Ayuno intermitente y restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en enfermedad de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple / Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction as an Adjunctive Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis

Las enfermedades de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple son neurodegenerativas, con tratamientos complejos y de costos elevados, orientados a disminuir la progresión de la sintomatología. Sin embargo, a causa de la falta de terapias adecuadas y de los posibles efectos adversos ocasionados por tratamientos de primera línea, es necesario implementar mejores abordajes terapéuticos complementarios que no produzcan mayores efectos secundarios y mejoren la sintomatología de dichas patologías. La restricción calórica y el ayuno intermitente han demostrado ser estrategias novedosas y beneficiosas en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, a través de mecanismos inmunitarios, metabólicos y fisiológicos. Con el objetivo de determinar el uso del ayuno intermitente y la restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en esclerosis múltiple y enfermedad de Alzheimer, se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos originales en revistas científicas, en idiomas inglés y español, de 2018 a 2022. El uso de la restricción calórica y ayuno intermitente han generado cambios positivos produciendo disminución de estados proinflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y envejecimiento. Se consideran abordajes que modulan la progresión de la enfermedad y mejoran la función cognitiva por vías de señalización de monofosfato de adenosina cinasa, factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina y la enzima sirtuina, generando un efecto neuroprotector.

Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis are neurodegenerative disorders with expensive and complex treatments aimed at reducing the progression of symptoms. However, due to the lack of adequate therapies and the possible adverse effects caused by first-line treatments, it's necessary to implement better complementary therapeutic approaches that do not produce major side effects and improve symptoms. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have been shown to be novel and beneficial strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, through immune, metabolic, and physiological mechanisms. To determine the use of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction as a new treatment in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, a narrative review of original articles in both national and international scientific journals, in English and Spanish languages with no greater obsolescence than five years. The use of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have generated positive changes, producing a decrease in pro-inflammatory states, oxidative stress, and aging. Approaches that modulate disease progression and improve cognitive function of adenosine monophosphate kinase, insulin-like growth factor, and sirtuin enzyme pathways are considered, generating a neuroprotective effect.

Eating attitudes and restrictive diets in an adult population / Atitudes alimentares e dietas restritivas na população adulta

Aims: to investigate if individuals, who have already been and/or are still on restrictive diets, present high scores for risk of disordered eating attitudes. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out online in the Research Electronic Data Capture platform using social media (Instagram and Whatsapp). The study sample consisted of 539 individuals aged over 18 years and the questionnaire was divided into three parts: sociodemographic data, questions about the practice of restrictive diets developed by the authors, and the Disordered Eating Attitudes Scale. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and the Student's t or ANOVA tests were used to compare averages. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: the final mean in the Disordered Eating Attitudes Scale was 74.4 (SD=18.6). Individuals who had already been and/or are still on restrictive diets presented higher scores than those who had never been on this type of diet. Conclusions: eating attitudes of individuals who adhere to restrictive diets tend to be less healthy than those who have never been on this type of diet. Our findings demonstrate an increased focus on weight-related concerns following these dietary practices, as well as the challenges faced in maintaining a desired weight

Objetivos: verificar se indivíduos que já realizaram e/ou ainda realizam dietas restritivas apresentam altos escores para risco de atitudes alimentares desordenadas. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo com delineamento transversal, com coleta de dados online, através da plataforma Research Electronic Data Capture divulgado nas mídias sociais (Instagram e WhatsApp). A amostra foi composta por 539 indivíduos com idade acima de 18 anos e o questionário foi subdividido em três partes: uma seção para dados sociodemográficos, outra com questões sobre a realização da prática de dietas restritivas elaboradas pelas autoras, e a última contendo a Escala de Atitudes Alimentares Transtornadas, a qual tem a finalidade de mensurar as atitudes alimentares desordenadas, avaliando crenças, pensamentos, sentimentos, comportamentos e relação com a comida. Foi utilizado o Teste qui-quadrado para comparação entre variáveis categóricas e para comparação de duas médias foi utilizado o Teste t de Student ou Teste de ANOVA para comparação de médias. O nível de significância adotado foi 5%. Resultados: a média de pontuação final da Escala de Atitudes Alimentares Transtornadas foi de 74,4 (DP= 18,6). Com pontuações maiores para os indivíduos que já realizaram e/ou ainda realizam quando comparado com aqueles que nunca utilizaram essa prática. Conclusões: as atitudes alimentares dos praticantes de dietas restritivas são mais inadequadas do que aquelas dos indivíduos que nunca realizaram essa prática. Do mesmo modo, demonstram um aumento na preocupação com o peso após a realização dessas dietas e a dificuldade de manter a redução do mesmo

