Fatty acid composition from the marine red algae Pterocladiella capillacea (S. G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand 1997 and Osmundaria obtusiloba (C. Agardh) R. E. Norris 1991 and its antioxidant activity

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fatty acids from the marine red algae Pterocladiella capillacea (S. G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand 1997 and Osmundaria obtusiloba (C. Agardh) R. E. Norris 1991. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified nine fatty acids in the two species. The major fatty acids of P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba were palmitic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of fatty acids was moderate ranging from 25.90% to 29.97%. Fatty acids from P. capillacea (31.18%) had a moderate ferrous ions chelating activity (FIC), while in O. obtusiloba (17.17%), was weak. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of fatty acids from P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba was low. As for β-carotene bleaching (BCB), P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba showed a good activity. This is the first report of the antioxidant activities of fatty acids from the marine red algae P. capillacea and O. obtusiloba.

Bioactive extracts of red seaweeds Pterocladiella capillacea and Osmundaria obtusiloba (Floridophyceae: Rhodophyta) with antioxidant and bacterial agglutination potential

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and bacterial cell agglutination activities of the hexane (Hex) and 70% ethanol (70% EtOH) extracts of two species of red seaweeds Pterocladiella capillacea (P. capillacea) and Osmundaria obtusiloba. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, ferrous ion chelating assay, β-carotene bleaching assay and total phenolic content quantification. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the method of disc diffusion on Mueller-Hinton medium. The ability of algal extracts to agglutinate bacterial cells was also tested. Results: The 70% EtOH extract of the two algae showed the highest values of total phenolic content compared to the Hex extract. The results of DPPH for both extracts (Hex, 70% EtOH) of Osmundaria obtusiloba (43.46% and 99.47%) were higher than those of P. capillacea (33.04% and 40.81%) at a concentration of 1. 000 μg/mL. As for the ferrous ion chelating, there was an opposite behavior, extracts of P. capillacea had a higher activity. The extracts showed a low ferric-reducing antioxidant power, with optical density ranging from 0.054 to 0.180. Antioxidant activities of all extracts evaluated for β-carotene bleaching were above 40%. There was no antibacterial activity against bacterial strains tested. However, the extracts of both species were able to agglutinate bacterial Gram positive cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative cells of Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant Salmonella and Vibrio harveyi. Conclusions: This is the first report of the interaction between these algal extracts, rich in natural compounds with antioxidant potential, and Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cells.

Bioactive extracts of red seaweeds Pterocladiella capillacea and Osmundaria obtusiloba (Floridophyceae: Rhodophyta) with antioxidant and bacterial agglutination potential

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and bacterial cell agglutination activities of the hexane (Hex) and 70% ethanol (70% EtOH) extracts of two species of red seaweeds Pterocladiella capillacea (P. capillacea) and Osmundaria obtusiloba.@*METHODS@#In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, ferrous ion chelating assay, β-carotene bleaching assay and total phenolic content quantification. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the method of disc diffusion on Mueller-Hinton medium. The ability of algal extracts to agglutinate bacterial cells was also tested.@*RESULTS@#The 70% EtOH extract of the two algae showed the highest values of total phenolic content compared to the Hex extract. The results of DPPH for both extracts (Hex, 70% EtOH) of Osmundaria obtusiloba (43.46% and 99.47%) were higher than those of P. capillacea (33.04% and 40.81%) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. As for the ferrous ion chelating, there was an opposite behavior, extracts of P. capillacea had a higher activity. The extracts showed a low ferric-reducing antioxidant power, with optical density ranging from 0.054 to 0.180. Antioxidant activities of all extracts evaluated for β-carotene bleaching were above 40%. There was no antibacterial activity against bacterial strains tested. However, the extracts of both species were able to agglutinate bacterial Gram positive cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative cells of Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant Salmonella and Vibrio harveyi.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This is the first report of the interaction between these algal extracts, rich in natural compounds with antioxidant potential, and Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cells.

Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Brazilian red macroalgae organic extracts

Abstract Alzheimer's disease affects nearly 36.5 million people worldwide, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition is currently considered the main therapeutic strategy against it. Seaweed biodiversity in Brazil represents one of the most important sources of biologically active compounds for applications in phytotherapy. Accordingly, this study aimed to carry out a quantitative and qualitative assessment of Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V. Lamouroux, Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) M.A. Howe, and Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand (Rhodophyta) in order to determine the AChE effects from their extracts. As a matter of fact, the O. secundiramea extract showed 48% acetylcholinesterase inhibition at 400 μg/ml. The chemical composition of the bioactive fraction was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); this fraction is solely composed of halogenated monoterpenes, therefore allowing assignment of acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity to them.

Inhibition of coagulation proteases and thrombosis and sub-chronic toxicological study of a sulfated polysaccharidic fraction from the red alga Gelidiella acerosa / Inibição de proteases da coagulação e trombose e estudo toxicológico subcrônico de uma fração polissacarídica sulfatada da alga vermelha Gelidiella acerosa

Metabolites isolated from Gelidiella species (Rhodophyta) have been few studied. We evaluated a sulfated polysaccharidic fraction from G. acerosa collected from two Brazilian beaches on the northwestern coast of Brazil (Flecheiras-F and Pedra Rachada-PR) on coagulation proteases and thrombosis. Their toxicity in vivo was also assessed. Enzymatic extractions yielded 1.40%, and similar chromatographic profiles (DEAE-cellulose) were obtained, with fractions (Ga-I→V) containing differences among the relative proportions of sulfate (5-42%), and revealing charge density patterns by electrophoresis. Ga-IV-PR had a discrete effect (3.01 IU mg-1) on normal human coagulation compared with heparin (193 IU mg-1) and was tested on coagulation proteases (thrombin and factor Xa) in the presence of antithrombin and in a model of venous thrombosis in rats using thromboplastin as the thrombogenic stimulus. The systems were inhibited; but at higher doses (>1.0 mg kg-1), this fraction reverted the antithrombotic effect. Regarding the toxicological study, consecutive Ga-IV (9 mg kg-1) for 14 days did not cause mortality in mice, but some biochemical and hematological parameters were discretely altered. Histopathological analysis revealed that increased liver and spleen sizes had no toxicological significance. Therefore, G. acerosa does not biochemically change its matrix polysaccharide composition and proved to be safe antithrombotic agent.

Poucos estudos mostram metabólitos isolados de rodofíceas de espécies Gelidiella. Avaliou-se uma fração polissacarídica sulfatada de G. acerosa coletada a partir de duas praias brasileiras do Nordeste do Brasil (Flecheiras-F e Pedra Rachada-PR) sobre proteases da coagulação e trombose, e em ensaio de toxicidade in vivo. Extrações enzimáticas renderam 1,40% e foram obtidos perfis cromatográficos semelhantes (DEAE-celulose), apresentando frações (Ga-I→V), contendo diferenças entre as proporções relativas de sulfato (5-42%), além de a eletroforese revelar diferenças na densidade de carga. A Ga-IV-PR apresentou discreto efeito (3,01 UI mg-1) sobre a coagulação humana normal comparada à heparina (193 UI mg-1) e foi testada sobre proteases da coagulação (trombina e fator Xa) na presença de antitrombina e em um modelo de trombose venosa em ratos usando tromboplastina com estímulo trombogênico, sendo inibidos esses sistemas. Entretanto, em elevadas doses (>1,0 mg kg-1) o efeito antitrombótico foi revertido. No estudo toxicológico, Ga-IV (9 mg kg-1) consecutiva durante 14 dias não causou mortalidade em camundongos, mas alterou discretamente alguns parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos. O aumento nos tamanhos do fígado e baço não apresentou significância toxicológica, segunda análise histopatológica. Portanto, G. acerosa não muda bioquimicamente a composição de polissacarídeo de sua matriz e detém agente antitrombótico seguro.

Algas marinas bentónicas de la Isla Gorgona, costa pacífica colombiana / Benthic marine algae of Gorgona island, Colombian Pacific coast

The knowledge of the biodiversity of Gorgona, a continental island in Colombia, is very limited in the case of algae. We present an updated list of the benthic marine algae of Gorgona Island, associated with different marine environments and type of substrates, such as coral reefs, rocks, and soft bottoms. Field samplings were taken between October 2010 and June 2011. We estimated algal cover, species composition and algal diversity for each reef environment using 0.25 m² quadrats. Ecological and environmental aspects are also included. A total of 43 species of algae for the three types of habitats are documented: 24 Rhodophyta, 12 Clorophyta, six Ochrophyta and one species of Cyanobacteria, and 55% of the algal composition corresponded to red algae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 27-41. Epub 2014 February 01.

