Differences in Resistance to Change, Optimism and Perceived Social Support among individuals with different Sexual Orientations

Background: A study was carried out to investigate differences in personality (resistance to change and state optimism) and perceived social support between heterosexual individuals and individuals with other sexual orientations. Methodology: The data for the study was collected through a Google Form questionnaire. The snowball technique was used to collect the data for this study. The final sample for the study consisted of 120 participants (60 heterosexual participants and 60 participants with other sexual orientations- 40 homosexuals, and 20 bisexuals). There were 38 females and 22 males among the heterosexual participants. They were administered the Resistance to Change Scale, State Optimism Measure and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The results were statistically analysed and presented. Results: No differences between the sexual orientations were observed on the resistance to change and optimism measures. Individuals with other sexual orientations received greater support from significant others and friends as compared to heterosexuals. However, none of the mean differences in the four dimensions of resistance to change and three dimensions of perceived social support were statistically significant Conclusions: The study found no significant difference in resistance to change, state optimism and perceived social support between individuals with different sexual orientations. Further studies in larger samples are warranted.

Estrés laboral y contrato psicológico como elementos relaciónales del cambio organizacional / Labor stress and psychological contract as relational elements of organizational change

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre estrés laboral y contrato psicológico, respecto al cambio organizacional en empleados de cuatro empresas en Bogotá. El estudio se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación del cuestionario de roles ocupacionales adaptado a la población colombiana por García-Neira, et al., (2012), el inventario de contrato psicológico versión 2 y el de medición de cambio organizacional. Los participantes fueron 100 colaboradores de distintas organizaciones del sector privado. Se realizó un estudio transversal de alcance correlacional corroborado a partir de un análisis de regresión simple. Se evidenció que la variable de cambio organizacional correlaciona con la mayoría de las subvariables de contrato psicológico de manera positiva, y con las de estrés de manera negativa. Finalmente se encontró que el contrato psicológico explica el cambio organizacional en un mayor nivel predictivo que el estrés laboral. Estos resultados constituyen un aporte teórico y empírico para que las organizaciones comprendan cómo abordar los procesos de cambio organizacional.

Abstract The goal of this research was to identify the relationship between work stress and psychological contract in the process of organizational change in employees of four companies in Bogotá. We used the Colombian adaptation of the questionnaire of occupational roles by García - Neira, Piraquive, Salazar, & García (2012), the inventory of psychological contract, version 2 and the organizational change measure. Then, we performed a correlational cross-sectional analysis corroborated with a simple regression analysis. Organizational change was found to positively correlate with most subvariables of psychological contract, and negatively with stress. Finally, psychological contract seemed to explain organizational change at a higher predictive level than work-related stress. These results are a theoretical and empirical contribution that may be used by organizations to understand how to approach organizational change.

O efeito de instruções e de mudanças de instruções sobre o comportamento em DRL / Effect of rules and rule change on the behavior in DRL / El efecto de la instrucciones y de cambios de instrucciones sobre el comportamiento en DRL