Effects of puerarin on maternal gestational diabetes mellitus rats and fetal growth / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effects of oral puerarin (Pue) on the maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rats and its fetal growth and development, so as to provide references for the application of Pue in the treatment of GDM. Methods The GDM rat model was established by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) into the tail vein of pregnant female rats, and the rats were treated with Pue orally for 12 days; the body weight and abortion of pregnant rats were recorded. The fasting blood glucose of pregnant rats was detected before and at the end of the treatment, and the glucose tolerance was tested on the 5th and 10th days after the administration of the drug. The cesarean sections were carried out on the 20th day of pregnancy. The blood glucose content of the fetal rats was detected, and the state of development was observed. The body weight and length were measured, as well as the placenta and the important organs weight, and the indexes of the organs were calculated. Results Compared with the model group, Pue could significantly reduce the fasting blood glucose of GDM pregnant rats and fetal rats, improve the glucose tolerance of pregnant rats, effectively alleviate the excessive weight gain of pregnant rats and overweight of fetal rats caused by GDM, and reduce the abortion rate; it could also reverse the decrease in the indexes of the organs of brain, heart, and liver, and the increase in the indexes of organs of kidney in fetal rats caused by GDM. Conclusions Pue can relieve the maternal and the fetal hyperglycemia in GDM, reduce the rate of miscarriage, reduce the incidence of macrosomia, and promote the development of vital fetal organs.

PCR-RFLP for Distinguishing Periplocae Cortex from Acanthopanacis Cortex and Lycii Cortex / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） method for rapid distinguishing Periplocae Cortex from Acanthopanacis Cortex and Lycii Cortex， so as to avoid the influence of genetic confusion on drug safety. MethodThe DSS-tagged sequences of Periplocae Cortex were obtained from the Chloroplast Genome Information Resource （CGIR） and analyzed to find the enzymatic cleavage sites that were different from those of Acanthopanacis Cortex and Lycii Cortex. The specific enzymatic cleavage site， Cla I， of Periplocae Cortex was selected， on the basis of which the primers for PCR-RFLP were designed. Furthermore， the factors such as annealing temperature， number of cycles， Taq enzyme， PCR instruments， and enzymatic treatment time that may influence PCR-RFLP were studied. The established PCR-RFLP method was applied to the identification of Periplocae Cortex， Acanthopanacis Cortex， and Lycii Cortex samples produced in different regions. ResultThe PCR-RFLP at the annealing temperature of 59 ℃ and with 40 cycles showed clear bands of the samples. When the enzyme digestion time was 30 min. The reaction produced the target bands at about 140 bp and 290 bp for both Periplocae Cortex and its original plant and only a band at about 430 bp for Acanthopanacis Cortex， Lycii Cortex， and their original plants. The method can accurately distinguish Periplocae Cortex from its confounders Acanthopanacis Cortex and Lycii Cortex. ConclusionThe PCR-RFLP method for distinguishing Periplocae Cortex from Acanthopanacis Cortex and Lycii Cortex was established. It has high stability， sensitivity， and applicability， providing a reference for the quality control of Periplocae Cortex， Acanthopanacis Cortex， and Lycii Cortex.

A Rapid PCR-RFLP Method for Assessing Heterozygosity of Murraya paniculata Germplasm / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish a rapid method for evaluating the heterozygosity of Murraya paniculata germplasm materials and provide as a foundation for developing germplasm breeding and innovation measures for M. paniculata. MethodSingle nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） were screened from the genome resequencing data of 65 plants of M. paniculata. A self-written script was used to transform 20 SNPs into restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） markers. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） was employed to detect the 20 RFLP markers in 12 M. paniculata germplasm accessions， and the heterozygosity of M. paniculata germplasm accessions was calculated based on the number of enzyme-cutting bands at the 20 RFLP marker sites. Plink was used to calculate the whole genome heterozygosity of 12 M. paniculata germplasm accessions， and the results obtained with different methods were compared. ResultThere was no significant difference in the heterozygosity calculated by the PCR-RFLP method and the genome resequencing method. The PCR-RFLP and genome resequencing methods identified 8 and 9 germplasm accessions， respectively， with a heterozygosity level less than 30%. Seven germplasm accessions with heterozygosity less than 30.00% were calculated by both methods. ConclusionThe PCR-RFLP method established in this study for evaluating the heterozygosity of M. paniculata germplasm demonstrates the precision of 87.5% and the accuracy of 77.8%. This method serves as a reference for developing heterozygosity evaluation methods in other medicinal plant germplasm resources.

