de parada cardíaca no hospital. Observou-se significante diminuição nas paradas cardíacas devidas a causas respiratórias após a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate changes in the characteristics of in-hospital cardiac arrest after the implementation of a Rapid Response Team. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of in-hospital cardiac arrest that occurred from January 2013 to December 2017. The exclusion criterion was in-hospital cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit, emergency room or operating room. The Rapid Response Team was implemented in July 2014 in the study hospital. Patients were classified into two groups: a Pre-Rapid Response Team (in-hospital cardiac arrest before Rapid Response Team implementation) and a Post-Rapid Response Team (in-hospital cardiac arrest after Rapid Response Team implementation). Patients were followed until hospital discharge or death. Results: We had a total of 308 cardiac arrests (64.6 ± 15.2 years, 60.3% men, 13.9% with initial shockable rhythm). There was a decrease from 4.2 to 2.5 in-hospital cardiac arrest/1000 admissions after implementation of the Rapid Response Team, and we had approximately 124 calls/1000 admissions. Pre-Rapid Response Team cardiac arrest was associated with more hypoxia (29.4 versus 14.3%; p = 0.006) and an altered respiratory rate (14.7 versus 4.2%; p = 0.004) compared with post-Rapid Response Team cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia was more common before Rapid Response Team implementation (61.2 versus 38.1%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, return of spontaneous circulation was associated with shockable rhythm (OR 2.97; IC95% 1.04 - 8.43) and witnessed cardiac arrest (OR 2.52; IC95% 1.39 - 4.59) but not with Rapid Response Team implementation (OR 1.40; IC95% 0.70 - 2.81) or premonitory signs (OR 0.71; IC95% 0.39 - 1.28). In multivariate analysis, in-hospital mortality was associated with non-shockable rhythm (OR 5.34; IC95% 2.28 - 12.53) and age (OR 1.03; IC95% 1.01 - 1.05) but not with Rapid Response Team implementation (OR 0.89; IC95% 0.40 - 2.02). Conclusion: Even though Rapid Response Team implementation is associated with a reduction in in-hospital cardiac arrest, it was not associated with the mortality of in-hospital cardiac arrest victims. A significant decrease in cardiac arrests due to respiratory causes was noted after Rapid Response Team implementation.

Role of ski injury treatment system between the ski resort medical station of Winter Olympics and the nearby medical care hospital / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To make a retrospective analysis of the situation and process of treating skiers' injuries in the medical station of the Wanlong ski resort in Chongli and the nearest treatment hospital, and to provide a basis for the establishment and optimization of the treatment process between the medical station of the Winter Olympics ski resort and the nearest treatment hospital, and to gain experience for medical security of mass skiing.@*METHODS@#The data of all ski injuries in Chongli District were collected from the medical station of the Wanlong ski resort during the 2018-2019 snow season (November 2018 to April 2019) and the nearest treatment hospital during two periods (March 2019, and November 2019 to January 2020). The differences of injury causes, injury types, injury sites, and treatment effects of the injured skiers were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 755 cases of ski injuries were recorded in the medical station of Wanlong ski resort, the estimated incidence of injury was 2.02‰ per day. The nearest treatment hospital treated a total of 838 injured skiers from different ski resorts in Chongli District in the two periods. In the records of the ski resort medical station, the main causes of injury were technical defects and turnovers (53.6%). Knee joint injury rate was the highest (18.7%), followed by head and neck (12.9%) and lower limb (11.9%). The number of injuries on intermediate roads was the highest (40.0%), the greatest number of injuries (81.2%) occurred when the age of skiing was less than 5 years. In the records of the nearest treatment hospital, the injury types were fracture or fissure fracture, contusion and trauma, and muscle and soft tissue injury, accounting for 30.5%, 27.4%, and 21.2% respectively. 9.6% of the injured took the snow field ambulance to the hospital, and 50% of them suffered from fractures or fissure fractures.@*CONCLUSION@#The injury rate of skiing in the 2018-2019 snow season of the Wanlong ski resort in Chongli was higher than that reported by foreign literature. Severe trauma (including severe fractures and concussions) could occur and patients needed to be transferred to the nearest hospital for treatment. The ski resort medical station and the nearest treatment hospital should be strengthened with adequate medical staff and equipment, and promote cooperation in the timely referral of seriously injured patients, the organization and construction of ski patrols and the medical security of large-scale competitions, thus playing an important role in forming a grassroots network of medical security and treatment system for skiing.

