Epidemiological characteristics and prevention progress of pertussis / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Pertussis is an ancient disease,and early vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of pertussis.However,the pertussis resurgence has been reported worldwide in recent years.Further understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of pertussis is essential for the development of more effective pertussis vaccines and for better prevention and control and early elimination of pertussis.This paper mainly reviews the basic epidemiological characteristics,seroepidemiological characteristics,molecular epidemiological characteristics and prevention and control progress of pertussis at home and abroad.

Guiding equitable prioritisation of COVID-19 vaccine distribution and strategic deployment in South Africa to enhance effectiveness and access to vulnerable communities and prevent waste

Background. In South Africa (SA), >2.4 million cases of COVID­19 and >72 000 deaths were recorded between March 2020 and 1 August 2021, affecting the country's 52 districts to various extents. SA has committed to a COVID­19 vaccine roll-out in three phases, prioritising frontline workers, the elderly, people with comorbidities and essential workers. However, additional actions will be necessary to support efficient allocation and equitable access for vulnerable, access-constrained communities. Objectives. To explore various determinants of disease severity, resurgence risk and accessibility in order to aid an equitable, effective vaccine roll-out for SA that would maximise COVID­19 epidemic control by reducing the number of COVID­19 transmissions and resultant deaths, while at the same time reducing the risk of vaccine wastage. Methods. For the 52 districts of SA, 26 COVID­19 indicators such as hospital admissions, deaths in hospital and mobility were ranked and hierarchically clustered with cases to identify which indicators can be used as indicators for severity or resurgence risk. Districts were then ranked using the estimated COVID­19 severity and resurgence risk to assist with prioritisation of vaccine roll-out. Urban and rural accessibility were also explored as factors that could limit vaccine roll-out in hard-to-reach communities. Results. Highly populated urban districts showed the most cases. Districts such as Buffalo City, City of Cape Town and Nelson Mandela Bay experienced very severe first and second waves of the pandemic. Districts with high mobility, population size and density were found to be at highest risk of resurgence. In terms of accessibility, we found that 47.2% of the population are within 5 km of a hospital with ≥50 beds, and this percentage ranged from 87.0% in City of Cape Town to 0% in Namakwa district. Conclusions. The end goal is to provide equal distribution of vaccines proportional to district populations, which will provide fair protection. Districts with a high risk of resurgence and severity should be prioritised for vaccine roll-out, particularly the major metropolitan areas. We provide recommendations for allocations of different vaccine types for each district that consider levels of access, numbers of doses and cold-chain storage capability.

Recaída de Variabilidade Operante com a Combinação dos Procedimentos de Renovação, Restabelecimento e Ressurgência / Relapse of Operant Variability with the Combination of the Renewal, Reinstatement, and Resurgence Procedures

Resumo O reaparecimento de variabilidade comportamental previamente extinta (i.e., recaída) foi investigado por meio dos modelos experimentais de renovação, restabelecimento e ressurgência. Na Fase de Treino (contexto A), ao serem expostos ao esquema múltiplo Lag 10 Acoplado, ratos apresentaram níveis similares de variabilidade nos dois componentes. Na Fase de Eliminação (contexto B), o esquema múltiplo Repetição Repetição promoveu a extinção da variabilidade. Na Fase de Teste (contexto A), com a suspensão da contingência de repetição e a liberação de reforços independentes, a variabilidade reapareceu no componente "Lag 10", anteriormente correlacionado com reforçamento da variação, mas não no componente "Acoplado". Esse resultado sugere que a variabilidade observada no teste de recaída corresponde à variabilidade operante, e não à variabilidade induzida pela extinção.

Abstract The reappearance of previously extinguished behavioral variability (i.e. relapse) was investigated with three experimental models: renewal, reinstatement and resurgence. In the Training Phase (context A), when exposed to the multiple Lag 10 Yoke schedule, rats showed similar levels of variability in both components. In the Elimination Phase (context B), the multiple Repetition schedule promoted the extinction of variability. In the Test Phase (context A), with the suspension of the repetition contingency and the delivery of response-independent reinforcers, variability reappeared in the "Lag 10" component, the one previously correlated with the reinforcement of variation, but not in the "Yoke" component. This result suggests that the variability observed in the relapse test corresponded to operant variability, and not to extinction-induced variability.