Se presenta el listado de las algas marinas bénticas del Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, el inventario corresponde a la flora algal asociada a los diferentes ambientes marinos de la isla, a saber: arrecifes coralinos y fondos blandos. El monitoreo de las comunidades de algas se llevó a cabo entre octubre de 2010 y mayo de 2011, se realizó una estimación de abundancia y cobertura para lo cual se establecieron transeptos paralelos a la línea de costa y se evaluó el porcentaje de cobertura en cuadrantes de 0.25m². Se reportó un total de 43 especies para los dos ambientes estudiados (coralino y fondos blandos), 24 Rhodophyta, 12 Clorophyta, 6 Ochrophyta y una Cyanobacteria. El grupo más representativo fue el perteneciente a la clase Rhodophyceae, que correspondió al 55.8% de la flora inventariada. Los resultados de nuevos registros en la isla ratifican su importancia fitogeográfica, por cuanto la composición florística insular contribuye significativamente a la biodiversidad de la costa pacífica colombiana, destacándose la presencia de arrecifes coralinos como los principales ambientes marinos para el desarrollo de la flora algal de la región.

Characterization of the photosynthetic conditions and pigment profiles of the colour strains of Hypnea musciformis from field-collected and in vitro cultured samples

Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) JV Lamour. is a species of great economic interest as it produces Κ-carrageenan and has shown biological activities against HIV and HSV viruses. This species displays different colour strains in its natural habitat, which may have implications for the biotechnological potential of the species. The aim of this study was to characterize the photosynthetic apparatus and pigment profile of three colour strains of H. musciformis (green, brown and red) in their natural habitat and in culture. Chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem II was measured with a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer and pigments were quantified by spectrofluorimetry (chlorophyll a) and spectrophotometry (phycobiliproteins). In the natural habitat, we detected significant differences between the colour strains for the following photochemical parameters: the green strain had a higher effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) than the red strain and a higher maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) than the brown and red strains. Saturation irradiances were 1000 µE.m-2.s-1 (green) and 500 µE.m-2.s-1 (brown and red). Concerning in vitro culture, the green strain presented the lowest ΦPSII, rETRmax, and α rETR, while the brown strain presented the highest values for these same parameters. The chlorophyll a content of the cultured green strain was the lowest. The phycoerythrin contents of the three colour strains were unchanged by either natural of in vitro conditions: lower in green, intermediate in brown and higher in the red strain, ensuring the chromatic identity of the strains. Our results suggest that the green strain has a better performance when exposed to high irradiance, but a lower efficiency under low irradiance compared to the brown and red strains.

Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the non polar fraction of Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie and Gracilaria birdiae (Plastino & Oliveira)

Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie and Gracilaria birdiae (Plastino & Oliveira) (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) are seaweeds that occur on the Brazilian coast. Based on their economic and pharmaceutical importance, we investigated the antioxidant activity of the methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of both species. The hexane extracts display a high antioxidant activity and comparative analyses indicated G. birdiae as the most active species. Chemical investigation of these fractions showed several carotenoids and fatty acids, as well as cholesterol and sitosterol derivatives. HPLC-DAD analysis of G. birdiae showed violaxanthin (0.04 μg.mg-1 of dry material), antheraxanthin (5.31 μg.mg-1), aloxanthin (0.09 μg.mg-1), zeaxanthin (0.45 μg.mg-1) and β-carotene (0.37 μg.mg-1) as the major carotenoids. G. domingensis showed a similar carotenoid profile, however, with much lower concentration than G. birdiae. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to determine other nonpolar compounds of these seaweeds. The main compounds detected in both studied species were the fatty acids 16:0; 18:1 Δ9; 20:3 Δ6,9,12, 20:4 Δ5,8,11,14. We found no specificity of compounds in either species. However, G. birdiae, presented higher contents of carotenoids and arachidonic acid than G. domingensis.