Research status and progress of rapid response system in hospital / 中国医师杂志

Because of the widespread development and application of rapid response system (RRS) in medical institutions in developed countries, such as Europe, America and Australia, the clinical adverse events (cardiac arrest, accidental death, etc.) in hospital patients have been reduced and improved. Meanwhile, the hospitalization rate and mortality rate of intensive care unit in hospital patients have been reduced, thus shortening the hospitalization time and reducing the medical expenses. Nevertheless, RRS is still in the exploration stage in our country. Therefore, the article reviews the RRS model and application development.

Participación de los equipos de respuesta rápida de tromboembolia pulmonar durante el perioperatorio / Participation of pulmonary embolism response teams during the perioperative period

Resumen La tromboembolia pulmonar aguda representa una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad cardiovascular, sólo rebasada por los síndromes coronarios agudos y la enfermedad cerebrovascular. El inicio y la intervención de un equipo multidisciplinario de respuesta rápida en la tromboembolia pulmonar son imperantes para mejorar el pronóstico y reducir al mínimo las posibles secuelas en el subgrupo de pacientes más graves. En este artículo de revisión se describe y revisa de manera general el papel actual y potencial que tienen dichos equipos de respuesta rápida, con un enfoque particular en el perioperatorio.

Abstract Acute pulmonary embolism represents a frequent cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, only exceeded by acute coronary syndromes and cerebrovascular disease. The start-up and implementation of a designated pulmonary embolism response team is necessary to improve prognosis and minimize long-term sequelae in the subgroup of patients with significant pulmonary embolism. Herein, we describe and discuss an overview of the current and potential role of pulmonary embolism response teams, with a focus on the perioperative period.

Hospital cardioprotegido, antípoda de la muerte súbita: Propuesta del Hospital General de Cienfuegos / Cardio-protected hospital, antithesis of sudden death: A proposal of the Hospital General de Cienfuegos

RESUMEN Los problemas de muerte súbita y reanimación cardiopulmocerebral intrahospitalarias pueden tener estructurada una respuesta común; sin embargo, en la mayoría de los hospitales no se dispone de una estrategia orientada a su solución. Este trabajo actualiza sobre las principales alternativas para reducir la letalidad por muerte súbita intrahospitalaria y presenta una propuesta del Hospital General de Cienfuegos. El abordaje institucional para mayor supervivencia y menor discapacidad ante la muerte súbita dependerá de iniciativas multidisciplinarias enfocadas a la calidad y prevención, en los diferentes eslabones, de la reanimación cardiopulmocerebral. Un hospital cardioprotegido integra procesos gerenciales, organizativos, asistenciales, académicos y logísticos para todos los eslabones de la cadena de supervivencia ante una emergencia médica, principalmente la parada cardíaca súbita. La propuesta del Hospital General de Cienfuegos como institución cardioprotegida agrupa todos los elementos de un sistema integrado de reanimación cardiopulmocerebral enfocado hacia la calidad, seguridad y satisfacción de pacientes y prestadores.

ABSTRACT In-hospital sudden death and cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation problems could have a common structured response. However, most hospitals lack a solution-oriented strategy. This paper provides detailed update on the main alternatives to reduce lethality of in-hospital sudden death and presents a proposal from the "Hospital General de Cienfuegos". The institutional approach for greater survival and lesser disability when facing sudden death will be based on multidisciplinary initiatives primarily centered on quality and prevention in the different stages of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation. A cardio-protected hospital comprises management, organizational, assistance, academic and logistical processes for every single link of the survival chain in a medical emergency event, mainly sudden cardiac arrest. The proposal of the "Hospital General de Cienfuegos", a cardio-protected facility, brings together all elements of an integrated cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation system aimed at quality, safety and satisfaction of patients and caregivers.