Socioeconomic Factors and Cultural Practices Influencing the Resurgence of Bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus): A Case of Nakuru Town, Kenya

Bedbugs are parasitic insects that feed mostly on blood (human). Cimex hemipteruscommonly known as the Tropical bedbug resurge in warmer climates like Africa, Asia and America. Over the years bedbug infestation has remained a major public health concern among the residents of Nakuru Town Kenya. The purpose of this study was to determine socioeconomic factors and cultural practices that influence the resurgence of bedbugs in Nakuru Town, Kenya.This study adopted analytic epidemiological study design and used cross sectional descriptive survey for data collection. It was conducted in seven estates in Nakuru Town, Kenya with an estimated population of 32,856 in a period of seven months. Cluster sampling was used to sample the households in the estates with the study surveillance being done in four hundred and twenty two (422) households whereas 57% and 43% of the participants were male and female respectively The main source of income among the respondents was self-employment with only 27% of the participants being employed. According to the findings of this study 31% of the residents were earning between 5000 and 10000 with only 4% of their monthly income been allocated to healthcare.The current socioeconomic status among the residents of Nakuru Town is inhibiting the fight against bedbug elimination. Cultural beliefs like witchcraft are limiting the eradication of bedbugs and leads to the resurgence in some of the households.In conclusion, the current socioeconomic status among the residents of Nakuru Town is inhibiting the fight against bedbug elimination. The findings of this study will be used to inform the policy makers in the Nakuru County government on measures to be taken to improve the socioeconomic status of its residents so that in the future residents are empowered to eradicate the bedbugs.

Study on Weibull function simulation and drying characteristics of Angelicae Sinensis Radix drying based on low temperature and resurgence conditions / 中草药

Objective: To clarify the effects of low temperature and dry in shade on the drying process of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), the drying and regain characteristics of ASR under low temperature drying and low temperature resurgence drying conditions were studied. Methods: Weibull distribution function and 1stOpt software were used to simulate the functional model of ASR under low temperature dry and low temperature (40, 55 ℃) resurgence conditions, analyze model parameters, drying curve, relative dry moisture regain, moisture effective diffusion coefficient (Deff), dry activation energy and other indicators, and compare the drying characteristics of ASR under low temperature dry and low temperature resurgence drying conditions. Results: Both low temperature drying and low temperature resurgence drying methods can make ASR dry, while low temperature resurgence drying method can greatly shorten the drying cycle of ASR, the Weibull function model and the linear regression fitting equation result meet the requirements. The Deff of ASR under low temperature drying conditions was 0.209 59 mm2/h, and the Deff under low temperature resurgence and drying conditions was between 4.489 40-4.566 90 mm2/h, the dry activation energy under low temperature drying condition was 80.75 kJ/mol. Conclusion: The low temperature resurgence drying method has obvious advantages over the traditional low temperature drying, this research can provide theoretical and technical basis for improving the traditional low temperature drying technology of ASR and establishing a new drying method suitable for the processing of ASR origin.

Surveillance status and epidemic characteristics of pertussis in China / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

China is facing the "pertussis resurgence".At the same time,the epidemic feature is very different from the traditional pertussis.There is a lack of unified pertussis surveillance program in China.The backwardness of previous standard of diagnosis leads to the huge difference of morbidity and epidemic features among different areas which use different surveillance program.To face the big challenge of the "pertussis resurgence",purposeful control and prevention measures need to be conducted immediately.First of all,it is necessary to establish an unified definition of pertussis surveillance,laboratory testing standards,and regulate the principle of epidemic disposal.Secondly,medical staffs' awareness of new epidemic features of pertussis should be raised and their ability of reporting and diagnosis of pertussis should be improved.Finally,according to the actual incidence and epidemic characteristics,current pertussis immunization strategy needs to be adjusted to meet the new requirements in the new situation of pertussis prevention and

Diphtheria Resurgence – A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Background: Diphtheria was one of the six killer diseases of childhood and was presumed to have been controlled if not eradicated through immunization programme. Emergence of diphtheria once again has challenged our health policies, immunization and public awareness campaign. Stringent measures need to be taken lest the disease is blown out of proportion and control measures fail. Hence, to highlight the resurgence of diphtheria, its repercussion, mitigation activities under taken by the government we have undertaken to pen down this paper. Methods: This prospective study was carried on n= 5  patients included in our study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Our approach to the diphtheritic patient should be multifaceted and thorough examination and investigation is required by team approach to counter the impact of the toxins released as it starts with Otorhinolaryngological manifestations and terminates with the cardiovascular and neurological complications.  Conclusions: Three major measures are indicated to counter the resurgence of diphtheria i.e. high immunization coverage of target groups, prompt diagnosis and management of diphtheria cases, and rapid identification of close contacts with their effective management to prevent secondary cases.