Comparative analysis of the corps en cerise in several species of Laurencia (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Atlantic Ocean

Different species of Laurencia have proven to be a rich source of natural products yielding interesting bioactive halogenated secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids and acetogenins. It is shown that such compounds are accumulated in the spherical, reniform to claviform refractive inclusions called corps en cerise (CC), which are intensively osmiophilic and located mainly in the cortical cells of the thalli and also in trichoblast cells. Up to now, it was believed that CC were present only in these two kinds of cells. Recently, however, a species of Laurencia, L. marilzae, with CC in all cells of the thallus, i.e., cortical, medullary, including the pericentral and axial cells, as well as in the trichoblasts, was described from the Canary Islands, and subsequently also reported to Brazil and Mexico. Within the Laurencia complex, only Laurencia species produce CC. Since the species of Laurencia are targets of interest for the prospection of bioactive substances due to their potential antibacterial, antifungal, anticholinesterasic, antileishmanial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities, the present paper carries out a comparative analysis of the corps en cerise in several species of Laurencia from the Atlantic Ocean to obtain basic information that can support natural product bioprospection projects. Our results show that the number and size of the CC are constant within a species, independent of the geographical distribution, corroborating their use for taxonomical purposes to differentiate groups of species that present a lower number from those that have a higher number. In this regard, there was a tendency for the number of CC to be higher in some species of Laurencia from the Canary Islands. The presence of CC can also be used to distinguish species in which these organelles are present in all cells of the thallus from those in which CC are restricted to the cortical cells. Among the species analyzed, L. viridis displayed the most varied secondary metabolites composition, such as sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, all of which showed potent antiviral, cytotoxic, and antitumoral activities, including protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) inhibitory effects.

Antimicrobial effect of a crude sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria ornata

The aim of this study was to determine the yield, chemical composition, specific rotation (SR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and the effect on bacterial growth of a crude sulfated polysaccharide (SP) from the red marine alga G. ornata (Go). Go-1 (25°C), Go-2 (80°C), and Go-3 (80°C) were sequentially extracted and yielded 9.2%. The contents of sulfate (5.88-10.3%) and proteins (0.1-3.7%) were small. The values of SR were [µ]D20°f -19.0, -51.0, and -56.5, respectively. IR spectrums showed the presence of galactose-4 sulfate and absence of 3,6-anydrogalactose-2 sulfate, galactose-6 sulfate and galactose-2 sulfate. SR and IR techniques confirmed SPs. Go-3 was tested on the growth of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela choleraesuis and Salmonela typhi), but only E. coli was inhibited.

Isolamento, fracionamento e avaliação toxicológica in vivo de polissacarídeos sulfatados de Hypnea musciformis / Isolation, fractionation and in vivo toxicological evaluation of sulfated polysaccharides from Hypnea musciformis

Objetivou-se isolar, fracionar e avaliar a toxicidade in vivo dos polissacarídeos sulfatados (PSs) da rodofícea Hypnea musciformis, quando obtidos por três métodos de extração (M I; M II e M III). Os PSs foram extraídos com papaína em tampão acetato de sódio 100mM (pH 5,0), contendo cisteína e EDTA (5mM) (M I) ou água (25-80°C (M II); 80°C (M III)) e, em seguida, determinados sua composição química de carboidratos totais, sulfato livre (SL) e proteínas contaminantes (PCs). Os PSs foram submetidos à cromatografia de troca iônica (DEAE-celulose) usando um gradiente de cloreto de sódio, sendo avaliado o grau de homogeneidade e densidade de carga por eletroforese em gel de agarose das frações obtidas e comparadas à heparina. O ensaio in vivo foi realizado em grupos (n=6) de camundongos Swiss machos e fêmeas (24-33g), os quais receberam: PSs (9mg kg-1; i.p.) isentos do PCs (M I) e salina 0,9 por cento (0,1mL 10g-1; i.p.), durante 14 dias consecutivos. No 15o dia, os animais foram anestesiados e sacrificados para coletas de sangue e órgãos, os quais foram utilizados para dosagens bioquímicas e correlações com suas massas corpóreas, respectivamente. O teor de SL (31,05±0,53 por cento) (P<0,05) e o fracionamento, em DEAE-celulose, indicaram o M I mais eficiente na obtenção de PSs, comparado ao M II e M III. Os animais mostraram-se tolerantes aos PSs do M I e não se observou alteração de ordem hepática ou renal (P>0,05).