The Hospital Zambrano Hellion venous thromboembolism rapid response team (PREVENTION-team): Improving pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis patient care / Equipo de respuesta rápida para tromboembolismo venoso del Hospital Zambrano Hellion (PREVENTION-Team): Mejorando el manejo del tromboembolismo pulmonar y trombosis venosa profunda

Abstract Background: Fast-track worldwide reperfusion programs improve outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and stroke. Similar programs called Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) focus on submassive and massive pulmonary embolism (PE) excluding deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods: PREVENTION-team (Hospital Zambrano Hellion Venous Thromboembolism [VTE] Rapid Response). Primary objective: Fast-track stratification, diagnostics, and treatment (60-90 min) to improve proximal DVT and submassive and massive PE patients care. Secondary objectives: Increase diagnosis rate of low-risk PE and distal DVT; exploration of cause; long-term anticoagulation; identify high-risk profile for chronic complications; community-based support groups and patient education to extend the concept of the thrombosis-free hospital to thrombosis-free home. Structure and organization: The team includes cardiologists, vascular medicine, angiologist, echocardiographer, cardiovascular imaging, and interventional cardiologists. The team will be accessible 24 h a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, and base on previous national experience. The cardiology fellow on call will be responsible for activation and evaluation. We will design several tools to accelerate these processes. Risk stratification and therapeutic approach will be based on clinical presentation, echocardiogram, and biomarkers findings. According to PERT stratification based on resources and medical specialties, Hospital Zambrano Hellion has level 1 PERT. PREVENTION-team links physicians with different expertise, provide fast, efficient, and time-saving treatment, potentially saving lives and reducing bleeding and chronic complications in VTE patients. Finally, establishing a network in our hospital and health system to improve VTE patients care. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rapid response team focused on VTE in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Programas de reperfusión mejoraron la evolución en infarto con elevación del ST y accidente cerebrovascular embólico. Programas similares llamados PERT para TEP masiva o submasiva excluyen TVP. Métodos: Equipo PREVENTION (Hospital Zambrano Hellion Venous Thromboembolism Rapid Response). Objetivo primario: Estratificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento acelerado (60-90 minutos) para mejorar atención del TVP proximal y TEP masiva o submasiva. Objetivos secundarios: Incrementar diagnóstico de TEP de riesgo bajo y TVP distal; explorar causa; anticoagulación a largo plazo; perfil de riesgo alto para complicaciones crónicas; grupos de soporte en la comunidad y educación para pacientes, y extender el concepto de hospital libre de trombosis a hogar libre de trombosis. Estructura y organización: Incluye cardiólogos, medicina vascular, angiólogo, ecocardiografistas, imagen cardiovascular. Basado en experiencia nacional, el equipo estará accesible 24 horas del día, siete días de la semana, 365 días del año. El residente de cardiología realizará la activación y estratificación. Diseñamos herramientas para acelerar el proceso. La estratificación de riesgo y el abordaje terapéutico se basará en presentación clínica, hallazgos ecocardiograficos y biomarcadores. El Hospital Zambrano Hellion tiene nivel PERT 1 de acuerdo a la estratificación PERT basada en recursos y especialidades. Equipo-PREVENTION en TEV vincula médicos con diferentes capacidades, ofrece rápido y eficiente tratamiento para preservar vidas y reducir complicaciones hemorrágicas y crónicas. En nuestro hospital y sistema de salud establecer una sólida red de trabajo para mejorar la atención. Hasta nuestro conocimiento, en México este podría ser el primer equipo de respuesta rápida enfocado en TEV.

Critical incidents as perceived by rapid response teams in emergency services / Incidentes críticos percibidos por los equipos de respuesta rápida en atención de emergência / Incidentes críticos percebidos pelos times de resposta rápida nos atendimentos de emergência