Reaparecimento de sequências com diferentes números de respostas em contextos de extinção e de variação / Reappearance of Sequences with Different Number of Responses in Extinction and Variation Contexts

RESUMO O reaparecimento de uma resposta previamente extinta quando os reforços para uma resposta alternativa são descontinuados é denominado ressurgência. Foram investigados os efeitos de três variáveis sobre o reaparecimento de sequências de respostas: probabilidade da sequência (alta e baixa), contexto de teste (extinção e variação operante) e número de respostas por sequência (três e cinco). Sequências muito prováveis reapareceram mais frequentemente que sequências pouco prováveis, o reaparecimento da sequência alvo foi mais frequente no contexto de extinção do que de variação e o reaparecimento da sequência alvo variou inversamente ao número de respostas por sequência. O reaparecimento da sequência alvo, entretanto, não foi conceitualizado como ressurgência, uma vez que sua frequência foi menor que a das sequências controle.

ABSTRACT The reappearance of a response previously extinguished when an alternative response no longer produces reinforcers is called resurgence. The effects of three variables on the reappearance of response sequences - sequence probability (high and low), context of test (extinction and operant variation) and number of responses per sequence (three and five responses) - were investigated. Sequences with high probability reappeared more often than sequences with low probability, the reappearance of the target sequence was more frequent under extinction than under variation, and the reappearance of the target sequence varied inversely with the number of responses by sequence. The reappearance of the target sequence was not conceptualized as resurgence because its frequency was lower than that of the control sequences.

Efeito da escolha da opção "nenhuma das alternativas" sobre a ressurgência de classes de equivalência / Effect of choosing the "none of the alternatives" option on equivalence classes resurgence / Efecto de elegir la opción "ninguna de las alternativas" en el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia

A ressurgência de classes de equivalência tem sido demonstrada sob contingência de punição, mas raramente sob extinção. Uma explicação seriam as condições extremamente controladas dos arranjos experimentais, em que o participante é obrigado a escolher um dos estímulos de comparação. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de uma opção de resposta correspondente a não escolher um dos estímulos de comparação ("nenhuma das alternativas"), sobre a emergência de relações de equivalência e o efeito dessa opção sobre a ressurgência de classes de equivalência sob extinção ou punição. Dois grupos de seis participantes cada foram submetidos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com modelo (MTS). Na Etapa 1 (Treino Inicial), relações condicionais para formar quatro classes com quatro estímulos foram reforçadas. Na Etapa 2 (Treino Tardio), as contingências foram alteradas e os 16 estímulos foram recombinados para formar quatro classes de equivalência novas. Na Etapa 3 (Ressurgência), os participantes foram expostos ao MTS sob extinção (Grupo 1) ou punição (Grupo 2) das repostas de acordo com o Treino Tardio. Durante os testes de equivalência e na condição de Ressurgência, a opção "nenhuma das alternativas" estava presente. Os dois grupos demonstraram emergência das classes de equivalência na Etapa 1. Na Etapa 3, cinco dos seis participantes do Grupo 1 não demonstraram ressurgência, mas no caso dos participantes do Grupo 2 esse fenômeno foi observado. A opção "nenhuma das alternativas" foi raramente escolhida. Conclui-se que a presença dessa opção não afetou a formação ou a ressurgência de classes de equivalência.

The resurgence of equivalence classes has been demonstrated under a punishment contingency, but rarely under extinction. One explanation would be the extremely controlled experimental settings in which the participant is required to choose one of the comparison stimuli presented. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of a response option corresponding to choosing none of the comparison stimuli ('no alternative') on the emergence of equivalence relations, and the effects of this option on the resurgence of equivalence classes under punishment or extinction. Two groups of six participants each were exposed to three phases of a matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure. In Phase 1 (Early-training), conditional relations were trained to establish four equivalence classes with four visual stimuli. In Phase 2 (Late-training), the contingencies were changed and these 16 stimuli were recombined to form four new equivalence classes. In Phase 3 (Resurgence), participants were exposed to MTS trials under extinction (Group 1) or punishment (Group 2) of the Late-training-consistent responses. During equivalence relations tests and the resurgence condition the "no alternative" option was presented. Both groups showed emergence of the equivalence classes in Phase1. In Phase 3, five of six participants in Group 1 showed no resurgence of Early-training-consistent responses, but in the case of participants in Group 2 this phenomenon was observed. The "no alternative" response was rarely emitted. It was concluded that the presence of this option did not affect the formation or the resurgence of equivalence classes.

El resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia se ha demostrado en la contingencia de castigo, pero rara vez en la extinción. Una explicación podría ser las condiciones muy controladas de las disposiciones experimentales, en el que el participante está obligado a elegir uno de los estímulos de comparación. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de una opción de respuesta correspondiente de no elegir uno de los estímulos de comparación ("ninguna de las alternativas"), en el surgimiento de relaciones de equivalencia y el efecto de esta opción en el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia con la extinción o el castigo. Dos grupos de seis participantes cada uno se sometió a un procedimiento de igualación de la muestra (MTS). En el Paso 1 (Entrenamiento Inicial), las relaciones condicionales para formar cuatro clases con cuatro estímulos fueron reforzadas. En el Paso 2 (Entrenamiento Tardío), las contingencias se han cambiado y los 16 estímulos fueron recombinados para formar cuatro nuevas clases de equivalencia. En el Paso 3 (Resurgimiento), los participantes fueron expuestos a ensayos de MTS en extinción (Grupo 1) o castigo (Grupo 2) de las respuestas consistentes con el Entrenamiento Tardío. Durante las pruebas de equivalencia y la condición de resurgimiento, la opción "ninguna de las alternativas" estuvo presente. Ambos grupos demostraron el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia en el Paso 1. En el Paso 3, cinco de los seis participantes en el Grupo 1 no mostró resurgimiento, pero en el caso de los participantes del Grupo 2 este fenómeno se observó. La opción "ninguna de las alternativas" fue elegido en raras ocasiones. Se concluyó que la presencia de esta opción no afectó a la formación o el resurgimiento de las clases de equivalencia.

Efficacy of Thonningia Sanguinea Vahl. (Balanophoraceae) Root Extract Against Plasmodium Berghei, Plasmodium Chabaudi, Inflammation and Nociception in Mice.

The effects of Thonningea sanguinea Vahl. root extracts were tested against Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium chabaudi, acetic acid induced abdominal constriction and egg albumin induced paw oedema in rodents. Eighteen mice assigned to 3 groups of 6 animals each were infected with P. berghei (NK 65 chloroquine sensitive strain). Group I was treated with 300 mg/kg bw T. sanguinea, group II with 5mg/kg bw chloroquine phosphate (standard) and group III with 20ml/kg bw normal saline (control). Another set of eighteen mice were also inoculated with P. chabaudi and treated similarly. P. berghei was significantly suppressed by the extract over the time course of the study with mice survival periods of 36, 20 and 16 days for chloroquine, plant extract and normal saline treatments respectively. T. sanguinea produced some initial suppression of parasites but subsequently resurgence in parasitaemia was observed in the case of P. chabaudi infected animals. Mice survival periods with the later were 24 days (CQ), 22 days (extract) and 10 days (normal saline). Whole body weights significantly decreased in P. chabaudi but not P. berghei infected mice. Packed Cell Volume significantly (p<0.05) decreased with both models irrespective of the treatments. The extract had a minimal (10.89%) analgesic effect and had no anti-inflammatory activity. T. sanguinea though effective only in the P. berghei model could still be further investigated.

Recent Trends in Clinical Observation of Syphilis and Consideration for Laboratory Tests

Syphilis is an infectious and sexually transmitted chronic disease caused by Treponema pallidum. The progression of syphilis is classified into early symptomatic (primary, secondary, early latent) and late asymptomatic (late latent, tertiary) stage. Since the late 20th century, resurgence of infectious syphilis have been occuring among hetero- and homosexual males with HIV co-infection over the world, and similar trend can also be observed in Korea. In order to contain the current spread of syphilis, clinical presentation and diagnostic approach must first become available, and in particular, the peculiarity in HIV co-infection should also be considered. Serology remains the mainstay of laboratory testing for syphilis, except for during the very early stage of infection. If syphilis patients are not diagnosed properly, it may lead to a serious public health problem. Based on the review of literatures, RPR/VDRL test is not reliable as a single screening test, and a new syphilis test algorithm of treponemal antibody test needs to be established as a primary screening test.

Resurgencia de conductas simbólicas: una aproximación experimental / Resurgence of symbolic behavior: an experimental approach / Ressurgência de condutas simbólicas: uma abordagem experimental

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos diferenciales del cambio de consecuencias (de contingencias de reforzamiento a contingencias de castigo) sobre el aprendizaje de discriminaciones condicionales y las relaciones derivadas de estímulos. Se entrenó a siete participantes para que discriminaran cuatro pares de estímulos a través del procedimiento de igualación a la muestra (primer entrenamiento), y se probaron las relaciones derivadas. Posteriormente, los conjuntos de pares fueron reorganizados para establecer las nuevas funciones discriminativas condicionales entre estímulos (segundo entrenamiento; incongruente respecto al inicial). Las respuestas relacionales consistentes con el segundo entrenamiento fueron castigadas en la siguiente fase. Finalmente, las funciones discriminativas condicionales (la entrenada directamente y la derivada) fueron probadas. Un alto número de participantes mostró el fenómeno de resurgencia, el cual es un patrón conductual consistente con el primer entrenamiento de relaciones entre estímulos. Los resultados pueden apoyar la idea de que la resurgencia de conductas es una alteración común tanto en la conducta moldeada por las consecuencias como en la conducta novedosa.

