Short sleep duration is associated with high energy and total lipid intake in obese women: a pilot study / A curta duração do sono está associada ao elevado consumo energético e de lipídios totais em mulheres com obesidade: um estudo piloto

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the influence of self-reported sleep duration on ghrelin secretion and nutritional indicators in obese women. Methods This is an observational study, including 36 adult women with obesity. Sleep duration was reported while completing the general questionnaire. Dietary, laboratory, anthropometric, and body composition indicators, and resting metabolic rate, were evaluated. For statistical analysis, sleep duration data were grouped into tertiles: less than six (first tertile); equal to or above six; and less than eight (second tertile); equal to or greater than eight hours of sleep per day (third tertile). The indicators were compared for the different ranges of the sleep duration. Results There was no significant difference when comparing anthropometric, laboratory, and energy expenditure indicators between sleep tertiles. However, women with shorter sleep duration (less than 6 hours per day) had a higher mean caloric intake, compared with the tertile of eight hours or more of sleep per day. For total lipid intake, the mean consumption was higher in the first tertile (up to six hours a day). Conclusion Sleeping less than six hours a day led to an increase in energy and lipid intake in obese women. However, it did not change the plasma ghrelin concentration.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a influência da duração de sono autorrelatada na secreção de grelina e indicadores nutricionais na obesidade. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo observacional, incluindo 36 mulheres adultas com obesidade. A duração do sono foi relatada durante o preenchimento do questionário de dados gerais. Foram avaliados indicadores dietéticos, laboratoriais, antropométricos e de composição corporal, além da taxa metabólica de repouso. Para análise estatística, os dados de duração de sono foram agrupados em tercis, sendo menor do que seis (primeiro tercil), igual ou acima seis e menor do que oito (segundo tercil), igual ou maior do que oito horas de sono por dia (terceiro tercil). Os indicadores supracitados foram comparados entre as diferentes faixas dos tercis de duração de sono. Resultados Não houve diferença significativa ao comparar os indicadores antropométricos, laboratoriais e do gasto de energia, entre os tercis de sono. Porém, mulheres com menor tempo de duração do sono (menos de 6 horas por dia) apresentaram maior média da ingestão calórica, comparado com o tercil de oito horas ou mais de sono por dia. Para a ingestão de lipídios totais, a média de consumo foi maior no primeiro tercil (até seis horas por dia). Conclusão Dormir menos do que seis horas por dia levou ao aumento na ingestão energética e de lipídios em mulheres com obesidade, porém, não alterou a concentração de grelina plasmática.

Time to achieve steady state for an accurate assessment of resting energy expenditure in adolescents with healthy weight and obesity: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study investigated the time needed to achieve a steady state for an accurate assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) in adolescents with healthy weight and obesity. Materials and methods: Thirty adolescents aged 12-17 years were assigned to a group with healthy weight (GHW; n = 12, body mass index [BMI] 22.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2) and another group with obesity (GO; n = 18, BMI 34.1 ± 5.2 kg/m2). Participants underwent test-retest reliability of REE assessment as follows: a) 24 h of abstention from physical exercise, soft drinks, or caffeine; b) fasting for ~12 h; c) acclimation period of 10 min; d) 30-min assessment in a supine position. Results and discussion: A significant change occurred during the 30 min in REE. Significant differences existed between consecutive means until the 20th and 25th min for the GHW and GO, respectively. Although significant differences between trials 1 and 2 were detected during the first 5-10 min of assessment, the REE for each 5-min time point exhibited high test-retest reliability across trials in both groups (intraclass correlation coefficients range 0.79-0.99). Conclusion: The following recommendations are provided to promote accurate assessment of REE among adolescents: a) initiate the REE assessment with 10 min of acclimation to decrease restlessness; b) determine REE for a minimum of 20 min if healthy weight and 25 min if obesity; c) determine REE for a further 5 min, with the average of this last 5 min of REE data being regarded as the REE.