O objetivo foi investigar o efeito da história comportamental com regras correspondentes, discrepantes e mínimas sobre o seguimento de uma regra discrepante subsequente. Participaram 20 estudantes universitários distribuídos em quatro grupos. Nas duas fases do estudo a tarefa foi clicar um botão e ganhar pontos, liberados de acordo com um DRL 5 segundos. Na Fase 1, os grupos foram caracterizados de acordo com a instrução fornecida: Grupo Controle e Grupo IM (Instrução Mínima), Grupo IC (Instrução Correspondente) e Grupo ID (Instrução Discrepante). Na Fase 2 o Grupo Controle recebeu novamente a instrução mínima e os demais grupos receberam uma instrução discrepante. A IM informava que os participantes deveriam ganhar pontos usando o mouse; a IC dizia que deveriam pressionar o botão a cada 5 s e a ID dizia que deveriam pressionar o botão a cada segundo. Os resultados do presente estudo sugeriram que as histórias com instruções correspondentes (Grupo IC) e discrepantes (Grupo ID) na Fase 1 aumentaram o tempo necessário para o contato com as contingências programadas na Fase 2 e a história com instruções mínimas aumentou a probabilidade de sensibilidade comportamental.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of behavioral history with correspondent, discrepant and minimum rules on the following of a subsequent discrepant rule. The participants were twenty students distributed into four groups. Along two phases the tasks was clicking a button and earn points released in accordance with a DRL 5 seconds. In Phase 1, groups were assigned according to the instruction provided to them: Group Control and Group IM (Minimum Instruction), Group IC (Correspondent Instruction) and Group ID (Discrepant Instruction). In Phase 2, participants of Group Control received the same minimum instruction and participants from the other groups received a new discrepant instruction. The MI informed that participants should earn points using the mouse; The CI informed that participant should press the button every 5 seconds and the DI informed that they should press the button every second. Results obtained suggested that histories with correspondent (Group IC) and discrepant (Group ID) instructions increased the time needed to contact the programmed contingencies in Phase 2 and the history with minimal instructions increased the likelihood of behavioral sensitivity.

El objetivo fue investigar el efecto de la historia comportamental con reglas correspondientes, discrepantes y mínimas sobre el seguimiento de una regla discrepante subsecuente. Participaron 20 universitarios distribuidos en cuatro grupos. En las dos fases del estudio la tarea fue clicar en un botón y ganar puntos, liberados de acuerdo con un DRL 5 segundos. En la Fase 1, los grupos fueron caracterizados de acuerdo con la instrucción suministrada: Grupo Control y Grupo IM (instrucción mínima), Grupo IC (Instrucción Correspondiente) y Grupo ID (Instrucción Discrepante). En la Fase 2 el Grupo Control recibió nuevamente la instrucción mínima y los demás grupos recibieron una instrucción discrepante. La IM informaba que los participantes deberían ganar puntos usando el ratón; la IC decía que deberían presionar el botón a cada 5 s y la ID decía que deberían presionar el botón a cada segundo. Los resultados del presente estudio sugirieron que las historias con instrucciones correspondientes (Grupo IC) y discrepantes (Grupo ID) en la Fase 1 aumentaron el tiempo necesario para el contacto con las contingencias programadas en la Fase 2 y la historia con instrucciones mínimas aumentó la posibilidad de sensibilidad comportamental.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e moduladora do extrato etanólico de Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz / Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana y modulatória del extracto etanólico de Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz / Evaluation of antimicrobial and modulatory activity of the ethanol extract of Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz

Introdução: Staphylococcus aureus é mencionada na literatura como um importante patógeno, algumas espécimes acarretam infecções oportunistas em muitos animais e homens. Escherichia coli é uma das principais causas de doenças infecciosas humanas. Pertencente à família das Enterobacteriaceae, compartilham diversos fatores de virulência descrita por sua resistência a vários antibióticos, as contaminações são provavelmente iniciadas por modificações de defesas do hospedeiro. Pseudomonas aeruginosaé conhecida por causar infecção aguda pela produção de toxinas. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico de Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz, e modulação da atividade antibiótica. Métodos: o material botânico de Libidibia ferrea foi coletado no município de Penaforte, Ceará, Brasil. Para a obtenção dos extratos foram coletadas entrecasca e vagem frescas, submersos em etanol separadamente por 72 h, sendo após esse período, filtrado e concentrado em condensador rotativo a vácuo. Foram realizados testes de atividade antimicrobiana e modulação da atividade antimicrobiana com cepas padrões e multirresistentes de bactérias. Resultados: o extrato demonstrou atividade moduladora quando combinados com alguns antimicrobianos contra algumas linhagens testadas. Conclusões: portanto, é sugerido que o extrato de L. ferrea pode ser utilizada como uma fonte de produtos naturais na terapêutica antimicrobiana e no combate a multirresistência bacteriana(AU)

Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus se menciona en la literatura como un patógeno importante, algunos provocan infecciones oportunistas en animales y hombres. Escherichia coli es una de las principales causas de enfermedades infecciosas humanas. Ambas pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae, comparten muchos factores de virulencia y se caracterizan por su resistencia a múltiples antibióticos, su contaminación tal vez iniciada por la modificación de las defensas del hospedero. Pseudomonas aeruginosa causa de infección aguda mediante la producción de toxinas. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano del extracto de etanol de Libidibia ferrea (Mart ex Tul.) LP Queiroz, y la modulación de la actividad antibiótica. Métodos: L. ferrea fue recopilada en el municipio de Penaforte, Ceará, Brasil. Para obtener los extractos se recogieron corteza y frutos frescos, sumergidos en etanol por separado durante 72 h, después se filtraron y se concentraron en un condensador rotatorio. Se realizaron pruebas de actividad antimicrobiana y la modulación de la actividad antimicrobiana con cepas multirresistentes de bacterias. Resultados: los extractos mostraron actividad moduladora cuando se combina con algunos antibióticos contra algunas cepas ensayadas. Conclusión: por lo tanto, se sugiere que el extracto de L. ferrea puede ser utilizado como una fuente de productos naturales en la terapia antimicrobiana y en la resistencia a múltiples fármacos bacteriana combate(AU)

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is mentioned in the literature as an important pathogen, some opportunistic bacteria may cause several problems in many animals and humans. Escherichia coli is a leading cause of human infectious diseases. Belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, share many virulence factors described by their resistance to multiple antibiotics, the contamination is probably initiated by modifications in the host defenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause acute infection by producing toxins. Objective: evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the ethanol extract of Libidibia ferrea (Mart ex Tul.) LP Queiroz, and modulation of antibiotic activity. Methods: L. ferrea was collected in the municipality of Penaforte, Ceará, Brazil. To obtain the extracts were collected bark and fruits, submerged in ethanol separately for 72 h, after this period, filtered and concentrated in a rotary vacuum condenser. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed and modulation of antimicrobial activity with standards and multiresistant strains of bacteria. Results: the extract showed antibacterial activity when combined with some antibiotics against the assayed strains, demonstrating a modulatory potential. Conclusion: therefore, it is suggested that L. ferrea extract can be used as a source of natural products in the antimicrobial therapy and in the combat bacterial multidrug resistance(AU)

Percepções dos gestores sobre os comportamentos dos funcionáriosem situações de mudanças tecnológicas / Perceptions of managers on the behavior of employees in cases of technological changes

Neste estudo são apresentadas descobertas a respeito das percepções dos gestores sobre os comportamentos dos funcionários em situações de mudanças tecnológicas, em uma organização do setor de serviços, no estado de Santa Catarina. A abordagem escolhida para a pesquisa foi a qualitativa por meio do método de Estudo de Caso com múltiplas fontes de evidência. Os resultados obtidos foram divididos em quatro categorias: cooperação com o processo de mudança, indiferença, resistência passiva e resistência ativa. Na cooperação com o processo, os gestores percebiam o apoio dos funcionários às mudanças e às novas normativas implantadas. Na indiferença à mudança, os funcionários faziam apenas o que lhes era ordenado. Na resistência passiva, os funcionários continuavam a trabalhar com métodos de trabalho anteriores à mudança, adiavam ou esqueciam compromissos, não informavam sobre erros cometidos e/ou apoiavam publicamente a mudança, mas não a colocavam em prática. Por fim, na resistência ativa, as mudanças eram contestadas publicamente ou ocorria sabotagem aos trabalhos e aos novos maquinários utilizados. Os resultados obtidos por meio deste estudo confirmaram que as percepções dos gestores influenciam diretamente suas ações sobre o quadro funcional e demonstraram a necessidade de preparação dos quadros gerenciais para promover as mudanças tecnológicas, sob o risco das mesmas não obterem o êxito esperado, causando sofrimento aos membros das organizações.