Abstract Objective: To analyze two hospital emergency services, one in a public institution and another in a philanthropic one, from the perspective of rapid response team professionals in the face of positive and negative critical incidents. Method: Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study carried with 62 health professionals. Critical Incident Technique was employed as the theoretical-methodological framework, along with Content Analysis for analyzing data. Results: Sixty-two health professionals - including 23 nurses, 20 physiotherapists and 19 doctors - took part in this study. Clusters for 89 critical incidents were obtained; 66 of them were considered positive, whereas 23 were negative. The situations associated to the provided services were discriminated in three categories: recognition of patient clinical deterioration; rapid response team activation in the unit; and time until rapid response team arrival at the ward. Conclusion: In spite of the difficulties faced by such professionals while providing care to patients who become severely ill in non-critical wards, positive reports were predominant in all categories, what legitimized this service's importance as a contribution to quality and safety of hospitalized patients.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las atenciones de emergencia en la perspectiva de los profesionales de los equipos de respuesta rápida en dos hospitales, siendo uno público y otro filantrópico, ante incidentes críticos positivos y negativos. Método: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 62 profesionales de salud. Se utilizó la Técnica del Incidente Crítico como propuesta teórico-metodológica y, para el análisis de los datos, el análisis de contenido. Resultados: Participaran 62 profesionales de salud, siendo 23 enfermeros, 20 fisioterapeutas y 19 médicos. Se obtuvo el agrupamiento de 89 incidentes críticos, siendo 66 considerados positivos y 23 negativos. Las situaciones relacionadas a las atenciones realizadas por los servicios fueron clasificadas en tres categorías, a saber: el reconocimiento del deterioro clínico del paciente; la activación del equipo de respuesta rápida en la unidad; y el tiempo de llegada del equipo de respuesta rápida al pabellón. Conclusión: Se destaca que, a pesar de las dificultades que enfrentan los profesionales durante la atención a pacientes que sufren deterioro en las unidades de cuidados no críticos, predominaran informes positivos en las tres categorías, que muestran la importancia del servicio como una contribución a la cualidad y seguridad de los pacientes hospitalizados.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os atendimentos de emergência na perspectiva dos profissionais dos times de resposta rápida em dois hospitais, sendo um público e um filantrópico, diante de incidentes críticos positivos e negativos. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 62 profissionais de saúde. Utilizou-se a Técnica do Incidente Crítico como referencial teórico-metodológico e, para análise dos dados, a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Participaram 62 profissionais de saúde, sendo 23 enfermeiros, 20 fisioterapeutas e 19 médicos. Obteve-se o agrupamento de 89 incidentes críticos, sendo 66 considerados positivos e 23 negativos. As situações relacionadas aos atendimentos realizados pelos serviços foram classificadas em três categorias, a saber: o reconhecimento da deterioração clínica do paciente; o acionamento do time de resposta rápida na unidade; e o tempo de chegada do time de resposta rápida à enfermaria. Conclusão: Destaca-se que, apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas por esses profissionais durante os atendimentos aos pacientes que se tornam graves nas unidades de internação não críticas, predominaram relatos positivos nas três categorias, que legitimaram a importância do serviço como contribuição à qualidade e segurança dos pacientes hospitalizados.

Outbreak investigation and control measures following dengue fever cases in Vadodara, July-August 2017

Background: Dengue fever is one of the major public health problems among all the vector born diseases. It is an emerging disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions, affecting urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Twenty five cases of dengue fever were reported in our hospital and other private hospitals from Undera village, which is in the peri urban area of Vadodara, so an investigation was carried out. The objective of this study is to find out the incidence and demographic details of people affected by fever during the outbreak and to find the environmental factors responsible for the outbreak.Methods: Community based, cross-sectional, direct interviewing of community members of Undera village in Vadodara district was carried out on 21st August 2017 and 23rd August 2017.Results: In this outbreak investigation, 219 fever cases were reported from 2930 population residing in 645 houses. There were 25 confirmed cases of dengue fever, out of which three deaths were reported. This included one pregnant woman during this outbreak. Seventy percent of fever cases were in the age group 0-30 years. Daily wagers were affected more than other occupations. At least one fever case was reported from 109 houses. Breeding places for mosquitoes were observed surrounding the houses from were fever cases reported.Conclusions: The dengue fever outbreak was confirmed through laboratory as well as clinico-epidemiological correlation with confirmed clinical picture and presence of breading places of Aedes mosquitoes. The fatality rate was 12% and there were three complicated deaths.