Análisis molecular y filogenético del genotipo F de Chlamydia trachomatis aislados en México en 2011 / Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the F genotype of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated in Mexico in 2011

Resumen Antecedentes: Chlamydia trachomatis es la bacteria que se detecta con mayor frecuencia en las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Se han identificado 20 genotipos de C. trachomatis mediante el gen ompA y varias genovariantes mediante el análisis de polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido (SNP). En México, el genotipo F es el más frecuente. Objetivo: Identificar la existencia de subtipos del genotipo F. Método: Se analizaron siete cepas del genotipo F de C. trachomatis aisladas en 2011, mediante secuenciación de nucleótidos y mapeo con enzimas de restricción. Resultados: El análisis de SNP mostró dos cepas con el mismo SNP en el nucleótido 288 (C288T), mientras que con enzimas de restricción se identificó una variante con diferente RFLP (polimorfismo de la longitud de fragmentos de restricción) cuando se tratan con la mezcla de enzimas HinfI y TaqI. Conclusión: En México se encuentran dos subtipos del genotipo F y solo las enzimas de restricción HinfI y TaqI pueden identificar la existencia de uno de estos genotipos F.

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently identified bacterium in sexually transmitted infections. Twenty C. trachomatis genotypes have been determined using the ompA gene and several genovariants by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. In Mexico, the F genotype is the most frequent. Objective: To identify subtypes of the F genotype. Method: Seven C. trachomatis genotype F strains isolated in 2011 were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and restriction enzyme mapping. Results: SNP analysis showed two strains with the same SNP at nucleotide 288 (C288T), while with res-triction enzymes, a variant with different RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) was identified when treated with the mixture of HinfI and TaqI enzymes. Conclusion: In Mexico, there are two subtypes of F, and only with restriction enzymes HinfI and TaqI can identify one of the genovariants of the F genotype.

Restricción de líquidos en pacientes con sepsis / Fluid Restriction in Patients with Sepsis

Introducción: La sepsis es una respuesta inflamatoria del cuerpo a una infección. En la actualidad continúa como una causa importante de morbimortalidad en todo el mundo. La administración temprana de líquidos es una estrategia fundamental en el manejo de la sepsis. Sin embargo, la cantidad y el tipo de líquidos administrados en pacientes con sepsis es aún objeto de debate. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de ensayos clínicos aleatorios para una comprensión más profunda de la efectividad de la restricción de líquidos en pacientes con sepsis. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases de datos para realizar una evaluación crítica acerca de los artículos incluidos, se utilizaron las herramientas de evaluación de riesgo de sesgo cochrane y análisis de datos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 ensayos clínicos aleatorios controlados que compararon la restricción de líquidos versus la administración de líquidos en pacientes adultos con sepsis. Conclusiones: Se encontró que la restricción de líquidos se asoció con una reducción en la mortalidad y un menor número de días de soporte respiratorio y cardiovascular en pacientes con sepsis. Sin embargo, algunos estudios no encontraron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad entre la restricción de líquidos y la administración de líquidos(AU)

Introduction: Sepsis is an inflammatory response of the body to an infection. Currently it continues as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early fluid administration is a fundamental strategy in the management of sepsis. However, the amount and type of fluids administered in patients with sepsis is still a matter of debate. Objective: To evaluate the results of randomized clinical trials for a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of fluid restriction in patients with sepsis. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in different databases to carry out a critical evaluation of the included articles, the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tools and data analysis were used. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included, which compared fluid restriction versus fluid administration in adult patients with sepsis. Conclusions: We found that fluid restriction was associated with a reduction in mortality and a lower number of days of respiratory and cardiovascular support in patients with sepsis. However, some studies found no significant difference in mortality between fluid restriction and fluid administration(AU)

Dieta rica em fibra promove efeitos metabólicos, hormonais e de saciedade em mulheres obesas com restrição calórica de curto prazo / High-fiber diet promotes metabolic, hormonal, and satiety effects in obese women on a short-term caloric restriction

