A comparison of the quality of images of chest X-ray between handheld portable digital X-ray & routinely used digital X-ray machine

Background & objectives: Chest X-ray (CXR) is an important screening tool for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Accessibility to CXR facilities in difficult-to-reach and underserved populations is a challenge. This can potentially be overcome by deploying digital X-ray machines that are portable. However, these portable X-ray machines need to be validated before their deployment in the field. Here, we compare the image quality of CXR taken by a newly developed handheld X-ray machine with routinely used reference digital X-ray machine through the conduct of a feasibility study. Methods: A total of 100 participants with suspected pulmonary TB were recruited from the outpatient departments of a medical college and a community health centre in Agra. Each participant underwent CXR twice, once with each machine. Both sets of de-identified images were independently read by two radiologists, who were blinded to the type of X-ray machine used. The primary outcome was agreement between image qualities produced by these two machines. Results: The intra-observer (radiologist) agreements regarding the status of the 15 CXR parameters ranged between 74 per cent and 100 per cent, with an unweighted mean of 87.2 per cent (95% confidence interval: 71.5-100). The median Cohen’s kappa values for intra-observer agreement were 0.62 and 0.67 for radiologists 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, on comparison of the overall median score of quality of the image, the handheld machine images had a higher score for image quality. Interpretation & conclusions: The current study shows that a handheld X-ray machine, which is easy to use and can potentially be carried to any area, produces X-ray images with quality that is comparable to digital X-ray machines routinely used in health facilities.

Impact of comprehensive eye examination in identifying the ocular co-morbidities in patients screened for cataract surgery through the out-reach activities

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of comprehensive eye examination in identifying the ocular co?morbidities in patients presenting for cataract surgery through the community screening program. Methods: This was a hospital?based retrospective cross?sectional descriptive study in a tertiary eye care institute. Comprehensive eye examination was performed for all patients screened for cataract surgery through the out?reach activities. Patients suspected to have any ocular co?morbidity were revaluated by sub?specialty trained ophthalmologists, and further management was planned. The demographic details of patients, sub?specialty consultation, final diagnosis, and type of the treatment received by these patients were recorded. Results: During the study period, 4022 patients were referred to the base hospital for cataract surgery, of whom 922 (22.9%) needed a specialist opinion. Glaucoma (238) and retinal disorders (232) constituted half (51%) of these referrals. There were 313 (33.9%) patients having co?morbidities because of corneal, oculoplastic, and neuro?ophthalmic conditions. After specialist review, 397 (43.1%) patients underwent only cataract surgery, 55 patients (5.9%) underwent combined surgeries, and 168 (18.2%) patients underwent other procedures. Cataract surgery was not performed in 470 (50.9%) patients, of which 302 were prescribed glasses or managed medically. Conclusion: All patients screened for cataract surgery through out?reach programs require a comprehensive eye examination to identify ocular diseases other than cataract. Provisions must be made for providing alternative or additional treatment in those with various ocular co?morbidities.

Correlation of Fears and Beliefs About Knee Osteoarthritis with Balance in Patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee

Background:Knee osteoarthritis (OA) damages the proprioceptors within the joint cavity which in turn may lead to impairment of balance, an integral part of mobility.Fears and beliefs about knee osteoarthritis in patients with knee osteoarthritis are found to have an adverse impact on their function. Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate the correlation between fearsand beliefs about knee osteoarthritis and balance in patientswith Knee OA. Material andMethods:In an observational analytical study males and females with OA knee were included. Fears and beliefs wereassesse d usingthe Knee Osteoarthritis Fears and Beliefs Questionnaire (KOFBeQ), balancewas tested using the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and pain was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).Result:Forty-six patients were evaluated. Mean pain scorewas 4±1.5, FRT score 8.7±2.4inches, KOFBeq score33 ±13.8. Correlation was found using Spearman coefficient, r=0.178, p=0.23(balance and KOFBeq), r=-0.264, p=0.7 (pain and balance), r=-0.3, p=0.018(pain and KOFBeq) was seen.Conclusion:Fears and beliefs about knee osteoarthritis were present with impaired functional balance. Weaknegative correlationwas found between pain and balance and pain and fears and beliefs and no correlation were found between balance and fearsand beliefs.