In this study, we present findings regarding the perceptions of managers about the behavior of employees in situations of technological change in an organization of the service sector in the state of Santa Catarina. The approach chosen for the research was qualitative through case study method with multiple sources of evidence. The results were divided into four categories: cooperation with the process of change, indifference, passive resistance and active resistance. In cooperation with the process, managers perceived support from staff changes and new regulations implemented. In indifference to change, employees did just what was commanded. In passive resistance, employees continued to work with the same methods, postponed or forgot appointments, did not report on errors and/or publicly supported the change, but did not put it into practice. Finally, in active resistance, the changes were publicly contested or sabotage occurred to the new working methods and machinery. The results obtained through this study confirmed that the perceptions of managers directly influence their actions on staff and demonstrated the need for preparation of management staff to promote technological change, at the risk of them not getting the expected success, causing suffering to members of organizations.

Relación entre el cambio organizacional y la actitud al cambio en trabajadores de una empresa de Bogotá / Relations Between Organizational Change and Attitude Towards Change in Workers Of An Organization In Bogotá

El objetivo de esta investigación fue encontrar la relación existente entre el cambio organizacional y la actitud hacia el cambio, en los trabajadores de una empresa de Bogotá. Se realizó bajo un estudio de tipo transversal correlacional, mediante la aplicación del Instrumento de Medición de cambio (IMC) y la escala de actitudes hacia el cambio (EAC). Para ello, se tomó una muestra a 50 funcionarios y se les aplicaron los dos instrumentos. en los resultados se obtienen correlaciones significativas entre la variable de temor del instrumento EAC y las variables participación (integración) (r = -.375), comunicación (r = -.518), trabajo en equipo (r = -.590), aceptación (r = -.369), conocimiento de la organización (r = -.497), cultura de cambio (r =-.429), proyección y desarrollo del cambio (r = -.650), nivel grupal (r = -.579,) del instrumento IMC. Por otro lado, se encontró una relación entre la variable cinismo del instrumento EAC y las variables adaptabilidad (r = -.488), participación (integración) (r = -.538), comunicación (r = -.518), trabajo en equipo (r = -.661), aceptación (r = -.546), conocimiento de la organización (r = -.645) cultura de cambio (r = -.398), gestión del cambio (r =-.481), proyección y desarrollo del cambio (r = -.685), nivel individual (r = -.390), nivel grupal (r = -.667), nivel organizacional (r = -.599) del IMC. Se concluye que los empleados de la organización manifestaron una actitud de favorabilidad y flexibilidad hacia el cambio.

The objective of this research was to find the relationship between organizational change and attitude change among workers in a company in Bogota. It was conducted under a cross-sectional correlational study, by applying the measuring instrument of change (BMI) and the range of attitudes towards change (EAC). To this end, a sample of 50 officers was taken and we applied the two instruments. In the results significant correlations are obtained between the variable of fear of the CAD tool and participation variables (integration) (r =-.375), communication (r =-.518), work (r =-.590), acceptance (r =-.369), knowledge of the organization (r =-.497), culture of change (r =-.429), design and development of change (r = -.650), group level (r = -.579), the instrument IMC. On the other hand, we found a variable relationship between EAc and cynicism of the instrument adaptability variables (r =-.488), participation (inclusion) (r =-.538), communication (r =-.518), work team (r = -.661), acceptance (r = -.546), knowledge of the organization (r = -.645), culture of change (r = -.398), management of change (r = -.481 ), design and development of change (r= -.685), individual level (r = -.390), group level (r = -.667), organizational level (r = -.599) of the IMC. We conclude that employees of the organization, had a favorability and flexible attitude towards change.

Relación entre motivación y resistencia al cambio en personas que trabajan en una empresa del sector público, en Bogotá (Colombia) / Relationship among motivation and resistence to change in workers of a public sector company in Bogotá (Colombia)

En esta investigación se planteó como objetivo general encontrar la relación entre la motivación y la resistencia al cambio de los empleados que trabajan en una organización del sector público de Bogotá. El estudio presentó aportes a la psicología organizacional en relación con estas dos variables, específicamente con las variables supervisión, participación, afiliación, reconocimiento, comunicación, trabajo en equipo, contenido del trabajo, liderazgo, condiciones motivacionales internas, cultura de cambio, nivel individual y grupal, aceptación de la autoridad, medios preferidos, dedicación de la tarea, resistencia pasiva, expectación, entre otras. Se logró confirmar el campo de acción para el psicólogo al comprobar que es de vital importancia el control de las condiciones de trabajo -con respecto a la motivación y los factores que generan la resistencia al cambio- para el óptimo desempeño de las funciones laborales, y se amplía así la perspectiva de la psicología organizacional, ya que es el psicólogo un potencial generador de cambio.