Analysis of body composition and resting metabolic rate of 858 middle-aged and elderly people in urban area of Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the overweight rate and obesity rate in middle-aged and elderly people in urban area of Beijing,and analyze the changes of body composition and resting metabolic rate with age.Methods From November 2014 to December 2015,body composition measurement and resting metabolic rate detection were conducted among 858 people aged 51 to 99 years,including 760 men,98 women,who received physical examination at Beijing Hospital.Results The overweight rate was 51.4％,and the obesity rate was 16.9％.The overweight rate was 26.5％ and the obesity rate was 14.3％ in women,significantly lower than those in men (54.6％ and 17.2％) (P＜0.001).The distribution of skeletal muscle volume,muscle index,body fat percentage,visceral fat area and resting metabolic rate in different age groups were different (P＜0.001).In the normal weight group,the skeletal muscle volume,muscle index and resting metabolic rate in age group ≥80 years decreased obviously (P＜0.05).At the same time,the body fat percentage and visceral fat area increased obviously (P＜0.05).However,the skeletal muscle volume,muscle index and resting metabolic rate of the overweight and obese groups began to decrease obviously in age group 70-years (P＜0.05),and the decrease in age group ≥80 years was more obvious.At the same time,body fat percentage and visceral fat area increased significantly in age group 70-years (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion The overweight and obesity rates were high in the middle-aged and elderly people in the urban area of Beijing,and the rates were higher in men than in women.With the increase of age,the skeletal muscle volume,muscle index and resting metabolic rate gradually decreased,while the percentage of body fat and visceral fat area increased;Overweight and obese people had earlier changes in body composition and resting metabolic rate.

Analysis of body composition and resting metabolic rate of 858 middle-aged and elderly people in urban area of Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the overweight rate and obesity rate in middle-aged and elderly people in urban area of Beijing,and analyze the changes of body composition and resting metabolic rate with age.Methods From November 2014 to December 2015,body composition measurement and resting metabolic rate detection were conducted among 858 people aged 51 to 99 years,including 760 men,98 women,who received physical examination at Beijing Hospital.Results The overweight rate was 51.4％,and the obesity rate was 16.9％.The overweight rate was 26.5％ and the obesity rate was 14.3％ in women,significantly lower than those in men (54.6％ and 17.2％) (P＜0.001).The distribution of skeletal muscle volume,muscle index,body fat percentage,visceral fat area and resting metabolic rate in different age groups were different (P＜0.001).In the normal weight group,the skeletal muscle volume,muscle index and resting metabolic rate in age group ≥80 years decreased obviously (P＜0.05).At the same time,the body fat percentage and visceral fat area increased obviously (P＜0.05).However,the skeletal muscle volume,muscle index and resting metabolic rate of the overweight and obese groups began to decrease obviously in age group 70-years (P＜0.05),and the decrease in age group ≥80 years was more obvious.At the same time,body fat percentage and visceral fat area increased significantly in age group 70-years (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion The overweight and obesity rates were high in the middle-aged and elderly people in the urban area of Beijing,and the rates were higher in men than in women.With the increase of age,the skeletal muscle volume,muscle index and resting metabolic rate gradually decreased,while the percentage of body fat and visceral fat area increased;Overweight and obese people had earlier changes in body composition and resting metabolic rate.

The role of resting metabolic rate in evaluation of Kidney Yin or Kidney Yang deficiency animal model induced by glucocorticoids / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To observe the role of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in evaluation of animal model of glucocorticoid-induced Kidney Yin deficiency and Kidney Yang deficiency syndrome.Methods Male BALB/c mice were divided into control group,model group,Jinkuishenqi pill group,and Zhibaidihuang pill group.The later 3 groups were given drinking water containing corticosterone (first dissolved in 1% ethanol,with a final concentration of corticosterone 100 μg/mL).The control group was given drinking water containing 1% ethanol.RMR was measured by closed fluid pressure respirometer.At the end of the experiment,the mice were sacrificed to detect the weight index of perirenal fat,epididymal fat,quadriceps,and tibialis anterior muscle.ELISA assay was used to detect the level of serum hormones.Histological changes of the liver and kidney were examined by HE staining.Malondialdehyde (MDA) content,succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity,cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and ATP level were measured.Results Compared with the control group,the RMR of model group was significantly increased at the 2nd day of beginning of the experiment,reached the highest on the 4th day (P<0.01),then decreased gradually,and to the 66th day,the RMR was significantly reduced (P<0.05).Use of corticosterone resulted in decrease of the serum levels of thyroxine (T4),muscle mass index,SDH activity,COX activity and ATP level,while increase of fat mass index and MDA level.The two Kidney nourishing prescriptions reduced animal mortality,and reduced the content of MDA in liver tissue.But only Jinkuishenqi pill increased the RMR at the 4th and 66th days (P<0.05),and significantly improved the liver SDH activity,COX activity and ATP level (P<0.01).The Zhibaidihuang pill showed no such effects.Conclusions RMR can be used for evaluation of animal model of Kidney Yin or Kidney Yang deficiency induced by glucocorticoids.