This study aimed to isolate, fractionate and evaluate the in vivo toxicity of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta), when obtained by three extraction methods (M I, M II and M III). SPs were extracted with papain in 100mM sodium acetate (pH 5.0) containing cysteine and EDTA (5mM) (M I) or water (25-80°C (M II), 80°C (M III)), and then their chemical composition of total carbohydrates, free sulfate (FS) and contaminant proteins (CPs) was determined. SPs were submitted to ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-celulose) using a sodium chloride gradient, being the degree of homogeneity and charge density evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis of the fractions obtained and compared to heparin. The in vivo assay was performed using groups (n=6) of male and female Swiss mice (24-33g), which received: SPs (9mg kg-1, i.p.) absence of CPs (M I) and 0.9 percent saline (0.1mL 10g-1, i.p.), for 14 consecutive days. On the 15th day, collect blood and organs for biochemical dosages and corporal mass correlation, respectively, from the animals anesthetized and sacrificed were performed. The sulfate content of FS (31.05±0.53 percent) (P<0.05) and the fractionation by DEAE-cellulose showed M I more effectiveness in obtaining SPs compared to M II and M III. The animals were tolerable to SPs from M I, and it wasn't observed hepatic or renal alteration (P>0.05).

Micropropagation as a tool for sustainable utilization and conservation of populations of Rhodophyta

Micropropagation as a tool for sustainable utilization and conservation of populations of Rhodophyta. Micropropagation, or in vitro clonal propagation, allows the production of a large number of individuals within a short period. These micropropagated clones could be used as seedlings for seaweed cultivation, avoiding collection from natural beds. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest in micropropagation as a tool for preservation of populations of marine red algae on the Brazilian coast and for the sustainable production of raw material for commercial exploration. This paper reviews the literature on tissue culture and micropropagation of red algae published during the three last decades. Based on the literature, we can conclude that the regeneration process is complex and diversified in different species of Rhodophyta and that the success of micropropagation depends on this process. Species belonging to the orders Bangiales and Ceramiales showed low potential for regeneration, while Gigartinales species showed the highest potential for regeneration. Micropropagation of commercially important red algae is fundamental for the conservation of natural populations by providing seedlings for cultivation and for germplasm collections, both for the conservation of genetic diversity and for biotechnological applications.

Composição química e potencial biológico das algas vermelhas marinhas Laurencia filiformis, Laurencia intricata, Plocamium brasiliense e Ochtodes secundiramea da costa brasileira / Chemical composition and biological potency of the marine red algae Laurencia filiformis, Laurencia intricata, Plocamium brasiliense and Ochtodes secundiramea of the Brazilian coast

O oceano apresenta uma vasta diversidade de espécies, entre elas as algas marinhas, as quais são usadas principalmente como fonte de alimentos, de produtos industriais e para uso medicinal. Considerando a biodiversidade encontrada, são poucos os estudos que verificam a composição química e atividade biológica de algas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho descreve especialmente compostos do metabolismo primário (lipídios, proteínas e aminoácidos), composição química volátil, e potencial antioxidante e antimicrobiano de quatro espécies de algas vermelhas da costa brasileira (Laurencia filiformis, Laurencia intricata, Plocamium brasiliense e Ochtodes secundiramea). As análises de lipídeos revelaram que estas algas são ricas em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ω3 e ω6, mas que apresentam o ácido palmítico como majoritário. O teor de proteínas encontrado é considerável e aproximadamente 50% da composição de aminoácidos é de aminoácidos essenciais. Para extrair os compostos voláteis das algas selecionadas para o estudo, três métodos foram utilizados: arraste a vapor, extração por solvente e HS-SPME. A caracterização química dos compostos voláteis deu-se principalmente pela utilização de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Ainda foram isolados e identificados dois compostos majoritários do óleo essencial de L. filiformis, o (-)-7-epi-silfiperfolan-6β-ol e o (-)-silfiperfolan-7β-ol, e quatro compostos do extrato acetona/água de P. brasiliense, o 3,4-eritro-7-diclorometil-3-metil-3,4,8-tricloro-1,5(E),7(E)-octatrieno; o 3,4-eritro-7-diclorometil-3-metil-3,4,8-tricloro-1,5(E),7(Z)-octatrieno; o 3,4-eritro-1-bromo-7-diclorometil-3-metil-3,4,8-tricloro-1(E),5(E),7(E)-octatrieno e o 3,4-eritro-1-bromo-7-diclorometil-3-metil-3,4,8-tricloro-1(E),5(E),7(Z)-octatrieno, utilizando diferentes técnicas cromatográficas, como CCDP e CLAE, para isolamento, e técnicas espectroscópicas (RMN uni e bidimensionais) e espectrométricas (HRMS e EIMS) para análise...