Correlación y comparación entre el nivel de actividad física y flexibilidad en niños y niñas de 10 a 11 años de edad de un colegio de Concepción. Chile / Correlation and comparison between the level of physical activity and flexibility in boys and girls from 10 to 11 years of age from a school in Concepción. Chile

RESUMEN. El estudio se centró en determinar los niveles de actividad física que presentan los escolares de 10 a 11 años que asisten a un Colegio de la Ciudad de Concepción, relacionarlo y compararlo con la flexibilidad. La metodología utilizada corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo-correlacional; con muestreo intencionado, se evaluó a 49 escolares, para medir el nivel de actividad física se utilizó la encuesta INTA y para medir la flexibilidad se utilizó el test de V-Sit And Reach. Se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro Wilk arrojando la normalidad de los datos, la prueba Z score para establecer medias, la prueba t de Student para el nivel de significancia entre grupo, y, por último, en la relación de las variables se empleó la correlación de Pearson. Los resultados muestran que las niñas tienen un nivel de flexibilidad mayor a los niños siendo estadísticamente significativa, en cambio en el nivel de actividad física se obtiene un nivel regular no existiendo diferencias significativas. No existe correlación entre las variables estudiadas.

ABSTRACT. The study focuses on determining levels of physical activity presented by children between the ages 10 and 11, attending a school in the City of Concepción, relating it and comparing it with flexibility. The methodology used corresponds to a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study; with intentional sampling, 49 students were evaluated, the INTA survey was used to assess the level of physical activity, and the V-Sit And Reach test were used to measure flexibility. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used, yielding the normality of the data, the Z score test to establish means, the Student's T test for the level of significance between the groups, and, finally, for the relationship of the variables, Pearson's correlation was used. The results show that girls have a higher level of flexibility than boys, being statistically significant, while in the level of physical activity a regular level is obtained, without significant differences. There is no correlation between the variables studied.

Advance in Application of Functional Reach Test (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

The evaluation of balance includes clinical observation, scales and instrumental measures. Functional Reach Test is simple and can be carried out in both standing and sitting, but the error of reading the measuring ruler is large, which results in new moving rulers and inertial sensors. The factors influencing the results of Functional Reach Test are moving strategy, age, moving efficiency, goal orientation, single or double arms, human characteristics, number of experiments and others. In the future, combination of electromyogram and inertia sensor can be used to discuss the variety of muscles and the changes of muscle strength, and more influence factors for the test are needed to research.

Effect of Multicomponent Exercise Program on Selected Gait and Balance Parameters in Young Obese Females.

Obesity is a major global health problem. It is now commonly seen in young population due to their lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits. Obesity is now more common in younger females. Due to hormonal changes, body may not adapt, which may lead to life threatening and irreversible conditions. Obesity affects many physical factors including gait and balance. We wanted to study the correlation between obesity and gait-balance parameters, the effect of multi component exercise program on selected gait and balance parameters in young obese females. We also wanted to study its effect on dynamic balance, and compare it with conventional exercise program.METHODSIn this comparative study two groups were created with 20 participants with obesity grade 1 BMI in each. Group 2 underwent 26 weeks of multi component exercise. Group 1 underwent conventional exercises. Data was assessed and analysed. Outcome measures were body mass index, base of support, stride length, step length, cadence, and functional reach test.RESULTSBody mass index for group 1 after their conventional exercise decreased in 47% while in group 2 with multi component exercise protocol BMI reduced in 53% population. Similarly base of support for group 1 was 42% and group 2 was 58%; stride length in group 1 was 42% and group 2 was 58%; step length for group 1 was 42% and group 2 was 58%; cadence for group 1 was 42% and group 2 was 58%; functional reach test was 42% and 58% for group 1 and group 2 respectively.CONCLUSIONSA significant improvement was found in selected gait and balance parameters in young obese women with the help of multi component exercise program.

Efficacy Of Perturbation Training In Improving Balance And Function In The Management Of Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Subjects who are suffering from osteoarthritis of the knee will have problems including progressive loss of function, depending on walking, climbing stairs, and it may affect lower extremity functions. Balance is a major component required for the activities of daily living and functions. The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of perturbation training and conventional physiotherapy in improving balance and function in the rehabilitation of knee osteoarthritis. Method: Study design was an experimental study. Thirty subjects (16 males and 14 females) suffering from knee osteoarthritis were randomized into a control group and experimental group. Fifteen subjects in the control group were treated with traditional methods like ultrasound, stretching and strengthening, and fifteen subjects in the experimental group were given perturbation training along with the conventional method. Outcome measures used were Timed get up and go test score (TUG) and Functional reach test score (FRT) scales, pre-assessed on Day 1. Each group received 14 sessions of treatment, after which post-assessment of outcome measures was done. Results: Timed get up and go test score was reduced in both groups after training, which was statistically significant (p<.05). The functional reach test score was increased after training in both groups, which was statistically significant (p<.05). However, comparing between groups, the experimental group showed more reduction in TUG score and improvement in the FRT score, which was statistically significant (p<.05). Conclusion: Perturbation training given with conventional treatment was found to have a significantly better effect in improving the function of the lower extremity in OA knee subjects. However, a well-designed trial, including a larger sample size with repeated measurements, is needed to find out the effectiveness of training with perturbation in the management of knee osteoarthritis and generalize it in a larger population.