Las comparaciones entre las ecuaciones de predicción de la tasa metabólica en reposo y la calorimetría indirecta en los adolescentes obesos / Comparisons between predictive equations of resting metabolic rate and indirect calorimetry in obese teenagers

Objective: To measure the accuracy of predictive equations of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese teenagers in relation to indirect calorimetry (IC). Methods: This study was conducted with 116 obese teenagers (60 males; 13.7±1.1 years). The RMR was calculated from Harris and Benedict, Schofield, WHO, Henry and Rees equations. The RMR was measured by the QUARK-RMR system. The comparison between predictive equations and IC was by the Student's t test. The reliability of data between predictive equations and IC was verified by the typical error of measurement (TEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV%). Results: Henry's equation was significantly different from IC (p<0.02). The CV% found for each equations compared to IC turned was low. However, when the TEM was measured it was considered high in absolute values which can cause errors when estimating the RMR. Therefore, it is important that specific predictive equations are developed for Brazilian obese teenagers.

Objetivo: Medir la precisión de las ecuaciones predictivas de la tasa metabólica de reposo (TMR) en los adolescentes obesos en relación con la calorimetría indirecta (CI). Métodos: El estudio se realizó en 116 adolescentes obesos (60 niños, 13,7 ± 1,1 años). La TMR se calculó a partir de las ecuaciones predictivas de Harris y Benedict, Schofield, OMS, Henry y Rees. La TMR se midió por el sistema de QUARK-TMR. La comparación entre las ecuaciones de predicción y IC se realizó mediante el test t de Student. La fiabilidad de los datos entre IC y ecuaciones de predicción fue verificada por el error típico de la medición (TEM) y el coeficiente de variación (CV%). Resultados: La ecuación de Henry fue significativamente diferente de IC (p <0,02). El CV% encontrado para cada ecuación en comparación con IC fue bajo; no obstante, cuando se midió el TEM, este fue considerado alto en valores absolutos que puede provocar errores al estimar la TMR. Por lo tanto, es importante que ecuaciones de predicción específicas sean desarrolladas para adolescentes obesos brasileños.

Comparación de tasa metabólica en reposo medida por calorimetría indirecta versus ecuaciones predictivas, en mujeres adultas jovenes y adultas mayores de peso corporal normal / Comparison of resting metabolic rate measured by indirect calorimetry and predictive equations in young adult and elderly women with normal body weight

Introduction: The resting metabolic rate (RMR) can be measured by indirect calorimetry (RMR IC) or estimated by predictive equations, which can overestimate or underestimate energy requirements. Objective: To compare RMRs measured by indirect calorimetry and estimated by predictive equations in young adult and elderly women with normal body mass index (BMI). Subjects and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. RMR IC was measured and estimated by Harris-Benedict (1919), FAO/WHO/UNU (1985), FAO/ WHO/UNU (2004), and Mifflin-St Jeor equations in 36 young adult women aged20 to 24 years (BMI 20.7 ± 1.6) and29 elderly women aged 60 to 76 years (BMI 25.5 ± 1.6). Measures of central tendency, dispersion, and position were calculated for quantitative variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare RMR between the different formulae and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare RMR IC between groups after verifying normality by the Shapiro Wilks test. The statistical significance level was = 0.05. Results: The Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU (2004), FAO/OMS/ UNU (1985), and Mifflin-St Jeor equations showed a statistically significant overestimation (p<0.0001) of 290.5, 196.8,200.1, and 188.0 kcal/d and 220.0, 211.9, 235.8, and 79.4 kcal/d in young adult and elderly women, respectively. The RMRIC between young adult women (1050.0 kcal/d) and elderly women (985,0 kcal/d) exhibited a significant statistical difference (p=0.008). A higher overestimation was found by the Harris-Benedict test and the FAO/ WHO/UNU (1985) equation in young adult and elderly women, respectively. Conclusions: Predictive equations overestimated RMR in young adult and elderly women. Thus, its routine use could lead to malnutrition due to excess intake.