ABSTRACT Background: Several mechanisms, including excessive hunger, account for patients' difficulties in maintaining weight loss and dietary changes after caloric restriction. Objective: To evaluate the effect of short-term high-fiber calorie-restricted diet in appetite-regulating hormones, and hunger and satiety sensations in women with obesity. Methds: In a randomized controlled trial study, thirty women with body mass index (BMI) higher than 30 kg/m2, and aged from 20 to 50 years were hospitalized following a calorie-restricted diet (1000 kcal/day) for three days. The experimental group (n=15) received high-fiber diet and the control group (n=15), conventional diet. Body weight, BMI, resting energy expenditure (REE), acylated and total ghrelin, leptin, insulin and glucose, and hunger and satiety sensations were evaluated. Linear regression models with mixed effects (fixed and random effects) helped to assess the variables between the two groups and within the groups. Results: Body weight and BMI decreased in both the experimental and control groups (P<0.001). After the high-fiber diet, postprandial acylated ghrelin (P=0.04), glucose (P<0.001), insulin (P=0.04), and leptin (P=0.03) levels as well as the HOMA-IR index (P=0.01) decreased, whereas satiety improved (P=0.02). Obese women that followed the conventional diet had increased body fat percentage (P=0.04) and lower REE (P=0.02). The two diets did not differ in terms of hunger sensation. Conclusion: A short-term high-fiber diet improves satiety sensations and metabolic parameters while suppressing postprandial acylated ghrelin (60 minutes) and maintaining the resting energy expenditure.

RESUMO Contexto: Vários mecanismos, incluindo a fome excessiva, são responsáveis pelas dificuldades dos pacientes em manter a perda de peso e mudanças na dieta após a restrição calórica. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da dieta de curta duração rica em fibras e com restrição calórica nos hormônios reguladores do apetite e nas sensações de fome e saciedade em mulheres com obesidade. Métodos: Em um estudo randomizado controlado, 30 mulheres com índice de massa corporal (IMC) superior a 30 kg/m2 e com idade entre 20 e 50 anos foram hospitalizadas seguindo dieta com restrição calórica (1000 kcal/dia) por 3 dias. O grupo experimental (n=15) recebeu dieta rica em fibras e o grupo controle (n=15), dieta convencional. Foram avaliados peso corporal, IMC, gasto energético de repouso (GER), grelina acilada e total, leptina, insulina e glicose e sensações de fome e saciedade. Modelos de regressão linear com efeitos mistos (efeitos fixos e aleatórios) ajudaram a avaliar as variáveis entre os dois grupos e dentro dos grupos. Resultados: O peso corporal e o IMC diminuíram tanto no grupo experimental quanto no controle (P<0,001). Após a dieta rica em fibras, os níveis de grelina acilada pós-prandial (P=0,04), glicose (P<0,001), insulina (P=0,04) e leptina (P=0,03), bem como o índice HOMA-IR (P=0,01) diminuiu, enquanto a saciedade melhorou (P=0,02). Mulheres obesas que seguiram a dieta convencional apresentaram aumento do percentual de gordura corporal (P=0,04) e menor GER (P=0,02). As duas dietas não diferiram em termos de sensação de fome. Conclusão: Uma dieta rica em fibras de curto prazo melhora as sensações de saciedade e os parâmetros metabólicos, suprimindo a grelina acilada pós-prandial (60 minutos) e mantendo o gasto energético de repouso.

Restricción parcial de flujo sanguíneo con resistencia, fundamento fisiológico y metodología de entrenamiento

El entrenamiento con restricción del flujo sanguíneo ha resultado ser una alternativa que logra resultados similares a los conseguidos por el entrenamiento de alta intensidad. El presente artículo ofrece el resultado de una investigación, en la que se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para indagar sobre la efectividad en el aumento de fuerza muscular, así como analizar los mecanismos de acción y metodología de aplicación práctica, mediante el método de restricción parcial de flujo sanguíneo con resistencia a bajas cargas. La literatura revisada respalda los efectos positivos de este método para generar hipertrofia y aumento de fuerza muscular, tanto en población sana como en periodo de rehabilitación. Los principales mecanismos propuestos como mediadores de esta adaptación son la elevación en la secreción de hormona del crecimiento, la señalización intracelular vía anabólica y catabólica y la contribución de procesos inflamatorios o edematosos. Se recomendó trabajar con cargas entre el 20 al 40 % de una repetición máxima y con un volumen de 75 repeticiones por sesión con entrenamiento entre 2 a 4 veces por semana, durante un tiempo mínimo de tres semanas. Se discutió sobre los efectos en la adaptación neurológica, sin existir evidencia que lo respalde. Se concluyó que el método de restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo genera aumento de fuerza e hipertrofia y se recomienda como método complementario y alternativo al ejercicio de alta intensidad, en poblaciones que necesariamente se ven imposibilitadas de entrenar a altas intensidades.