Evaluation of the performance of the modified early warning score in a Brazilian public hospital / Evaluación del desempeño de la puntuación de alerta temprana modificada en un hospital público brasileño / Avaliação do desempenho do escore de alerta precoce modificado em hospital público brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the performance of the modified early warning score (Mews) in a nursing ward for patients in clinical deterioration. Method: This is an analytical, quantitative and predictive study. Mews' parameters (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and level of consciousness) were evaluated every six hours. The following events were reported: death, cardiopulmonary arrest and transfer to intensive care. The evaluations were performed in a hospital of reference in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: A total of 300 patients were included (57 ± 18 years old, males: 65%). There number of combined events was observed to be greater the higher the score's value (00%; 00%; 01; 09%; 19%; 28%; 89%, respectively, for Mews 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6; p < 0.0001). Mews ≥ 4 was the most appropriate cut-off point for prediction of these events (sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 85% and accuracy: 0.86). Conclusion: Mews properly measured the occurrence of severe events in hospitalized patients of a Brazilian public hospital's nursing ward. Mews ≥ 4 seems to be the most appropriate cut-off point for prediction of these events.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño de la puntuación de alerta temprana modificada (Mews) en una enfermería de pacientes con deterioro clínico. Método: Se trata de un estudio analítico, cuantitativo y predictivo. Los parámetros Mews (presión arterial sistólica, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, temperatura y nivel de conciencia) se evaluaron cada 6 horas. Se registraron los siguientes eventos: muerte, parada cardiorrespiratoria y transferencia para la terapia intensiva. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en un hospital de referencia del interior del estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Participaron 300 pacientes (57 ± 18 años; sexo masculino: 65%). Se observó un número creciente de eventos asociados según el mayor valor de la puntuación (00%; 00%; 01%; 09%; 19%; 28%; 89%, respectivamente, para los Mews 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 y 6; p <0,0001). Los Mews ≥ 4 fueron el punto de corte más adecuado para la predicción de estos eventos (sensibilidad: 87%; especificidad: 85%; y exactitud: 0,86). Conclusión: Los Mews permitieron estimar adecuadamente la ocurrencia de eventos graves en pacientes hospitalizados en la enfermería de un hospital público brasileño. Los Mews ≥ 4 parece ser el punto de corte más adecuado para predecirlos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do escore de alerta precoce modificado (Mews) em uma enfermaria de pacientes em deterioração clínica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, quantitativo e preditivo. Os parâmetros do Mews (pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura e nível de consciência) foram avaliados de 6 em 6 horas. Os seguintes eventos foram registrados: óbito, parada cardiorrespiratória e transferência para terapia intensiva. As avaliações foram realizadas em um hospital de referência do interior do estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 300 pacientes (57 ± 18 anos, sexo masculino: 65%). Observou-se número crescente de eventos combinados de acordo com o maior valor do escore (00%; 00%; 01%; 09%; 19%; 28%; 89%, respectivamente, para os Mews 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6; p < 0,0001). Mews ≥ 4 foi o ponto de corte mais adequado para predição destes eventos (sensibilidade: 87%, especificidade: 85% e acurácia: 0,86). Conclusão: Mews mensura adequadamente a ocorrência de eventos graves em pacientes hospitalizados em enfermaria de um hospital público brasileiro. Mews ≥ 4 parece ser o ponto de corte mais adequado para predição destes eventos.

Implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico brasileiro: melhora na qualidade dos cuidados de emergência por meio do ciclo Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir / Implementation of a rapid response team in a large nonprofit Brazilian hospital: improving the quality of emergency care through Plan-Do-Study-Act

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico, indicando as questões relevantes para as iniciativas em contextos similares, particularmente na América Latina. Métodos: Em termos gerais, a intervenção consistiu em três componentes principais: (1) uma ferramenta para detecção de agravamento das condições clínicas nas enfermarias gerais; (2) estruturação de time de resposta rápida capaz de atender a todos os pacientes em risco; e (3) monitoramento dos indicadores relacionados à intervenção. Este trabalho empregou quatro ciclos semestrais (Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir), com a finalidade de testar e ajustar a intervenção, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. Resultados: Entre 2013 e 2014, o time de resposta rápida atendeu 2.296 pacientes. Houve redução não significante da mortalidade de 8,3% no ciclo 1, para 5,0% no ciclo 4; contudo, o número de óbitos permaneceu estável nos ciclos 3 e 4, com frequência de 5,2% e 5,0%, respectivamente. Com relação ao fluxo de pacientes e cuidados críticos continuados − uma premissa do time de resposta rápida −, houve decréscimo no tempo de espera por um leito na unidade de terapia intensiva, com diminuição de 45,9% para 19,0% na frequência de pacientes hospitalizados que não puderam ser imediatamente admitidos após a indicação (p < 0,001), representando melhora no fluxo de pacientes do hospital; ocorreu também aumento no reconhecimento de pacientes para cuidados paliativos, de 2,8% para 10,3% (p = 0,005). Conclusão: A implantação de um time de resposta rápida pode trazer benefícios nos contextos em que ocorrem restrições estruturais, como falta de leitos em unidades de terapia intensiva, porém há necessidade de alguns ajustes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the implementation of a rapid response team in a large nonprofit hospital, indicating relevant issues for other initiatives in similar contexts, particularly in Latin America. Methods: In general terms, the intervention consisted of three major components: (1) a tool to detect aggravation of clinical conditions in general wards; (2) the structuring of a rapid response team to attend to all patients at risk; and (3) the monitoring of indicators regarding the intervention. This work employed four half-year Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to test and adjust the intervention from January 2013 to December 2014. Results: Between 2013 and 2014, the rapid response team attended to 2,296 patients. This study showed a nonsignificant reduction in mortality from 8.3% in cycle 1 to 5.0% in cycle 4; however, death rates remained stable in cycles 3 and 4, with frequencies of 5.2% and 5.0%, respectively. Regarding patient flow and continuum of critical care, which is a premise of the rapid response system, there was a reduction in waiting time for intensive care unit beds with a decrease from 45.9% to 19.0% in the frequency of inpatients who could not be admitted immediately after indication (p < 0.001), representing improved patient flow in the hospital. In addition, an increase in the recognition of palliative care patients from 2.8% to 10.3% was noted (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Implementing a rapid response team in contexts where there are structural restrictions, such as lack of intensive care unit beds, may be very beneficial, but a strategy of adjustment is needed.