Introducción: La tasa metabólica en reposo (TMR) puede ser medida por calorimetría indirecta (TMR CI) o estimada mediante ecuaciones predictivas, que pueden subestimar o sobreestimar los requerimientos energéticos. Objetivo: Comparar la TMR medida por calorimetría indirecta, con la estimadas por ecuaciones predictivas, en adultas jóvenes y mayores con índice de masa corporal (IMC) normal. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio analítico, transversal. Se midió la TMR CI y se estimó a través de las ecuaciones Harris-Benedict 1919; FAO/OMS/ UNU 1985; FAO/OMS/UNU 2004, y Mifflin St -Jeor, en 36 adultas jóvenes de 20-24 años (IMC 20,7 ± 1,6) y 29 adultas mayores de 60-76 años (IMC 25,5 ± 1,6). Para variables numéricas se calcularon medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y posición. Para comparar la TMR entre las diferentes fórmulas, se usó la prueba de Kruskall Wallis, y para comparar la TMB CI entre grupos, la prueba de Mann- Whitney, previa verificación de normalidad con prueba Shapiro Wilks. Se usó nivel de significancia estadística a= 0,05. Resultados: Las ecuaciones Harris-Benedict, FAO/OMS/UNU 2004, FAO/OMS/UNU 1985 y Mifflin St-Jeor, mostraron sobrestimación estadísticamente significativa (p<0.0001) de 290,5, 196,8, 200,1 y 188,0 kilo-calorías/día en adultas jóvenes, y de 220,0, 211,9, 235,8 y 79,4 kilocalorías/días, en adultas mayores, respectivamente. La TMR CI entre adultas jóvenes (1050,0 kcal/día) y mayores (985,0 kcal/día), presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,008). En adultas jóvenes Harris - Benedict mostró mayor sobrestimación y en adultas mayores la FAO/ OMS/UNU 1985. Conclusiones: Las ecuaciones predictivas, sobrestimaron la TMR en adultas jóvenes y mayores, por lo cual su uso rutinario, podría facilitar la malnutrición por exceso.

The Measurements of the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and the Accuracy of RMR Predictive Equations for Korean Farmers / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and to assess the accuracy of RMR predictive equations for Korean farmers. METHODS: Subjects were 161 healthy Korean farmers (50 males, 111 females) in Gangwon-area. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry for 20 minutes following a 12-hour overnight fasting. Selected predictive equations were Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Liu, KDRI, Cunningham (1980, 1991), Owen-W, F, FAO/WHO/UNU-W, WH, Schofield-W, WH, Henry-W, WH. The accuracy of the equations was evaluated on the basis of bias, RMSPE, accurate prediction and Bland-Altman plot. Further, new RMR predictive equations for the subjects were developed by multiple regression analysis using the variables highly related to RMR. RESULTS: The mean of the measured RMR was 1703 kcal/day in males and 1343 kcal/day in females. The Cunningham (1980) equation was the closest to measured RMR than others in males and in females (males Bias -0.47%, RMSPE 110 kcal/day, accurate prediction 80%, females Bias 1.4%, RMSPE 63 kcal/day, accurate prediction 81%). Body weight, BMI, circumferences of waist and hip, fat mass and FFM were significantly correlated with measured RMR. Thus, derived prediction equation as follow: males RMR = 447.5 + 17.4.Wt, females RMR = 684.5 - 3.5.Ht + 11.8.Wt + 12.4.FFM. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that Cunningham (1980) equation was the most accurate to predict RMR of the subjects. Thus, Cunningham (1980) equation could be used to predict RMR of Korean farmers studied in this study. Future studies including larger subjects should be carried out to develop RMR predictive equations for Korean farmers.

TT Mutant Homozygote of Kruppel-like Factor 5 Is a Key Factor for Increasing Basal Metabolic Rate and Resting Metabolic Rate in Korean Elementary School Children

We investigated the contribution of genetic variations of KLF5 to basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the inhibition of obesity in Korean children. A variation of KLF5 (rs3782933) was genotyped in 62 Korean children. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we developed a model to predict BMR in children. We divided them into several groups; normal versus overweight by body mass index (BMI) and low BMR versus high BMR by BMR. There were no differences in the distributions of alleles and genotypes between each group. The genetic variation of KLF5 gene showed a significant correlation with several clinical factors, such as BMR, muscle, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. Children with the TT had significantly higher BMR than those with CC (p = 0.030). The highest muscle was observed in the children with TT compared with CC (p = 0.032). The insulin and C-peptide values were higher in children with TT than those with CC (p= 0.029 vs. p = 0.004, respectively). In linear regression analysis, BMI and muscle mass were correlated with BMR, whereas insulin and C-peptide were not associated with BMR. In the high-BMR group, we observed that higher muscle, fat mass, and C-peptide affect the increase of BMR in children with TT (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.018, respectively), while Rohrer's index could explain the usual decrease in BMR (adjust r2 = 1.000, p < 0.001, respectively). We identified a novel association between TT of KLF5 rs3782933 and BMR in Korean children. We could make better use of the variation within KLF5 in a future clinical intervention study of obesity.