Effect Of Padahastasana In Improving Hamstring Muscle Flexibility Among Young Adults

CONTEXT: Hamstring muscle is actively involved in various activities of daily living like walking, stair climbing etc. The flexibility of Hamstring muscle is found to be commonly compromised among various age groups. This may be due to ineffective use of the muscle to full extensibility in routine activities. Padahastasana is a yogasana in standing position which induces maximum stretch to posterior structures of thigh including Hamstring muscle. AIMS:This study aims to investigate the effect of Padahastasana in improving flexibility of Hamstring muscle SETTINGS AND DESIGN:Experimental Design with random sampling method conducted among 20 subjects. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Subjects were recruited for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using sit and reach box - a standardized tool to measure Hamstring flexibility. The selected subjects were taught the technique of Padahastasana and practiced for twelve weeks – six times in a day and minimum five days per week. After twelve weeks of practice, hamstring flexibility was assessed using sit and reach box. STATISTICALANALYSIS:Analysis was conducted using't' test Results: The study showed significant improvement (t value – 13.01 at p≤0.05) in Hamstring muscle flexibility by performing 12 weeks Padahastasana practice. CONCLUSIONS: Padahastasana can be recommended to prevent and treat Hamstring muscle tightness

Fazendo supervisão: um espaço compartilhado para pensar a clínica com pacientes de difícil acesso / Doing supervision: a shared space to reflect on the clinical practice with hard-to-reach patients / Haciendo supervisión: un espacio compartido para pensar en la clínica con pacientes de difícil acceso / Faire de la supervision: un espace partagé afin de penser la clinique de patients d'accès difficile

Neste artigo, os autores descrevem uma experiência de supervisão compartilhada oferecida pelo Laboratório de Pesquisas e Intervenções Psicanalíticas do Instituto de Psicologia da USP. A supervisão ocorre em grupo e baseia-se no modelo de investigação das teorias implícitas do psicanalista, que busca investigar como o encontro clínico é pensado pelo psicanalista e expandido pela discussão em grupo. O terapeuta apresenta o relato da sessão, e o grupo é convidado a associar livremente. A associação livre produzida nesse tipo de dispositivo é apreciada como capacidade de sonhar, ou possibilidade de perlaborar os conteúdos inconscientes e a afetação do par como elementos que circulam no campo transferencial e determinam o manejo clínico. Os autores apresentam a discussão de um caso clínico com um paciente de difícil acesso, buscando demonstrar como o dispositivo de supervisão compartilhada possibilita gestar a função psicanalítica dos participantes do grupo.

In this article, we describe an experience of shared supervision offered by the Laboratory for Research and Psychoanalytic Interventions of the Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo. The supervision happens in group and it is based on the investigative model of the psychoanalyst's implicit theories. This model seeks to investigate how the clinical encounter is thought by the psychoanalyst and how it is expanded by the group discussion. The therapist presents the session report and the group is invited to associate freely. The free association that is produced in this kind of apparatus (supervision) exercises the ability to dream and the possibility to elaborate over again (perlaboration) unconscious contents and the pair's affect. As elements that circulate in the field of transference, they guide the therapeutic work. Discussing a clinical case of a hard-to-reach patient is our attempt to demonstrate how the apparatus of group supervision permits the gestation of the psychoanalytic function of those who are part of the group.