SÍNTESE O treinamento com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo provou ser uma alternativa que alcança resultados similares aos alcançados pelo treinamento de alta intensidade. Este artigo oferece o resultado de uma pesquisa, na qual foi realizada uma revisão de literatura para investigar a eficácia no aumento da força muscular, bem como para analisar os mecanismos de ação e metodologia de aplicação prática, utilizando o método de restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo com resistência a cargas baixas. A literatura revisada apóia os efeitos positivos deste método para gerar hipertrofia e aumentar a força muscular, tanto na população saudável quanto no período de reabilitação. Os principais mecanismos propostos como mediadores desta adaptação são a elevada secreção hormonal de crescimento, a sinalização intracelular através de vias anabólicas e catabólicas e a contribuição de processos inflamatórios ou edematosos. Foi recomendado trabalhar com cargas entre 20 a 40% de uma repetição máxima e com um volume de 75 repetições por sessão com treinamento entre 2 a 4 vezes por semana, por um tempo mínimo de três semanas. Os efeitos sobre a adaptação neurológica foram discutidos, mas não há evidências que sustentem isto. Concluiu-se que o método de restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo gera maior força e hipertrofia e é recomendado como um método complementar e alternativo ao exercício de alta intensidade, em populações que são necessariamente incapazes de treinar em altas intensidades.

Blood flow restriction training has turned out to be an alternative that achieves results similar to those achieved by high intensity training. The present article offers the result of a research where, a bibliographical review was carried out to inquire about the effectiveness in increasing muscle strength, as well as to analyze the mechanisms of action and methodology of practical application, through the method of partial restriction of blood flow with endurance to low loads. The reviewed literature supports the positive effects of this method to generate hypertrophy and increase muscle strength, both in the healthy population and in the rehabilitation period. The main mechanisms proposed as mediators of this adaptation are increased secretion of growth hormone, intracellular signaling via anabolic and catabolic pathways, and the contribution of inflammatory or edematous processes. It was recommended to work with loads between 20 and 40 % of a maximum repetition and with a volume of 75 repetitions per session with training between 2 and 4 times a week, for a minimum of three weeks. The effects on neurological adaptation were discussed, without supporting evidence. It was concluded that the method of partial restriction of blood flow generates an increase in strength and hypertrophy and is recommended as a complementary and alternative method to high intensity exercise, in populations that are necessarily unable to train at high intensities.

Maternal Blood Fatty Acid Levels in Fetal Growth Restriction / Níveis sanguíneos maternos de ácidos graxos na restrição do crescimento fetal

Abstract Objective: To assess the maternal blood levels of fatty acids (FAs) in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included pregnant women with gestational age between 26 and 37 + 6 weeks with FGR and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses. The levels of saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAs were measured using centrifugation and liquid chromatography. The Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and general linear model, with gestational age and maternal weight as covariants, were used to compare FA levels and the FGR and AGA groups. The Chi-square was used to evaluate the association between groups and studied variables. Results: Maternal blood sample was collected from 64 pregnant women, being 24 FGR and 40 AGA. A weak positive correlation was found between the palmitoleic acid level and maternal weight (r = 0.285, p = 0.036). A weak negative correlation was found between the gamma-linoleic acid level and gestational age (r = −0.277, p = 0.026). The median of the elaidic acid level (2.3 vs. 4.7ng/ml, p = 0.045) and gamma-linoleic acid (6.3 vs. 6.6ng/ml, p = 0.024) was significantly lower in the FGR than the AGA group. The palmitoleic acid level was significantly higher in the FGR than AGA group (50.5 vs. 47.6ng/ml, p = 0.033). Conclusion: Pregnant women with FGR had lower elaidic acid and gamma-linoleic acid levels and higher palmitoleic acid levels than AGA fetuses.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis sanguíneos maternos de ácidos graxos (AGs) em gestações com restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF). Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo transversal incluiu gestantes com idade gestacional entre 26 e 37 semanas e 6 dias com RCF e fetos adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG). Os níveis de ácidos graxos saturados, trans, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados foram medidos usando centrifugação e cromatografia líquida. O teste t-Student, o teste de Mann-Whitney e o modelo linear geral, com idade gestacional e peso materno como covariantes, foram utilizados para comparar os níveis de AGs e os grupos RCF e AIG. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre os grupos e as variáveis estudadas. Resultados: Amostra de sangue materno foi coletada de 64 gestantes, sendo 24 RCF e 40 AIG. Uma correlação positiva fraca foi encontrada entre o nível de ácido palmitoleico e o peso materno (r = 0,285, p = 0,036). Uma correlação negativa fraca foi encontrada entre o nível de ácido gama-linoleico ea idade gestacional (r = −0,277, p = 0,026). A mediana do nível de ácido elaídico (2,3 vs. 4,7 ng/ml, p = 0,045) e ácido gama-linoleico (6,3 vs. 6,6 ng/ml, p = 0,024) foram significativamente menores no grupo RCF do que no grupo AIG. O nível de ácido palmitoleico foi significativamente maior no grupo RCF do que no grupo AIG (50,5 vs. 47,6 ng/ml, p = 0,033). Conclusão: Gestantes com RCF apresentaram níveis mais baixos de ácido elaídico e ácido gama-linoleico e níveis mais elevados de ácido palmitoleico do que os fetos AIG.