Validação das equações que estimam a taxa metabólica de repouso em adolescentes meninas / Validation of the equations that estimate the resting metabolic rate in adolescent girls

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a validade das equações de predição da taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR) propostas por Harris e Benedicti (1919), Schofield (1985), WHO/FAO/UNU (1985), Henry e Rees (1991), Molnár e cols. (1995), Tverskaya e cols. (1998) e Müller e cols. (2004) em adolescentes meninas. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Para tanto, avaliaram-se 51 meninas entre 10 e 17 anos, sendo mensuradas as seguintes variáveis: massa corporal, estatura, massa gorda (absoluta e percentual) e massa magra (absoluta e percentual), bem como os valores do consumo de VO2 e produção de VCO2 que foram substituídos na equação de Weir (1949) considerada, neste estudo, como método padrão da TMR. Realizaram-se os seguintes procedimentos estatísticos: teste "t" pareado (p < 0,05); erro constante (EC) com diferença menor que 5 por cento e análise gráfica de Bland e Altman (1986). RESULTADOS: As equações propostas por Tverskaya e cols. (1998) e Müller e cols. (2004) foram as únicas que apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as médias. No entanto, somente as equações propostas por Henry e Rees (1991) e Molnár e cols. (1995) obtiveram erro constante inferior a 5 por cento. Porém, as análises gráficas de Bland e Altman (1986) revelaram que, independentemente da equação, não há concordância entre as equações e o método padrão. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo indicou que as equações não aprovaram nos critérios estipulados e que, portanto, não possuem validade no cálculo da TMR.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to analyze the validity of the prediction equations for the resting metabolic rate (RMR) proposed by Harris and Benedicti (1919), Schofield (1985), WHO/FAO/ UNU (1985), Henry and Rees (1991), Molnár and cols. (1995), Tverskaya and cols. (1998) and Müller and cols. (2004) in adolescent girls (51 girls between 10 and 17 years of age). SUBJECTS AND METHODs: The following anthropometric variables were measured: body weight, stature, body fat mass (absolute and percentage), body lean mass (absolute and percentage) as well as the consumption ofVO2 and production ofVCO2 that were substituted in Weir's (1949) equation which was considered the RMR standard method in this study. The following statistical procedures were carried out: paired t-test (p < 0.05); constant error (CE) with a less than 5 percent difference and Bland and Altman's (1986) graphical analysis. RESULTS: The equations proposed by Tverskaya and cols. (1998) and Müller and cols. (2004) were the only equations that presented significant differences between the averages. However, only the equations proposed by Henry and Rees (1991) and Molnár and cols. (1995) produced a constant error of less than 5 percent. However, Bland and Altman's (1986) graphical analysis showed that independently of the equation there is no agreement between the equations and the standard method. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that none of the equations meet all the stipulated criteria and that thus have no validity in the calculation of the RMR.

Padronização do gasto metabólico de repouso e proposta de nova equação para uma população feminina brasileira / Characterization of metabolic resting rate and proposal of a new equation for a female Brazilian population

OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos do estudo foram normatizar o gasto metabólico de repouso (GMR) de mulheres brasileiras, avaliar a adequação da fórmula de Harris Benedict (HB), a relação entre suas variáveis e propor novas equações para estimativa do GMR. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Para tanto, foram utilizados 760 exames de calorimetria indireta (CI) de mulheres com idade entre 18 e 65 anos. Os resultados foram tabulados, a população foi dividida de acordo com quintis de peso e, então, realizaram-se as análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: A média de GMR variou entre 1.226 calorias/dia a 1.775 calorias/dia. A fórmula de HB superestimou o GMR em torno de 7 por cento.Concluímos, a partir da correlação entre as variáveis, que o peso possui correlação positiva com o GMR, e a idade, uma correlação negativa. CONCLUSÃO: GMR assim como coeficiente respiratório (QR) podem ser utilizados como preditores de obesidade. Nosso estudo trouxe duas novas propostas de equações, uma para a população com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) > 35 kg/m² e outra para a população com IMC < 35 kg/m².

OBJETIVES: The goals of this study were to standardize resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the Brazilian female population and evaluate the suitability of the HB equation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In order to do so, 760 indirect calorimetry (CI) measurements performed in Brazilian female patients between 18 and 65 years old, were used. The results were tabulated, the population distributed according to the quintiles of weight, and the statistical analyses applied. RESULTS: The average RMR varied from 1,226 to 1,775 calories/day. The HB equation overestimated the RMR by about 7 percent. From the correlation between the variables, we conclude that weight has a positive correlation with RMR and age a negative correlation. CONCLUSION: The RMR and respiratory quotient (QR) can be used as obesity predictors. Two new equations were proposed in our study, one for the population with body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m² and another for the population with BMI < 35 kg/m².