En este artículo, describimos una experiencia de supervisión compartida ofrecida por el Laboratorio de Investigaciones e Intervenciones Psicoanalíticas del Instituto de Psicología de la Universidad de São Paulo. La supervisión ocurre en grupo y se basa en el modelo de investigación de las teorías implícitas del psicoanalista, que busca investigar cómo el encuentro clínico es pensado por el psicoanalista y expandido por la discusión en grupo. El terapeuta presenta el relato de la sesión y el grupo es invitado a asociar libremente. La asociación libre producida en ese tipo de dispositivo es apreciada como capacidad de soñar, o posibilidad de perlaborar los contenidos inconscientes y la afectación del par como elementos que circulan en el campo transferencial y que determinan el manejo clínico. Presentamos la discusión de un caso clínico con un paciente de difícil acceso buscando demostrar cómo el dispositivo de supervisión compartida posibilita gestar la función psicoanalítica de los participantes del grupo.del Instituto de Psicología de la Universidad de São Paulo. La supervisión ocurre en grupo y se basa en el modelo de investigación de las teorías implícitas del psicoanalista, que busca investigar cómo el encuentro clínico es pensado por el psicoanalista y expandido por la discusión en grupo. El terapeuta presenta el relato de la sesión y el grupo es invitado a asociar libremente. La asociación libre producida en ese tipo de dispositivo es apreciada como capacidad de soñar, o posibilidad de perlaborar los contenidos inconscientes y la afectación del par como elementos que circulan en el campo transferencial y que determinan el manejo clínico. Presentamos la discusión de un caso clínico con un paciente de difícil acceso buscando demostrar cómo el dispositivo de supervisión compartida posibilita gestar la función psicoanalítica de los participantes del grupo.

Dans cet article, nous décrivons une expérience de supervision partagé, offerte par le Laboratoire de recherches et d'interventions psychanalytiques de l'Institut de psychologie de l'Université de São Paulo. La supervision a lieu en groupe et se base sur le modèle de recherche des théories implicites du psychanalyste, qui a pour but investiguer comment la séance clinique est envisagé par lui et élargie par la discussion en groupe. Le thérapeute présente le récit de la séance et le groupe est invité à faire une libre association. L'association produite dans ce dispositif est saisie comme la capacité de rêver ou la possibilité de perlaborer les contenus inconscients et l'affectation du pair, en tant que des éléments qui circulent dans le champ transférentiel et qui déterminent le maniement clinique. Nous présentons la discussion d'un cas clinique d'un patient d'accès difficile, tout en cherchant de démontrer comment le dispositif de supervision partagée permet de préparer la gestation de la fonction psychanalytique des membres du groupe.

Introduction of the Reliable Estimation of Atopic Dermatitis in ChildHood: Novel, Diagnostic Criteria for Childhood Atopic Dermatitis

PURPOSE: Questionnaire-based diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis (AD) have been proposed to detect the major group of AD with flexural dermatitis. We aimed to develop novel, questionnaire-based diagnostic criteria for childhood AD, which can detect more comprehensive AD including non-flexural type. METHODS: The draft version of questionnaire to detect childhood AD was prepared to be used for preliminary hospital- (n=1,756) and community-based (n=1,320) surveys. From analysis, the Reliable Estimation of Atopic dermatitis of ChildHood (REACH) was derived and verified in derivation (n=1,129) and validation (n=1,191) sets by community-based surveys. RESULTS: The REACH consists of 11 questions including 2 major and 9 minor criteria. AD is diagnosed as the major group of 'eczema on the antecubital or popliteal fossa' to fulfill the 2 major criteria (2M), and the minor group of 'eczema on the non-antecubital or popliteal fossa' to fulfill the 1 major plus 4 or more minor criteria (1M+4m). In the validation set, the overall 1-year AD prevalence by the REACH was estimated as 12.3% (95% CI, 10.5%-14.2%), and the REACH showed a sensitivity of 75.2%, a specificity of 96.1%, and an error rate of 6.4%. The REACH demonstrated better diagnostic performance than the ISAAC in terms of the number of misclassification (10.0%). CONCLUSIONS: We propose the REACH as new full, questionnaire-based diagnostic criteria for childhood AD in epidemiological surveys. Further studies are warranted to validate the REACH in different populations or countries in the context of large-scale, epidemiological surveys.