Intermittent fasting for health care, a review / El ayuno intermitente, ¿un éxito o una desventaja para el cuidado de la salud?

The incidence of obesity and overweight in the world has been increasing in recent years due to poor diet and lack of physical activity; people suffering obesity and overweight, related with malnutrition due to excess, often resort to calorie restriction diets that are usually not very effective. In this context, intermittent fasting (IF) has become popular due to the possibilities for weight loss that it offers. This diet consists of alternating periods of fasting with unrestricted eating; however, its effectiveness and consequences are unknown to most users. This narrative review analyzes whether intermittent fasting contributes to the improvement of body and metabolic composition. The purpose of the review was to examine the available data on the contribution of intermittent fasting to the improvement of body and metabolic composition, in order to provide information and to define the parameters that condition safe achievement of its benefits. IF dieting triggers adaptive cell responses that cause a decrease in lipid oxidative stress markers in individuals with obesity and prediabetes. Metabolic alterations have been found to go hand in hand with the alteration of circadian rhythms; if IF contributes to this effect, it may assist in treating and preventing obesity and associated diseases. However, there are also disadvantages, such as the loss of lean muscle mass by wasting, and increased hypoglycemia(AU)

La incidencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en el mundo ha ido en aumento en los últimos años debido a la mala alimentación y la falta de actividad física; Las personas que padecen obesidad y sobrepeso, relacionadas con la desnutrición por exceso, suelen recurrir a dietas de restricción calórica que suelen ser poco efectivas. En este contexto, el ayuno intermitente (AI) se ha popularizado debido a las posibilidades de pérdida de peso que ofrece. Esta dieta consiste en alternar períodos de ayuno con alimentación sin restricciones; sin embargo, su eficacia y consecuencias son desconocidas para la mayoría de los usuarios. Esta revisión narrativa analiza si el ayuno intermitente contribuye a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica. El objetivo de la revisión fue examinar los datos disponibles sobre la contribución del ayuno intermitente a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica, con el fin de aportar información y definir los parámetros que condicionan la consecución segura de sus beneficios. Se ha encontrado que las alteraciones metabólicas van de la mano con la alteración de los ritmos circadianos; si AI contribuye a este efecto, puede ayudar a tratar y prevenir la obesidad y las enfermedades asociadas. Sin embargo, también existen desventajas, como la pérdida de masa muscular magra por atrofia y el aumento de la hipoglucemia(AU)

PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA BY UTERINE ARTERY DOPPLER

Objective: To evaluate the role of mean pulsatility index by first trimester uterine artery doppler in prediction of preeclampsia. A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary c Methodology: are center. Of 200 women screened, 136 women met eligible criteria and 130 consented for participation in the study. In addition to nuchal translucency and crown-rump length, mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) was measured at 11–13+6 weeks, and women were followed up till delivery to observe the development of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Categorical variables were analyzed using ROC curve, and P?0.05 (5%) was used to calculate significance. Among 130 women followed t Results: ill delivery, 9 (6.92%) had mean PI >95% and 121 (93.08%) had normal Doppler. A significantly higher number of women with PI ?95% had preeclampsia (55.55%) (p < 0.001), and the sensitivity of PI in prediction of preeclampsia was 55.55% with specificity of 98.80%. No association was found between PI and FGR (p = 0.228). Conclusion: This study showed a positive association with the development of preeclampsia . The predictive accuracy of first trimester uterine artery Doppler using PI with cutoff of >95% has low sensitivity in prediction of preeclampsia (55.55%) but it has high specificity(98.80%) for prediction of PE(Preeclampsia).

