Covid Vaccine Side Effects and Covid Infection after Vaccination- A Cross Sectional Study in Hubballi, Karnataka

Introduction: Vaccination against Covid-19 has become the promising strategy in controlling rise in Covid cases. Covishield and Covaxin were the two vaccines initially available in India which have been administered to all those >18years of age. These vaccines exhibit a spectrum of side effects, which may affect vaccination rates. The study was conducted to estimate the frequency of side effects of Covid vaccines in India and their relationship with co-morbidities and prior Covid-19 infection. Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire-based online survey was conducted for duration of one month among 1800 participants who had received at least one dose of Covid vaccine at KIMS Hospital, Hubballi, Karnataka, selected using systematic random sampling and information about vaccination, comorbidities and covid infection after vaccination was collected. Results: The most common side effects were fever, headache and generalised body ache. The prevalence of infection after complete vaccination with Covishield (4.45%) was higher than Covaxin (1.08%) and difference was statistically significant. The prevalence of side effects and Covid-19 infection after vaccination did not vary with co-morbidities. Conclusion: The side effects reported were not serious and the prevalence was similar in both the vaccines. The prevalence of infection still remains high after vaccination; hence Covid Appropriate Behaviour should be continued.

Higher efficacy of a single dosage albendazole and different soil-transmitted helminths re-infection profiles amongst indigenous Negritos from inland jungle versus those in resettlement at town peripheries

@#Demarginalization through initiation of resettlement program since 1978 is an inevitable progress faced by the indigenous Orang Asli (OA) population in Peninsular Malaysia. As Malaysian huntergatherers, the Negrito has been exposed to various environmental-cultural variations. These changes may influence the pattern of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, the common malady amongst OA. This study evaluated the deworming effects of single-dosage albendazole (400 mg) and STH-reinfection rate between Negritos who are still living in the inland jungle versus those living in resettlements at town peripheries (RPS). Stool samples from the consented participants were first examined using the direct faecal smear, formalin-ether sedimentation and Kato Katz techniques. Subsequently, stool collections were carried out in three time points following treatment (i.e., 21 days, 3 months and 6 months). In brief, a total number of 54 Negritos (inland: 24; RPS: 30) with a complete set of stool collection was included in this longitudinal study. This study revealed 72.2% cure rate against T. trichiura in the inland but only 15.0% in the RPS. Although the efficacy of albendazole against T. trichiura was ultimately low in the RPS, 62.6% egg reduction rate (ERR) (arithmetic mean) was noted (p = 0.001). For A. lumbricoides and hookworm, high cure rates were found in both communities (85.7–100.0%). Reinfection for T. trichiura was seen in less than 1 month with higher rate in the RPS (90.0%) as opposed to the inland (44.4%) at 21 days following treatment. This study found that the inland OA had better tolerability to single-dosage albendazole and experienced slower STH reinfection rates versus the RPS. Hence, the selection of albendazole dosage should be targeted and the use of single- dosage albendazole (biannually) would be more suitable for the inland OA. Conversely, we propose the use of 3-days albendazole regimens in the resettled RPS population.

Serine protease inhibitor, serpin, is a biomarker following Schistosoma mansoni re-infection in mice

@#Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease affecting mostly low income and resourcelimited countries. Despite the distribution of the curative medicine, praziquantel (PZQ), the frequency of re-infection is commonly reported, thus, making a difficulty to discriminate treatment failure after re-infection. Therefore, assessing Schistosoma mansoni re-infection after praziquantel administration is crucial to prove the treatment efficacy and to break the transmission of infection in endemic areas. The evolution of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic markers, reliable to detect the re-infection and to evaluate the treatment efficacy, is required to control schistosomiasis. In this study, the potential role of serpin recombinant antigen of S. mansoni as a biomarker of re-infection and chemotherapeutic efficacy has been assessed. Therefore, 20 mice were experimentally challenged and re-challenged with 50 S. mansoni cercariae and divided into 4 equal groups; the first included infected mice (control positive), the second group was twice infected with S. mansoni and left untreated, the third included mice twice infected then treated with praziquantel following the last challenge, and the forth one remained uninfected and untreated (control negative). The current findings demonstrated that high levels of IgG and IgG1 bound to serpin were detected following the re-infection and rapidly declined post treatment. In summary, S. mansoni recombinant serpin could be used as a promising marker to discriminate S. mansoni re-infection and evaluated the efficacy of treatment. The translation of such a potential tool in endemic areas will provide a significant support for the elimination and control programs against schistosomiasis.

Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Re-infection After Eradication / 胃肠病学

Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is one of the most prevalent chronic pathogens in the world. It is easily to recur after eradication treatment. Aims: To investigate the risk factors of Hp re-infection after eradication. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed from January 2012 and January 2014 at Hospital of 75600 PLA Troops with 803 patients of Hp infection diagnosed by 14C-urea breath test. All patients were followed up for 3 years after successful eradication of Hp infection. Hp re-infection was recorded during the follow-up. The risk factors of Hp re-infection were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 721 patients finished the 3 year follow-up. Hp re-infection rate was 8.7%. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, peptic ulcer, periodontitis, and long-term use of antibiotics were independent risk factors of Hp re-infection, and fermented dairy products, fruits and vegetables were protective factors for Hp re-infection. Conclusions: After Hp eradication, there still has the risk of re-infection, risk factors should be positively controlled in clinic, thereby reducing the risk of Hp re-infection.

Primoinfección por Trypanosoma cruzi previene re-infecciones severas en ratones / Trypanosoma cruzi primary infection prevents severe re-infection in mice

The effect of Trypanosoma cruzi re-inoculations on experimentally infected mice was evaluated. Mice received a primary infection by intradermal inoculation of 5x103 T. cruzi metacyclic infective forms from laboratory infected Rhodnius prolixus. From 200 mice initially infected, 52 survived the course of the infection during 23 weeks. From these, 45 mice were re-inoculated and seven used as infected control. Two re-inoculations were performed using the same conditions as in the prime-infection. Observations on re-inoculated mice revealed a parasitemia level lower than that detected during the primary-infection. Serologic evaluation showed no variation in the immunoglobulin profile, maintaining similar IgM and IgG levels after re-inoculations. Similar mortality rates were observed in primary-infected, re-inoculated and infected control mice. No remarkable histopathological changes attributable to re-inoculation were detected. These results lead us to conclude that T. cruzi re-inoculation in mice previously infected with the same parasite does not produce a reactivation of infection similar to the typical acute clinical or immunological profiles. This also suggests that T. cruzi primary infection may prevent severe re-infection, establishing a protective stage making infected mice resistant to a second infection. Epidemiological implications of the present findings are discussed.

Se evalúa el efecto de reinoculaciones por Trypanosoma cruzi en ratones experimentalmente infectados. De un total de 200 ratones que fueron infectados por vía intradérmica con un inóculo de 5x103 tripomastigotes metacíclicos provenientes de especimenes de Rhodnius prolixus, 52 sobrevivieron a la primo-infección luego de 23 semanas. De estos 45 fueron re-inoculados en la misma forma como en la infección primaria y siete fueron utilizados como controles infectados no re-inoculados. Observaciones sistemáticas llevadas a cabo en muestras de los ratones re-inoculados revelaron parasitemias significativamente menores que las detectadas durante la primo-infección. La evaluación serológica no mostró diferencias en los niveles de IgM e IgG entre ratones primo-infectados y los re-inoculados. Observaciones histopatológicas no mostraron cambios atribuibles al efecto de las re-inoculaciones en muestras de corazón y músculo esquelético. Una tasa similar de mortalidad fue observada en ratones primo-infectados, re-inoculados y controles infectados. Se concluye que re-inoculaciones con T. cruzi en ratones previamente infectados con el mismo parásito no producen reactivación de la infección similar al típico cuadro agudo. Asimismo, se sugiere que la primo-infección por T. cruzi previene una reinfección severa estableciendo un estado de protección y resistencia a subsecuentes infecciones. Se discuten las implicaciones epidemiológicas de los presentes hallazgos.

Risk factors of hepatitis B virus re-infection after orthotopic liver transplantation / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of hepatitis B virus(HBV) re-infection after orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)and to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG)combined with nucleos(t)ide analogues. Methods The study included 160 patients with HBVrelated liver diseases who underwent OLT in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from October 2003 to Augest 2007, 117 of whom were treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues before OLT;and all patients were received HBIG i. m and nucleos(t)ide analogues treatment after OLT. Preoperative data of the patients were retrospectively reviewed, and HBV re-infection was assessed prospectively. Independent t test was used to compare normally distributed data and Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison of rates among groups. Results HBV re-infection Was observed in 19 patients after OLT with a rate of 11. 88%(19/160), which was not correlated with HBV DNA loads, HBeAg and the duration of antiviral therapy before OLT(r=0.108, 0.127 and 0.033, P>0.05). Of 19 patients with HBV re-infection, 17 were treated with lamivudine after OLT, and HBV YMDD mutants were detected in 8. The YMDD positive group had a higher HBV DNA level than YMDD negative group(7.0 ± 2.0 log copies/mL vs 3.2 ± 2.5 log copies/mL, t = 3.531, P=0.003). Among above 17 patients, 12 received adefovir add-on treatment, and3 received entecavir instead of lamivadine; all achieved satisfactory responses. Conclusions Low dose of HBIG combined with long-term use of nucleos(t)ide analogues can effectively prevent HBV re-infection after OLT. HBV YMDD mutation may be the primary reason for HBV re-infection in the patients treated with lamivudine after OLT.

Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis

Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.

Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis

Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.