Efeito da restrição espacial do ambiente na preferência manual em tarefa de alcance em adultos jovens / Effect of spatial constraint of the environment on the hand preference in reaching task in young adults / Efecto de la restricción espacial del entorno en la preferencia manual en una tarea de alcance en adultos jóvenes

Resumo A preferência manual (direção e magnitude) na tarefa de alcançar em adultos foi analisada em função da localização espacial de um objeto no ambiente. Trinta participantes fizeram a tarefa de alcançar um cilindro, devendo-se escolher apenas uma das mãos para fazer a tarefa, a 50 cm de distância em cinco posições diferentes em relação ao plano sagital do participante. Duas condições foram cumpridas: conforto (sem restrição da velocidade) e velocidade (movimento feito o mais rapidamente possível). Anova de Friedman apontou diferença (X230,9 = 122,17; p < 0,001) e o teste de Wilcoxon apontou maiores escores nas posições de 90°, 120° e 150° em comparação com 30° e 60° para ambas as condições (p < 0,01) demonstrando alcances ipsilaterais. Tais resultados foram explicados pela restrição biomecânica para fazer a tarefa, modulando a preferência manual, de acordo com a localização espacial dos objetos no ambiente.

Abstract The manual preference in a reaching task in adults was analyzed according to the spatial location of an object in the environment. Thirty participants performed the task of reaching a cylinder, with one hand, at 50 cm distance in five different positions in relation to the sagittal plane of the participant. Two conditions were performed: comfort and speed. Friedman' s ANOVA showed difference (X230,9 = 122.17; p < 0.001) and the Wilcoxon' s test showed higher scores at positions 90°, 120° and 150° in comparison 30° and 60°, for both conditions (p < 0.01) showing ipsilateral reaches. These results were explained by the biomechanics restriction to perform the task, modulating the manual preference, according to the spatial location of objects in the environment.

Resumen Se analizó la preferencia manual en una tarea de alcance en adultos en función de la ubicación espacial de un objeto en el entorno. Treinta participantes realizaron la tarea de alcanzar un cilindro, con una sola mano, a una distancia de 50 cm en cinco posiciones diferentes en relación con el plano sagital del participante. Dos condiciones se cumplieron: comodidad y velocidad. La prueba ANOVA de Friedman mostró una diferencia (χ230,9 = 122,17; p < 0,001) y la prueba de Wilcoxon mostró puntuaciones más altas en las posiciones de 90̊, 120̊ y 150̊ en comparación con las de 30̊ y 60̊, en ambas condiciones (p < 0,01), lo que demostró alcances ipsilaterales. Estos resultados se debieron a la biomecánica de restricción para realizar la tarea mediante la modulación de la preferencia manual, de acuerdo con la ubicación espacial de los objetos en el entorno.

Effectiveness of Pilates training in improving hamstring flexibility of football players.

Objective: The kick force is effective only if the flexibility of the muscle is in accord. The stretching capacity of tendons, ligaments and capsule are very limited due to the function of articular stabilization. Pilates exercises are to be performed to improve muscular flexibility with greater movement breadth, strength and fluency. Lack of flexibility is a limiting factor for performance and being a facilitator for muscular injuries. Materials and Methods: Goniometer, Sit and reach table and Exercise mat. 30 football players were randomly distributed into two groups, Pilates group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Control group was given Ballistic, PNF and Static stretching exercises and Pilates group was given Pilates protocol respectively. Both the groups were trained 5 times a week for 4 weeks, 30 minutes each session. Pre and post outcome measures of Goniometer and sit and reach test were taken. Results: The Pilates group training reported a higher level of improvement than control group (p< 0.05).

Avaliação da flexibilidade em escolares do ensino fundamental na cidade de Manaus-AM / Flexibility assessmentinprimary school studentsin the city of Manaus-AM

A flexibilidade do corpo humano tem sido estudado por inúmeras pesquisas, pois de sua importância tanto para o esporte, reabilitação, saúde e fitness como influência geral positiva na prevenção da dor no corpo da coluna e desenvolvimento postural foi .O objectivo deste estudo para avaliar a flexibilidade de crianças que vivem em Manaus -AM, em comparação com o nacional média de Projeto Esporte Brasil. É um estudo transversal realizado em três escolas públicas. nós utilizado o teste sit - e alcançar através do banco Wells. Calculou-se a flexibilidade média de 400 estudantes, com idade entre 11 e 15, que foram estratificados por sexo e idade. Os resultados foram comparados graficamente com as médias nacionais e ponderou proporcionalmente a quantidade de fora da escola média. Além disso, aferida a diferença das médias entre meninos e meninas usando o estudante teste t. Independentemente da idade ou sexo, os resultados mostraram que os estudantes em Manaus mostraram maior flexibilidade do que a média nacional. Verificou-se que as meninas eram mais flexíveis do que os meninos (p = 0,02). Estudantes do sexo masculino devem ser encorajados a exercer flexibilidade. Sugerimos o desenvolvimento mesas de flexíveis específicas para cada estado.