Código sepsis: sistemas de respuesta rápida / Sepsis code: Rapyd response systems / Código sepse: sistemas de resposta rápida

Resumen: La sepsis representa una crisis de salud global, pues de 27 a 30 millones de personas al año la desarrollan, mientras que siete a nueve millones fallecen y una persona muere cada 3.5 segundos. El retraso en el inicio de tratamiento impacta de manera directa en la mortalidad y uso de recursos. La implementación de equipos de respuesta rápida (ERR) constituye una oportunidad para la detección y tratamiento adecuado. Existen varias herramientas para la activación de un ERR y un código sepsis, dentro de las más destacadas se encuentran quick SOFA, SIRS, CARS, MEWS y NEWS que constituyen escalas de gravedad para permitir la detección de sepsis con base en criterios; aunque es importante mencionar que la escala NEWS ha demostrado superioridad. Los resultados de distintos estudios realizados tras la implementación de código sepsis reportan un impacto positivo en el inicio temprano de antibióticos y cumplimiento de metas, así como en mortalidad. Un área de oportunidad para mejorar la eficacia del ERR está en la activación mediante dispositivos automatizados. Lo anterior consolida y fortalece una cultura de seguridad en el paciente hospitalizado.

Abstract: Sepsis represents a global health crisis: 27 to 30 million people a year develop it, seven to nine million die, one person dies every 3.5 seconds. The delay in the initiation of treatment has a direct impact on mortality and the use of resources. The implementation of Rapid Response Teams (RRT) constitutes a window of opportunity for the detection and timely treatment. There are several tools for activating an RRT and a sepsis code. Among the most important are quick SOFA, SIRS, CARS, MEWS and NEWS that constitute severity scales that allow the detection of sepsis based on criteria. The NEWS scale has shown superiority. The results of different studies conducted after the implementation of sepsis code report a positive impact on early initiation of antibiotics and compliance with goals, as well as mortality. One area of opportunity to improve the effectiveness of the RRT is the activation by automated devices. Sepsis code an RRT consolidates and strengthens the culture of safety in the hospitalized patient.

Resumo: A sepse representa uma crise global de saúde: 27 a 30 milhões de pessoas por ano desenvolvem-a, 7 a 9 milhões morrem, 1 pessoa morre a cada 3.5 segundos. O atraso no início do tratamento tem um impacto direto na mortalidade e no uso de recursos. A implementação de Equipes de Resposta Rápida (ERR) constitui uma janela de oportunidade para a detecção e tratamento oportuno. Existem várias ferramentas para ativar um ERR e um código de sepse. Entre os mais importantes estão o quick SOFA, SIRS, CARS, MEWS e NEWS que constituem escalas de gravidade que permitem a detecção de sepse baseada em critérios. A escala NEWS mostrou superioridade. Os resultados de diferentes estudos realizados após a implementação do código de sepse relatam um impacto positivo no início precoce dos antibióticos e no cumprimento dos objetivos, bem como na mortalidade. Uma área de oportunidade para melhorar a eficácia do ERR é a ativação através de dispositivos automatizados. O anterior consolida e fortalece a cultura de segurança no paciente hospitalizado.