Comparison between Protocols for Management of Fetal Growth Restriction / Comparação entre protocolos de acompanhamento da restrição de crescimento fetal

Abstract This comprehensive review compares clinical protocols of important entities regarding the management of fetal growth restriction (FGR), published since 2015. Five protocols were chosen for data extraction. There were no relevant differences regarding the diagnosis and classification of FGR between the protocols. In general, all protocols suggest that the assessment of fetal vitality must be performed in a multimodally, associating biophysical parameters (such as cardiotocography and fetal biophysical profile) with the Doppler velocimetry parameters of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus. All protocols reinforce that the more severe the fetal condition, the more frequent this assessment should be made. The timely gestational age and mode of delivery to terminate the pregnancy in these cases can vary much between the protocols. Therefore, this paper presents, in a didactic way, the particularities of different protocols for monitoring FGR, in order to help obstetricians to better manage the cases.

Resumo Esta revisão compreensiva compara protocolos clínicos de entidades importantes em relação ao manejo da restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF), publicados desde 2015. Cinco protocolos foram escolhidos para a extração de dados. Não houve diferenças relevantes quanto ao diagnóstico e classificação da RCF entre os protocolos. Em geral, todos os protocolos sugerem que a avaliação da vitalidade fetal deve ser realizada de forma multimodal, associando parâmetros biofísicos (como cardiotocografia e perfil biofísico fetal) aos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos da artéria umbilical, artéria cerebral média e ducto venoso. Todos os protocolos reforçam que quanto mais grave a condição fetal, mais frequente essa avaliação deve ser feita. A idade gestacional oportuna e o modo de parto para interromper a gravidez nesses casos podem variar muito entre os protocolos. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta, de forma didática, as particularidades de diferentes protocolos de acompanhamento de RCF, a fim de auxiliar os obstetras no melhor manejo dos casos.

Fetal thymus in growth-restricted fetuses due to placental insufficiency

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess fetal thymus size by ultrasound in growth-restricted fetuses due to placental insufficiency and compare to high-risk and low-risk pregnancy fetuses with normal placental function. METHODS: This is a nested case-control study of pregnant women followed up at a university hospital (July 2012 to July 2013). In all, 30 pregnant women presenting small fetuses for gestational age (estimated fetal weight <p10) due to placental insufficiency (umbilical artery Doppler >p95) were compared to 30 high-risk and 30 low-risk pregnancies presenting normal Doppler indices. The thymus transverse diameter and perimeter were converted into zeta score according to the normal values for gestational age. Head circumference and femur length were used to calculate ratios. RESULTS: Fetal thymus were significantly lower in pregnancies with placental insufficiency when compared to high-risk and low-risk pregnancies presenting, respectively, transverse diameter zeta score (-0.69±0.83 vs. 0.49±1.13 vs. 0.83±0.85, p<0.001) and P zeta score (-0.73±0.68 vs. 0.45±0.96 vs. 0.26±0.89, p<0.001). There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) in the ratios among the groups: pregnancies with placental insufficiency (TD/HC=0.10, P/FL=1.32, and P/HC=0.26), high-risk pregnancies (TD/HC=0.11, P/FL=1.40, and P/HC=0.30), and control group (DT/HC=0.11, P/FL=1.45, and P/HC=0.31). CONCLUSION: Fetal thymus size is reduced in growth-restricted fetuses due to placental insufficiency, suggesting fetal response as a consequence of the adverse environment.

Novel primer designing and PCR-AFLP approach for an expeditious detection of coliforms in potable waters

Molecular techniques involving 16S rRNA gene have long been proved to be a mainstay of sequence-based bacterial analysis and enhance the competence of bacterial removal in drinking water and food. The main goal of this analysis was to reduce the time of detection of total coliforms by developing 16S rRNA based DNA markers by targeting variable region in the 16S rRNA gene position of V2 and V9. Coliform specific primers (189F and 1447R) were designed to amplify total coliform with an amplicon size of 1300 bp. The PCR product was later digested with Hind III and BseRI (restriction enzymes) to differentiate the type of contamination caused by fecal and non-fecal coliforms respectively. The digested amplicons were run on agarose gel electrophoresis and contamination levels were estimated based on the respective band pattern. This method can be applicable to know the coliform contamination levels of potable waters, in food and beverage industries within a short period of time. To our knowledge, this is the first report on newly designed primers which not only amplify coliform bacteria, followed by various restriction digestions of these amplicons but also provides unique band patterns to identify coliforms at genus level.