The flexibility of the human body has been studied by numerous research because of its importance both for sports, rehabilitation, fitness and health as generally positive influence in the prevention of pain in the spine and postural development body .The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexibility of children living in Manaus -AM, by comparison with the national average of Project Sport Brazil. It is a cross-sectional study conducted in three public schools. We used the test sit - and-reach through the bank Wells. We calculated the average flexibility of 400 students, aged 11 and 15, which were stratified by gender and age. The results were compared graphically with national averages and pondered proportionally the amount of out of school average. Additionally, gauged the difference of means between boys and girls using the Student t test. Regardless of age or gender, the results showed that students in Manaus showed greater flexibility than the national average. It was found that girls were more flexible than boys (p = 0.02). Male students should be encouraged to exercise flexibility. We suggest the development of flexible tables specific to each state.

Nuevas formas de muestreo para minorías y poblaciones ocultas: muestras por encuestado conducido en una población de inmigrantes sudamericanos / New forms of sampling for minority and hidden populations: respondent samples conducted in a south american immigrant population

El Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) es un método de muestreo para poblaciones ocultas o de difícil acceso. Se trata de un procedimiento que permite realizar estimaciones de la representatividad de la muestra en aquellos grupos en que desconocemos el marco muestral. En este estudio, se presenta tanto la descripción teórica de dicha forma de muestreo como el reporte de su aplicación práctica en el caso de minorías étnicas (inmigrantes bolivianos, peruanos y colombianos) en el norte de Chile. El estudio comenzó con ocho semillas y se reclutó una muestra total de 109 personas provenientes de Colombia, Perú y Bolivia. La información resultante del procedimiento RDS informa de un patrón similar de reclutamiento entre hombres y mujeres, reflejando que los tamaños de las redes de ambos grupos no difieren significativamente.

The Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) is a method of sampling for hidden or hard-to-reach populations. This is a procedure for estimating the representativeness of the sample in those groups that is unknow the sampling frame. This study presents both the theoretical description of this form of sampling as the report of its practical application in the case of ethnic minorities (immigrants Bolivians, Peruvians and Colombians) in northern Chile. The study started with 8 seeds and recruited a total sample of 109 people from Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. The information resulting from the procedure RDS reports a similar pattern of recruitment for men and women, reflecting the sizes of the networks of both groups did not differ significantly.

Utilização da biofotogrametria para a avaliação da flexibilidade de tronco / Use of biophotogrammetry for assessment of trunk flexibility

INTRODUÇÃO: a ginástica rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade de ginástica que requer alto grau de flexibilidade, em virtude dos movimentos complexos que são requeridos. OBJETIVO: esta pesquisa objetivou comparar o teste de sentar e alcançar (TSA) e a técnica de biofotogrametria como indicadores de flexibilidade de tronco, em praticantes iniciantes de GR. METODOLOGIA: a amostra contou com 60 meninas (de cinco a 11 anos de idade) de um universo de 110, todas matriculadas em um centro de iniciação esportiva no estado do Paraná. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de novembro do ano de 2009. Para a comparação TSA com a biofotogrametria, foram traçados os ângulos de flexão da pelve (WP), flexão da coluna lombar (WC) e flexão do total do tronco (WT). RESULTADOS: o resultado médio atingido pelas participantes na escala do TSA foi de 27,75cm. Encontrou-se forte correlação do ângulo WT com o TSA. Por ser uma composição de WC e WP, o WT possibilita uma visualização global da distância do tronco até os membros inferiores quando ocorre a flexão durante o teste. Por isso, as correlações entre os ângulos são boas e significativas. CONCLUSÃO: uma vez que o TSA apresenta alguns fatores intervenientes que podem mascarar o seu resultado, a biofotogrametria é discutida como um teste que permite observar, através de imagens fotográficas e cálculos angulares, dados fidedignos para a mensuração de flexibilidade e compensações musculares não identificadas normalmente.