Comparison of Activity Factor, Predicted Resting Metabolic Rate, and Intakes of Energy and Nutrients Between Athletic and Non-Athletic High School Students

This study compared activity factor, predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR), and nutrient intakes between athletic and non-athletic high school students in Gangwon-do. Fifty soccer players (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 16.7+/-1.0 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years, respectively) and 50 non-athletic (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 17.5+/-0.4 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years respectively) high school students were included. Anthropometric measurements included: weight and height, triceps skinfold, mid-arm circumference, and body fat. Prediction equations consisted of those from the Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU, IMNA, Cunningham, Mifflin et al., and Owen et al. A one-day activity diary was collected by interview, and the 24-hour recall method was used to analyze nutrient intakes of subjects. The activity factors of the male and female athletic groups (2.23 and 2.16, respectively) were significantly higher than those (1.52 and 1.46, respectively) of the non-athletic group. There was only a significant difference in RMR by use of the Cunningham's equation between two groups. For the males, almost all nutrient intakes of the athletic group (except carbohydrate, iron, vitamin B1, B6, and niacin) of athletic group were significantly higher than those of the non-athletic group. The female athletic group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes with the exception of most vitamins. These results suggest that assessments of energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure by employing RMR and activity factors would be useful to prevent and treat obesity in high school athletes. In addition, the Cunningham's equation would be appropriate for predicting their energy needs.

Comparison of Activity Factor, Predicted Resting Metabolic Rate, and Intakes of Energy and Nutrients Between Athletic and Non-Athletic High School Students

This study compared activity factor, predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR), and nutrient intakes between athletic and non-athletic high school students in Gangwon-do. Fifty soccer players (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 16.7+/-1.0 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years, respectively) and 50 non-athletic (30 males and 20 females; mean ages 17.5+/-0.4 years and 16.4+/-1.1 years respectively) high school students were included. Anthropometric measurements included: weight and height, triceps skinfold, mid-arm circumference, and body fat. Prediction equations consisted of those from the Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU, IMNA, Cunningham, Mifflin et al., and Owen et al. A one-day activity diary was collected by interview, and the 24-hour recall method was used to analyze nutrient intakes of subjects. The activity factors of the male and female athletic groups (2.23 and 2.16, respectively) were significantly higher than those (1.52 and 1.46, respectively) of the non-athletic group. There was only a significant difference in RMR by use of the Cunningham's equation between two groups. For the males, almost all nutrient intakes of the athletic group (except carbohydrate, iron, vitamin B1, B6, and niacin) of athletic group were significantly higher than those of the non-athletic group. The female athletic group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes with the exception of most vitamins. These results suggest that assessments of energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure by employing RMR and activity factors would be useful to prevent and treat obesity in high school athletes. In addition, the Cunningham's equation would be appropriate for predicting their energy needs.

Accuracy of Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Korean College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study is to analyze the accuracy of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate (RMR) in Korean college students. Subjects were 60 healthy Korean college students (30 males, 30 females) aged 18-25 years. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Predicted RMRs were calculated using the Harris-Benedict, Schofield (W)/(WH), FAO/ WHO/UNU(W)/(WH), Owen, Mifflin, Cunningham, Liu, IMNA and Henry (W)/(WH) equations. The accuracy of the equations was evaluated on basis of accurate prediction (the percentage of subjects whose RMR was predicted within90% to 110% of the RMR measured), mean difference, RMSPE, mean % difference, limits of agreement of Bland- Altman method between predicted and measured RMR. Measured RMR of male and female students were 1833.4 +/- 307.4 kcal/day and 1454.3 +/- 208.0 kcal/day, respectively. All predictive equations underestimated measured RMR. Of the predictive equations tested, the Harris-Benedict equation (mean difference: -80.4 kcal/day, RMSPE: 236 kcal/day, mean % difference: -3.1%) was the most accurate and precise, but accurate prediction of the equation was only 42%. Thus, this study suggests that the ethnicity-specific predictive equation from Korean people should be developed to improve the accuracy of predicted RMR for Koreans.