The purpose of this study was to assess the differential effects of consequence change (from reinforcement to punishment contingencies) upon conditional discrimination learning and derived stimulus relations. Seven participants were taught to discriminate four pair-sets of stimuli by means of a matching to sample procedure (early training) and were tested for derived stimulus relations. Later the pair-sets were reorganized in order to establish the new conditional discriminative functions between stimuli (later training, inconsistent with respect to early training). Novel responses were tested as well. Relational responses consistent with the later training received punishment in the following phase. Finally, the conditional discriminative functions (both the one directly trained and the derived one) were tested. A high number of participants showed the resurgence phenomenon, a behavioral pattern consistent with early training both of directly trained and derived stimulus relations. These results can support the idea that resurgence of behavior is a common alteration of contingency-shaped behavioral topographies and novel behavior.

Neste artigo foram avaliados os efeitos diferenciais da modificação de conseqüências (de contingências de reforço a contingências de castigo na aprendizagem de discriminações condicionais e as relações derivadas de estímulos. Sete participantes treinados discriminaram quatro pares de estímulos pela igualação à amostra (primeiro treinamento) e foram provados as relações derivadas. Depois, os conjuntos dos pares foram reorganizados para determinar as novas funções discriminativas condicionais entre estímulos. As respostas relacionais coerentes com o segundo treinamento foram castigadas na etapa seguinte. Ao fim, foram provadas as funções discriminativas condicionais (a treinada diretamente e a derivada). Um grande número de participantes mostrou o fenômeno da ressurgência, um padrão de conduta coerente com o primeiro treinamento de relações entre estímulos. Os achados podem sustentar a ideia de que a ressurgência de condutas é uma modificação comum tanto na conduta moldada pelas conseqüências quanto na conduta nova.

Resurgence of the Malaria Vivax Cases in Korea / 감염

Vivax malaria, which was once thought to be eradicable since more than 20 years ago, has made a dramatic resurgence since 1993 in the northern parts of Kyeonggi-do in the background of 0.13 of the annual parasite incidence in the population of 956,773 and 2 positives (0.07%) of asymptomatic parasitaemia among the 2,937 residents of mass blood survey in the area in 1969. The majority of the cases were soldiers infected in several counties located within 5 km from the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in 1994. Since then, malaria cases have increased and have tended to expand toward eastern and southern areas. Korean malaria is characterized by asymptomatic parasitaemia with long prepatent period, so malaria cases, including those manifesting as general fever should be treated with a combination of chloroquine and pyrimethamine to prevent the completion of sporogonic cycle in the mosquitoes. For the most effective control of vector mosquitoes, residual insecticides should be applied in the military houses and animal shelters with thermal fogging, including the control of the pre-stages of physiological age of the mosquitoes within 25 km from the DMZ. It is strongly suggested that military uniforms be treated with 0.5% permethrin complex (permethrin 39%+cyfluthrin 1%) or permethrin formulation. Further genetic studies are desired to determine the subspecies of Plasmodium vivax because Korean strain of malaria is likely to be a complex form of Plasmodium vivax vivax and Plasmodium vivax hibernans.

Resurgence of Poststreptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis in Chinju: Clinical Review of Recent 10 Years / 감염

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic fever(RF) or streptococcal invasive diseases have surged in developed countries recently. Incidence of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN), a sequelae of group A streptococci (GAS) infection was investigated to evaluate the resurgence of PSAGN in Chinju. METHODS: Medical records of 90 patients with PSAGN from January 1988 were reviewed retrospectively. Annual incidence, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Annual incidence of PSAGN decreased until 1993, to as low as 0.09%, but started to increase in 1994 and became significantly high (1.83%) in 1996 (P<0.01). Most (64.6%) of PSAGN cases occurred from October to January. Major symtoms were edema (78.9%), gross hematuria (65.6%), oligura (22.2%), an fever (16.7%). Hypertension was observed in 28.9% during admission. Increse of ASO were observed in 92.0% (80/87), decrease of C3 and CH50 in 94.4% (85/90) and 93.2% (41/44), respectively. CONCLUSION: Annual incidence of PSAGN decreased until 1993, but increased from 1994. Whether this resurgence of PSAGN is merely regional or part of a national epidemic should be investigated.