ABSTRACT
Desde una perspectiva histórica, el consumo de leche de otros mamíferos y sus derivados ha jugado un rol importante en el desarrollo de la sociedad humana. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han planteado dudas respecto al real beneficio del consumo de productos lácteos y suplementos de calcio en la salud ósea. Más aún, se les han atribuido potenciales efectos adversos como el incremento del riesgo cardiovascular, aumento en la incidencia de cáncer, trastornos digestivos, nefrolitiasis y una mayor mortalidad. Si bien la evidencia disponible puede ser controversial, en la mayoría de los casos desmiente categóricamente estas afirmaciones.En esta revisión de la literatura, intentamos despejar las inquietudes respecto al beneficio y riesgo del consumo de lácteos, suplementos de calcio y Vitamina D.
From the historical perspective, milk and dairy product consumption has played an important role in the development of human society. However, in the recent years, some doubts have been raised regarding the benefits of dairy food consumption and calcium supplements on bone health. Additionally, potential adverse effects have been attributed to their use, such as increased cardiovascular risk, increased incidence of cancer, digestive troubles, nephrolithiasis and increased mortality rate. Although the available evidence may be controversial, in most cases it categorically refutes these statements.In this review of the literature, we try to address concerns regarding benefit and risks of consumption of dairy products, calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vitamin D/adverse effects , Calcium/adverse effects , Dairy Products/adverse effects , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
The nanotechnology has been successfully applied in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and develops rapidly.As a cutting-edge technique,there exist a series of ethical issues when applying nanotechnology in human body,such as risk management,benefit assessment,privacy protection and informed consent.Clinical trials initiated by researchers also face ethical challenges.Therefore,it should study on the ethical issues when using nanotechnology in medicine.To insure the healthy development of nanotechnology in medical application,the regulations and rules should be improved,the assessment of risks and benefits should be strengthened,the ethical review should be reinforced,and the awareness level of the researchers should be enhanced.
ABSTRACT
The risk and benefit assessment is an important part of ethical review in clinical trials, of which the significance is to minimize the risk and maximize the benefit, thus to protect the rights of the subject. Begin with introducing the nature of the risk and benefit of clinical trial, this paper analyzed the way of ethical review based on risk consideration and discussed some key points of risk and benefit assessment including the minimum risk, the risk and benefit of vulnerable groups, risk informing, benefit of clinical trials, the fairness of recruitment and the importance of strengthening follow-up review. Ethical review should play a role as the balance, which neither-hinder the development of clinical trial to protect the rights of the subjects nor damage the rights and interests of subject to develop clinical trials.