Poor nutritional status of fifteen-year-old or younger adolescent mothers enhances the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns

Introduction: To analyze the factors (socio-demographic, clinical, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum data and anthropometric measures) associated with the birth of small for gestational age newborns.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 15 years old or younger postpartum adolescents divided into small-for-gestational-age newborn (SGA) and non-small-for-gestational age newborn groups (NSGA). Socio-demographic, clinical, prenatal care, delivery, postpartum data and anthropometric measures (triceps skinfold (TS), and mid-arm circumference, (MAC)) were collected.Results: 8,153 women gave birth at the obstetric ward and 364 (4.46%) ≤ 15 years old adolescents were enrolled in the study. The proportion of SGA newborns was 34.61%. The SGA group attended fewer prenatal visits (p = 0.037), had a higher prevalence of nutritional status classified as "very low weight" (p < 0.001) and vaginal delivery (p = 0.023), compared to the NSGA group. The nutritional status and vaginal delivery remained significant even after adjustment for confounders. The prevalence risk for SGA birth was 30% higher in the group of mothers with nutritional status classified as "very low weight" (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.50) (p < 0.001).Conclusions: 15.4% of adolescents ≤ 15 years of age had an arm circumference compatible with the "very low weight" condition, demonstrating the high prevalence of poor maternal nutritional status in this group. The birth of SGA among adolescents ≤ 15 years of age is independently associated with maternal nutritional status classified as "very low weight" by the mid-arm circumference measures (MAC).

Ezetimibe increases resistance to oxidative stress and extends lifespan mimicking dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ezetimibe is an approved drug for lowering plasma LDL (low-density lipoprotein) level via inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Derivatives of ezetimibe reduce inflammatory response and oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with ezetimibe in response to environmental stressors and found that ezetimibe increases resistance to oxidative stress and ultraviolet irradiation. Ezetimibe also significantly extended lifespan accompanying reduced fertility, which is a common trade-off for longevity in C. elegans. Cellular level of reactive oxygen species was increased and the expression of stress-responsive genes, hsp-16.2 and sod-3, was induced by dietary supplementation with ezetimibe, suggesting a hormetic effect on oxidative stress response and lifespan. Ezetimibe also significantly prevented amyloid beta-induced toxicity and completely reversed increased mortality by high-glucose diet. Nuclear localization of DAF-16 required for the prevention of amyloid beta-induced toxicity was enhanced by ezetimibe supplementation. Lifespan assay using known long-lived mutants, age-1, clk-1, and eat-2, revealed that lifespan extension by ezetimibe specifically overlapped with that of eat-2 mutants, which are genetic models of dietary restriction. Effect of ezetimibe on lifespan of worms fed with diluted bacteria suggested that ezetimibe mimics the effect of dietary restriction on lifespan. These findings suggest that ezetimibe exhibits anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects through hormesis and works as a dietary-restriction mimetic on lifespan extension.

Genetic variability of the 16S rRNA gene of Nocardia brasiliensis, the most common causative agent of actinomycetoma in Latin America and the Caribbean

ABSTRACT Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016. It is characterized by the progressive growth of nodules and granulomatous lesions on the legs, arms, and trunk. It is potentially disfiguring and causes disability or amputations in working-age people from marginalized areas. The causative agents can be fungi (eumycetoma) or actinobacteria (actinomycetoma), the latter being the most common in America and Asia. Nocardia brasiliensis is the most important causal agent of actinomycetoma in the Americas. Taxonomic problems have been reported when identifying this species, so this study aimed to detect the 16S rRNA gene variations in N. brasiliensis strains using an in silico enzymatic restriction technique. The study included strains from clinical cases of actinomycetoma in Mexico, isolated from humans and previously identified as N. brasiliensis by traditional methods. The strains were characterized microscopically and macroscopically, then subjected to DNA extraction and amplification of the 16S rRNA gene by PCR. The amplification products were sequenced, and consensus sequences were constructed and used for genetic identification and in silico restriction enzyme analysis with the New England BioLabs® NEBcutter program. All study strains were molecularly identified as N. brasiliensis; however, in silico restriction analysis detected a diversity in the restriction patterns that were finally grouped and subclassified into 7 ribotypes. This finding confirms the existence of subgroups within N. brasiliensis. The results support the need to consider N. brasiliensis as a complex species.