INTRODUCTION: Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a type of gymnastics that requires a high degree of flexibility due to the complexity of the required movements. OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to compare the sit and reach test (SRT) and the Biophotogrammetry technique as indicators of trunk flexibility in beginning GR practitioners. METHODS: the sample included 60 girls (5-11 years old) from a universe of 110, all enrolled in a Center for Sports Initiation in Parana State. Data collection was performed in November, 2009. IN order to compare the TSA and biophotogrammetry, angles of the pelvis (WP), spinal flexion (WC) and total trunk flexion (WT) were drawn. RESULTS: the average score achieved by the participants on theTSA scale was 27.75 cm. A strong correlation was found between WT angle and the TSA values. Since it is a combination of the WC and WP, the WT provides a global view of the distance from the trunk to the legs when bending occurs during the test. Therefore, the correlations between the angles are good and meaningful. CONCLUSION: since the TSA has some intervening factors that may mask the result, biophotogrammetry is discussed as a test that allows the observation of reliable data for measuring flexibility and muscle compensation which are not usually identified, through photographs and angular calculations.

Concordância entre os critérios para flexibilidade de crianças e adolescentes estabelecidos pela physical best e fitnessgram / Agreement between the criteria for children and adolescents´flexibility established by the physical best and the fitnessgram

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a concordância entre dois critérios para flexibilidade de crianças e adolescentes, bem como entre os testes utilizados. A amostra foi composta por 59 meninos e 54 meninas, com idades entre oito e dezesseis anos, de uma mesma escola estadual de Londrina, Paraná - Brasil. Na coleta dos dados foram utilizados o Teste de "Sentar-e-alcançar" (PHYSICAL BEST) e o de "Sentar-e-alcançar" alternado (FITNESSGRAM) em um banco de dimensões específicas. Os resultados indicaram uma concordância moderada entre os critérios para meninas (K=0,594, P<0,001) e boa para os meninos (K=0,619, P<0,001). O atendimento dos critérios foi menor entre os meninos com o uso da PHYSICAL BEST. A concordância dos resultados nos testes esteve dentro de limites aceitáveis (média das diferenças de -0,38 a 1,38 cm), e foi verificada correlação de forte a muito forte (r=0,844 a r=0,914). A classificação nos critérios e os resultados obtidos nos testes parecem semelhantes.

The purpose of this study was to verify the agreement between two criteria for flexibility on children and adolescents and between the tests results. The sample involved 59 boys and 54 girls in the age range from 8 to 16 years old, belonging to the same elementary school from the city of Londrina, Parana, Brazil. The data collection used the "Sit-and-Reach" Test (PHYSICAL BEST) and the Back Saver "Sit-and-Reach" Test (FITNESSGRAM) using a bench with specific dimensions. The results indicated a moderate agreement level between the criteria for girls (K=0.594, P<0.001) and good for boys (K=0.619, P<0,001). The passing rates of the criteria were lower in boys using the PHYSICAL BEST. The agreement of tests results were within acceptable levels (mean difference of -0.38 to 1.38 cm) and it were found a strong to very strong relationship (r=0.844 to r=0.914). The criteria classification and the obtained results in the tests were similar.

Seating Postural Control Dysfunction in Children with Cerebral Palsy (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Postural control dysfunction is one of the key problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP), which interferes with the activities of daily living. Seating is critical for upper extremity movement in children with CP. Compared with their typically developing peers, children with CP in general have the ability to generate direction-specific adjustments, but they show a delayed development in the capacity to recruit direction-specific adjustments in tasks with a mild postural challenge. At present, the treatment approaches of physical therapy mainly included: application of the special sitting system, change of the seat surface inclination and various balance exercise. However, there is limited number of studies on the effect of special training on postural development in children with CP and further researches are needed.

The Effects of Comprehensive Geriatric Training on Physical Performance, Dietary Intake, and Blood Composition for Local Elderly People −A Case in The Southern Nagano Region of Japan− / 体力科学

The purpose of the present study was to observe the parameter which contributed to the improvement in a physical function to resistance training for local living elderly people. Randomly-selected 24 local elderly people of 69.4±3.8 years of age went through a three month exercise program of Comprehensive Geriatric Training, which is one of the resistance training programs focused on care prevention. During intervention, physical function, blood composition and dietary survey were researched simultaneously. Any dietary changes were not observed among the 24 seniors after three months of training. Compared to the control group, however, their maximum walking speed increased, which is strongly correlating to their increase in BMI and body weight. Their sit and reach performance increased as well, which is negatively correlating to their serum triglyceride increase. Their blood albumin did not change before and after the training period. In conclusion, measuring BMI, body weight and serum triglyceride during the resistance training period may lead to positive results of the main outcomes in local living elderly men and women.

Rethinking the neurological examination I: static balance assessment / Repensando o exame neurológico I: avaliação do equilíbrio estático

The authors advocate a modernization of the neurologic exam with regard to the evaluation of static equilibrium through the application of some easily performed and interpreted bedside maneuvers like the Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance - modified and the Functional Reach Test. The authors also believe that these and other assessments, such as that of the risk of falling for elderly patients, should be incorporated into the routine neurological examination.