Análise da taxa metabólica de repouso avaliada por calorimetria indireta em mulheres obesas com baixa e alta ingestão calórica / Analysis of resting metabolic rate evaluated by indirect calorimetry in obese women with low and high caloric intake

Este trabalho analisou se mulheres obesas com baixa ingestão calórica (IC), aferidas por questionário alimentar, apresentam valores diminuídos de taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR), o que favoreceria um desequilíbrio no balanço energético (BE) e conseqüente ganho de peso. Foram avaliados o índice de atividade física (AF) e sua relação com a IC em 77 mulheres obesas, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) acima de 30 kg/m², entre 20 e 45 anos. A partir dos valores da IC, as mulheres foram divididas em três grupos: baixa (G1), média (G2) e alta (G3) IC e submetidas a exame de calorimetria indireta de repouso. Foram avaliados: peso, altura, superfície de área corpórea (SAC), composição corporal por bioimpedância. O G1 apresentou maior valor de peso, SAC, peso de gordura corpórea e também valores abaixo de 1,2 na razão IC:TMR, o que indica provável subestimação da IC. Os maiores valores de AF e de TMR (por quilo de massa magra) foram verificados no G3. O G1 apresentou o BE mais negativo. O G3 apresentou valores positivos. Em suma, este estudo mostrou que existe tendência à subestimação da IC de algumas mulheres obesas e que a manutenção do peso corporal em algumas pacientes se deve ao baixo nível de AF.

The aim of this study was to evaluate if obese women with the lowest values of caloric intake (CI) determined by food questionnaire also present the lowest values of resting metabolic rate (RMR), which could lead to excessive weight gain, caused by changes in energy balance. With this porpouse, 77 obese women, with IMC > 30kg/m², aged 20 to 45 years, had their physical activity level and CI evaluated. According to the values of CI obtained from food intake reports, the participants were divided in 3 groups: low (G1), medium (G2), high (G3) CI and were submitted to indirect calorimetry. Height, weight, body surface area (BSA), fat free mass and fat mass measured by bioimpedance were evaluated. The highest values of weight, BSA an fat mass were obtained in G1, as well as values above 1.2 for the CI:RMR ratio, which indicates a probable underestimation of CI. The highest values of physical activity and RMR were observed in the G3 (with high caloric intake). In conclusion, this paper shows that a tendency towards underestimation of self-reported caloric intake exists among obese women and that the maintenance of weight in some patients can be due to their low level of physical activity.

Equações que estimam a taxa metabólica de repouso em adolescentes: história e validade / Resting metabolic rate prediction equations in teenagers: history and validity

A taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR) tem sido utilizada rotineiramente por clínicas para estimar as necessidades energéticas em pacientes, bem como por agências governamentais e organizações de saúde definindo as necessidades energéticas da população e no esporte para a orientação energética em atletas. Reconhecendo a necessidade de saber o valor da taxa metabólica de repouso e como nem sempre é possível medi-la utilizando calorimetria, é sugerido o uso de equações que estimam esta variável. Porém o uso contínuo de fórmulas preditivas deve ser reexaminado garantindo desta forma a sua eficiência. Assim este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) analisar a história do desenvolvimento das equações tradicionais de Harris e Benedict (1919), Schofield (1985), WHO/FAO/UNU (1985) e Henry e Rees (1991) utilizadas rotineiramente para medir a TMR em adolescentes; 2) analisar os estudos que testaram a validade destas equações na população de adolescentes; 3) discutir e apontar possíveis fatores intervenientes na resposta da TMR em adolescentes, orientando assim na seleção das variáveis independentes em um futuro desenvolvimento de equações para a população brasileira. Os resultados indicam que as equações analisadas foram desenvolvidas tendo como base avaliações ou dados compilados realizados especialmente no inicio do século 20, e que os estudos que testaram a validade destas equações, demonstraram variabilidade nos resultados encontrados, confirmando a impossibilidade de desenvolver uma equação universal. O estudo apontou também que as futuras equações para estimar a TMR devem ser desenvolvidas para populações especificas levando em consideração especialmente a região e a raça do indivíduo.

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) has been utilized routinely by clinics to predict the energy necessary for patients. Additionally, governmental agencies and health organizations define the energy necessary for the population and the energy orientation for athletes who play sports. Many recognize the value of the RMR, but it is not always possible to measure it by using calorimetry, so it is suggested to use equations of prediction for this variable. However, RMR prediction equations must be used in such a way that allows its frequent reexamination to guarantee efficiency. This article has three purposes: 1) to analyze the development history of the traditional equations by Harris and Benedict (1919), Schofield (1985), WHO/FAO/UNU (1985), and Henry and Rees (1991) (these authors routinely used the traditional equations to measure the RMR in teenagers); 2) to analyze the studies that tested the validity of these equations in the population of teenagers; 3) to argue and point out possible intervening factors on the RMR results of teenagers, thus guiding to election of independent variables when developing equations for Brazilian’s population. After analyzing the equations, it is possible to conclude that: 1) the equations had been developed by having a given base of compiled evaluations from the beginning of the Twentieth Century; 2) the studies that tested the validity of these equations demonstrated great variability in the results, confirming the impossibility to have a unique/universal equation. This study also showed that new RMR prediction equations must be developed for specific populations taking into consideration the race and where the individual resides.