The main goal of the study was to find the relationship between motivation and resistance to change in workers of a public sector company in Bogotá, Colombia. The study made contributions to Industrial/Organizational Psychology with regards to these two variables, specifically Supervision, Participation, Belonging, Communication, Teamwork, Job content, Leadership, Internal motivational conditions, Change culture, Individual and Group level, Authority acceptance, Preferred means, Task dedication, Passive resistance, Expectation, among others. An action field for the Psychologist is confirmed upon finding that controlling work conditions (with regards to motivation and factors that create resistance to change) in order to achieve an optimal performance is vital, and the perspective of Organizational Psychology becomes widened, since the Psychologist is a potential agent of change.

Relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y la resistencia al cambio organizacional en personal de seguridad de una empresa del sector económico terciario / Relation between psycho-social risk factors and the resistance to change organizational in personnel of security of a company of the tertiary economic sector

En esta investigación se identificó la relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y la resistencia al cambio en el personal de seguridad de una organización del sector económico terciario de prestación de servicios. Se realizó bajo un diseño trasversal correlacional, a través de la aplicación de los instrumentos de medición de resistencia al cambio (IMRC) y medición de riesgo psicosocial (IMP). Las fases establecidas fueron: a) recopilación de la información, análisis de documentos y elaboración de instrumento de medición de la resistencia al cambio; b) validación de los dos instrumentos por jueces, c) establecimiento de contactos y autorizaciones pertinentes para realizar la aplicación piloto; d) aplicación de los dos instrumentos de medición, recolección de la información necesaria para efectuar el análisis correlacional y e) análisis de datos y presentación del informe de resultados. Los instrumentos fueron aplicados a 199 personas que cumplían con las características del estudio. Los resultados se analizaron con el programa SPSS versión 13. Se encontró una correlación de 0.605 y un índice de fiabilidad de 0.84 para resistencia al cambio y de 0.79 para riesgo psicosocial. Estos índices superan al mínimo establecido de 0.50, lo cual indica un alto nivel de confiabilidad y precisión en la medida del atributo, esto permite predecir un alto nivel de confiabilidad en la evaluación de las variables en otras aplicaciones. Entre las implicaciones más importantes del estudio están la necesidad de extender la investigación a otros elementos relacionados con la supervivencia y crecimiento de las organizaciones y la confirmación de otro campo de acción para el psicólogo.

In this investigation the relation between the factors of psycho-social risk and the resistance to the change in the personnel of security of an organization of the tertiary economic sector of benefit of services was identified. It was made under a corelational cross-sectional design, through the application of the measuring instruments of resistance to the change (IMRC) and measurement of psycho-social risk (IMP). The established phases were: a) compilation of the information, document analysis and elaboration of measuring instrument of the resistance to the change, b) validation of both instruments by judges, c) establishment of contacts and pertinent authorizations to make the application pilot, d) application of both measuring instruments to collect the information necessary to carry out the corelational analysis and e) data analysis and presentation of the results report. The instruments were applied to 199 people who fulfilled the characteristics of the study. The results were analyzed with SPSS-13. It was find a 0.605 corelation with trustworthiness of 84% for change resistances, and 0.79 for psycho-social risk. These indices surpass the minimum of 0.50 established, which indicates a high level of trustworthiness and precision in the measurement of the attribute, this allows to predict a high level of trustworthiness in the evaluation of the variables in other applications. Between the most important implications of the study they are the necessity to extend the investigation to other elements related to the survival and growth of the organizations and confirmation of another battle area for the psychologist.