Os autores advogam a modernização do exame neurológico no que diz respeito à pesquisa do equilíbrio estático, por meio da aplicação de algumas manobras de beira-de-leito fáceis de serem executadas e interpretadas, tais como o Teste Clínico de Integração Sensorial e Equilíbrio-modificado e o Teste do Alcance Funcional. Os autores também acreditam que estes e outros testes visando avaliação de risco de queda em pacientes idosos devem fazer parte do exame neurológico de rotina.

Participação seletiva em um inquérito RDS entre HSH no Ceará, Brasil: avaliação quali-quantitativa / Selective participation in a RDS survey among MSM in Ceará, Brazil: a qualitative and quantitative assessment

Introduction: Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) was used to conduct a biological and behavioral surveillance survey (BBSS) in Fortaleza, Brazil in 2005 among men who have sex with men (MSM). The study recruited many more MSM of lower social classes than Time Location Sampling and Snowball Sampling studies conducted in Fortaleza previously by the study team. Although poorer MSM are arguably more important for public health purposes,a surveillance method should provide information about all of the MSM population at risk. Objective: to explore reasons for low participation of higher social class MSM in the BBSS. Methods: RDS was used to recruit 406 MSM in Fortaleza, 2005. Data were analysed using the RDSAT to adjust for network size and recruitment patterns. A small-scale qualitative debriefing with eight higher social economic status (SES) MSM and staff from two Brazilian NGOs was also conducted to understand why they did not participate in the cross-sectional study. Results: of the 406 participants, more than half (56.1%) of MSM were less than 25 years old. Only 7.0% were of high SES. This paper found that the differential recruitment of higher social classes is due to: sitingof the offices in a poor downtown area, insufficient incentives, NGOs associated with lower SES MSM, lack of solidarity among MSM, traditional classand wealth divides, fear of discrimination, and concerns about testing in general and the confidentiality of test results in particular. Because network links between high and low SES MSM appear to be minimal, the failure should not be attributed solely to RDS's networking sampling methodology. Conclusion:operational, cultural, and socio-economic factors are barriers to the participation of high SES MSM. Strategies to enhance representative ness include additional formative research to explore the inclusiveness of networks, strategies to respond to the needs of higher SES MSM and encourage participation.

Introdução: o método Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) foi utilizado para realizar a vigilância comportamental de segunda geração (BSS), em Fortaleza,Brasil, em 2005, entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). O estudo recrutou mais HSH de classes sociais mais pobres do que os estudos usandoTime Location Sampling e Snowball no mesmo município previamente. Embora HSH de classe social mais baixa sejam tidos como de maior importância em saúde pública, os métodos de vigilância devem prover informações a respeito de toda esta população sob risco. Objetivo: explorar as razões para a baixa participação dos HSH de classe social mais elevada no BBS. Métodos: RDS foi utilizado para recrutar 406 HSH em Fortaleza, em 2005. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software RDSAT para ajustar para o tamanho da rede social e padrões de recrutamento. Um estudo qualitativo de debriefingem pequena escala com oito HSH de maior status socioeconômico (SSE) e ativistas de duas ONGs também foi conduzido para entender por que estesHSH não participaram do estudo transversal. Resultados: dos 406 participantes, mais da metade (56,1%) tinha menos de 25 anos. Apenas 7,0% dos HSH recrutados eram de SSE alto. Este trabalho constatou que a diferença na representação de classe social mais elevada foi devida à: localização dos locais de estudo em uma área pobre, incentivos insuficientes, ONGs foram associadas com HSH de SSE menor, falta de solidariedade entre os HSH, diferenças de classe social e riqueza, medo de discriminação, preocupações sobre testes, em geral, e à confidencialidade dos resultados dos testes, em particular. Porque as conexões entre as redes dos HSH de SSE alto e baixo parecem ser mínimas, a falha do recrutamento não pode ser atribuída somente à metodologia RDS de amostragem em redes. Conclusão: fatores operacionais, culturais e socioeconômicos foram barreiras para a participação de HSH de SSE alto. Estratégias para aumentar a representatividade dos mesmos incluem pesquisa formativa adicional para explorar o quanto as redes são inclusivas e as estratégias para responder às necessidades dos HSH de SSE alto e encorajar sua participação.