Effect of Body Composition, Serum Lipid Level and Resting Metabolic Rate by Nutritional Education and Exercise Program in Middle Aged Women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of body composition, biochemical index level, resting metabolic rate and daily activities by the public health center's health-promoted program in overweight middle aged women. The workout program of 12 subjects constituted by exercise(aerobic exercise & resistance training) and nutritional education for 10 weeks. As the results, there was a significant decrease in all the weight(59.0+/-8.9 vs 57.2+/-8.3kg, p<0.05), body fat percentage(33.4+/-4.3 vs 30.5+/-4.5%, p<0.05) and body fat mass(19.8+/-5.4 vs 17.7+/-4.9kg, p<0.05) after program. Fat free mass and RMR which tend to be higher after than before program were found not to be significantly. In addition, the serum HDL-cholesterol(54.3+/-8.1 vs 59.7+/-13.9mg/dl, p<0.05) and TG level(65.2+/-418 vs 89.4+/-65.6mg/dl, p<0.05) of the subjects increased at the end of the study significantly and significant correlation found between total-cholesterol and TG before program. When the other laboratory parameter were compared before and after program, hematocrit(35.1+/-3.3 vs 39.7+/-3.3%, p<0.001), platelet(225.9+/-49.6 vs 244.3+/-49.7cell/ul, p<0.05) and fasting glucose(88.0+/-6.5 vs 76.6+/-9.7mg/dl, p<0.001) increased significantly but hemoglobin(13.3+/-1.3 vs 12.9+/-1.3mg/dl, p<0.01) decreased. And in activities analysis, 'moderate activity(18.8 vs 5.8minutes, p<0.05)' clearly showed a significant decrease but 'severe activity(17.7 vs 11.4minutes, p<0.05)' showed a increase. These results suggest that continuous health-promoted program involved exercise and nutritional education at the public health center are effective to reduce body fat and to improve resting metabolic rate(RMR). Further research is required to develop more effective public health program for the middle aged women in community.

Comparison of Measured and Predicted Resting Metabolic Rate of 30-40 aged Korean Women

The purposes of this study were to measure the resting metabolic rate(RMR) of 30-40 year old women and to compare it with values predicted using published equations. Body weight, height and body fat of subjects were measured. RMR was measured by two indirect calorimeter(method 1 and method 2). RMR was predicted using various equations. Average height, weight and body fat(%) of subjects were 158.6cm, 59.1kg and 30.9%, respectively. The RMR(1621.2+/-301.5 kcal/day) measured by portable indirect calorimeter(method 2) was significantly higher than RMR(1447.4+/-223.6 kcal/day) measured by typical indirect calorimeter(method 1). Comparison of measured RMR with predicted RMRs suggested that there was a least difference in RMR predicted by equation of Cunningham. According to RMSPEs(Root Mean Squared Prediction Errors), equations of Cunningham and body surface area were found to predict measured RMR(by method 1) most accurately (within 239.1kcal/day and 232.9kcal/day, respectively). The fat free mass and fat mass - adjusted correlation showed that measured RMR(by method 1) had negative relationships with muscle mass(r = -0.873) and fat free mass(r = -0.866). The equations of Cunningham and body surface area provide relatively accurate estimates of RMR when determining energy needs of 30-40 aged women. There are needs for development of RMR predicted equations that are derived from large samples of Korean.

METABOLIC EFFECTS OF RAPID WEIGHT LOSS IN ELITE ATHLETES / 体力科学

<b>[Objective] </b>This study examined the effects of resting metabolic rate (RMR), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) during acute weight loss in elite male wrestlers.<b>[Methods] </b>Subjects were elite male wrestlers (n=6), who were instructed to reduce the body weight in seven days. RMR, SMR, and DIT were measured by indirect calorimetry in normal training phase and after rapid weight loss. Body composition and energy intake were also measured.<b>[Results] </b>Energy intake significantly decreased in rapid weight loss phase (P<0.05). After the rapid weight reduction, percent reduction of body weight (-4.4%), fat mass (-17.5%), and total body water (-3.2%) significant compare with that of normal training phase (P<0.05). RMR(-15.2%), and SMR (-11.8%) significantly decreased during acute weight loss (P<0.05). DIT(-89.4%) tended to be decrease during acute weight loss.<b>[Conclusion] </b>The present study suggests that rapid weight loss in elite male wrestlers causes decreases in RMR and SMR.