The ocean provides large diversity of species, among them the seaweeds, which are mainly used as food, industrial products and as medicine. Considering the biodiversity, there are only few studies which analize the algae volatile compounds and their biological activity. So that, this work describes specially compounds from the primary metabolism (lipids, proteins and amino acids), chemical volatile composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial potencies of four red algae of the Brazilian coast (Laurencia filiformis, Laurencia intricata, Plicamium brasiliense and Ochtodes secundiramea). The lipid analysis showed that these algae have ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the palmitic acid is the most abundant. The protein content observed is considerable and approximately 50% of the amino acid composition is of essential amino acids. To extract the volatile organic compounds from the algae selected for this study, three methods were used: hydrodestilation, solvent extraction and HS-SPME. For chemical characterization of the volatile compounds, the technique used was gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, the two most abundant compounds from the essential oil of L. filiformis, the (-)-7-epi-silphiperfolan-6β-ol and the (-)-silphiperfolan-7β-ol, and four compounds of the aceton/water extract of P. brasiliense the 3,4-erythro-7-dichloromethyl-3-methyl-3,4,8-trichloro-1,5(E),7(E)-octatriene; the 3,4-erythro-7-dichloromethyl-3-methyl-3,4,8-trichloro-1,5(E),7(Z)-octatriene; the 3,4-erythro-1-bromo-7-dichloromethyl-3-methyl-3,4,8-trichloro-1(E),5(E),7(E)-octatriene and the 3,4-erythro-1-bromo-7-dichloromethyl-3-methyl-3,4,8-trichloro-1(E),5(E),7(Z)-octatriene, were isolated and identified using different chromatographic techniques like preparative TLC and HPLC for isolation and spectroscopic (NMR uni and bidimensional) and spectrometric techniques (HRMS and EIMS) for analysis. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils, of...

Novas referências de rodofíceas marinhas bentônicas para o litoral brasileiro / New references of rhodophytes from the brazilian coast

Sete táxons de rodofíceas marinhas bentônicas são referidos pela primeira vez para o litoral brasileiro: Acrochaetium corymbiferum (Thur. in Le Jolis) Batters, A. liagorae B›rgesen, Aglaothamnion herveyi (M. Howe) Aponte, D.L. Ballant. & J.N. Norris, Crouanophycus latiaxis (L.A. Abbott) Athanas., Grallatoria reptans M. Howe e Gelidiella sanctarum Feldmann & Hamel. Gelidiopsis repens (Kütz.) Weber Bosse é pela primeira vez referido para o Oceano Atlântico. As coletas foram realizadas no medio e infralitoral. O material está depositado no Herbário Alexandre Leal Costa. Referência da descrição original, basiônimo, descrição morfológica, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos são apresentados para cada táxon estudado.

Seven taxa of benthic marine rodophytes are reported for the first time from the Brazil littoral: Acrochaetium corymbiferum (Thur. in Le Jolis) Batters, A. liagorae B›rgesen, Aglaothamnion herveyi (M. Howe) Aponte, D.L. Ballant. & J.N. Norris, Crouanophycus latiaxis (L.A. Abbott) Athanas., Grallatoria reptans M. Howe and Gelidiella sanctarum Feldmann & Hamel. Gelidiopsis repens (Kütz.) Weber Bosse this is the new reference to the Atlantic Ocean. The material collected on mediolittoral and infralittoral was deposited in the Herbarium Alexandre Leal Costa (ALCB) at the Universidade Federal da Bahia. Reference to the original description, basionym, morphological description, geographical distribution and taxonomical comments are presented for each taxon studied.