Examining the relationship between fast-food and sitdown restaurant consumption frequency and dietary patterns among adults in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

@#Introduction: This study assessed the association between dietary patterns and the frequency of eating at fast-food or sit-down restaurants. Methods: A crosssectional study, with a sample of adults living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA), was conducted between January and March 2021. An online, self-administered survey was conducted using social media and WhatsApp. A total of 399 adults living in Riyadh were included; 40.4% were males, with a mean age of 35 and standard deviation (SD) of 12 years, and had no significant health problems. Results: Using principal component analysis to analyse 15 food groups based on the food items consumed, four dietary patterns were extracted: Western, unhealthy, plant-based, and healthy. After adjusting for potential covariates, a higher frequency of eating at fast-food restaurants was significantly associated with unhealthy dietary patterns [odds ratio (OR) = 4.85, 95.0% confidence interval (CI) = 1.80, 12.59]. In contrast, participants in the highest tercile of the frequency of eating at fast-food restaurants showed lower odds of adhering to a healthy dietary pattern (OR = 0.29, 95.0% CI = 0.11, 0.71). No significant association was found between participants in the highest tercile of the frequency of eating at sit-down restaurants and their dietary patterns. Conclusion: Frequently eating at fast-food restaurants was associated with increased odds of adherence to less healthy dietary patterns and negatively associated with adherence to a healthy pattern. No association was found between sit-down restaurants and any of the identified dietary patterns. The present findings can assist stakeholders and policymakers in developing strategic plans and policies for targeted interventions for this population.

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by injection of sinomenine solid lipid nanoparticles under a fluorescence endoscopic laser confocal microscope / 中国中药杂志

A fluorescence endoscopic laser confocal microscope(FELCM) was used to direct the injection of sinomenine solid lipid nanoparticles(Sin-SLN) into the joint, and the in vitro effectiveness of Sin-SLN in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) was evaluated. Sin-SLN was prepared with the emulsion evaporation-low temperature curing method. The Sin-SLN prepared under the optimal conditions showed the encapsulation efficiency of 64.79%±3.12%, the drug loading of 3.84%±0.28%, the average particle size of(215.27±4.21) nm, and the Zeta potential of(-32.67±0.84) mV. Moreover, the Sin-SLN demonstrated good stability after sto-rage for 30 days. The rabbit model of RA was established by the subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin and complete Freund's adjuvant. Five groups were designed, including a control group, a model group, a Sin(1.5 mg·kg~(-1)) group, a Sin-SLN(1.5 mg·kg~(-1)) group, and a dexamethasone(positive drug, 1.0 mg·kg~(-1), ig) group. The control group and the model group only received puncture treatment without drug injection. After drug administration, the local skin temperature and knee joint diameter were monitored every day. The knee joint diameter and the local skin temperature were lower in the drug administration groups than in the model group(P<0.05, P<0.01). FELCM recorded the morphological alterations of the cartilage of knee joint. The Sin-SLN group showed compact tissue structure and smooth surface of the cartilage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to determine the serum le-vels of interleukin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). The findings revealed that the Sin-SLN group had lower IL-1 and TNF-α levels than the model group(P<0.05, P<0.01). Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was employed to reveal the pathological changes of the synovial tissue, which were significantly mitigated in the Sin-SLN group. The prepared Sin-SLN had uniform particle size and high stability. Through joint injection administration, a drug reservoir was formed. Sin-SLN effectively alleviate joint swelling and cartilage damage of rabbit, down-regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited the epithelial proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration of the synovial tissue, demonstrating the efficacy in treating RA.

Correlation and agreement of olfactory perception assessed by the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test / Correlação e concordância da percepção olfativa avaliada pelos testes olfativos chemosensory clinical research center e brief-smell identification test,

Abstract Introduction: Assessing olfactory perception in olfactory disorders is of utmost importance in therapy management. However, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and the Sniffin' Sticks are the only tests validated in Brazil. Objectives: To evaluate the correlation and agreement between the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test - University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test - in healthy participants and in participants with olfactory disorders based on the results and technical aspects of both tests. Methods: Fifty participants without olfactory complaints and 50 participants with olfactory disorders who underwent the Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test and the Brief-Smell Identification Test were included. The following tests were used for statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot. An alpha error (significance level) of 0.05 was considered in the statistical analysis. Results: Both tests were effective in distinguishing the groups without the presence of overlapping values for the measured markers. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between Spearman's correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient between the tests and for both nostrils. However, the correlations were lower when the groups were individually evaluated. The Bland-Altman plot showed no bias when all participants were simultaneously evaluated. Conclusions: The tests to assess olfactory perception presented a high level of agreement. In our sample, we could infer that the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test is similar to the Brief-Smell Identification Test and can be used in the routine diagnosis of patients with complaints of olfactory disorders, considering the advantage of its low cost.

Resumo Introdução: Avaliar a percepção olfativa em distúrbios olfativos é de extrema importância para a correta conduta terapêutica. No entanto, apenas o teste University of Pennsylvania smell identification test e o teste sniffin'sticks são validados no Brasil. Objetivos: Avaliar a correlação e concordância entre os testes Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center e do brief-smell identification test e University of Pennsylvania smell identification test em participantes saudáveis e em participantes com distúrbios olfativos de acordo com os resultados e aspectos técnicos dos dois testes. Método: Cinquenta participantes sem queixas olfativas e 50 participantes com distúrbios olfativos submetidos ao teste Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center e ao brief-smell identification test foram incluídos. Os seguintes testes foram usados para análise estatística: teste U de Mann-Whitney, correlação de Spearman, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e plotagem de Bland-Altman. Um erro alfa (nível de significância) de 0,05 foi considerado nas análises estatísticas feitas no estudo. Resultados: Ambos os testes foram eficazes para diferenciar os grupos sem a presença de valores sobrepostos para os marcadores medidos. Além disso, houve uma forte correlação entre a correlação de Spearman e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse entre os testes e para as duas narinas. Entretanto, as correlações foram menores quando os grupos foram avaliados individualmente. O gráfico de Bland-Altman não mostrou viés quando todos os participantes foram avaliados simultaneamente. Conclusões: Os testes para avaliar a percepção olfativa apresentaram um elevado nível de concordância. Em nossa amostra, podemos inferir que o Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center é equivalente ao brief-smell identification test e pode ser usado no diagnóstico de rotina de pacientes com queixas de distúrbios olfativos, considerando a vantagem de seu baixo custo.

Desempenho do teste de sentar e levantar de trinta segundos na população geriátrica da comunidade: um estudo transversal / Thirty second sit to stand test performance in community dwelling geriatric population: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUÇÃO: Encontrar os valores de referência para o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos e estudar a correlação das medidas antropométricas com o teste na população indiana geriátrica residente na comunidade. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: 136 indivíduos com idade >60 anos foram recrutados neste estudo transversal e observacional. O estudo foi realizado na Índia. Após a triagem inicial, as medidas antropométricas foram registradas. Em seguida, foi realizado o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos. RESULTADOS: Os valores normais da década para o teste foram relatados como (média±DP): 60-70 anos (10,2±3,6), 71- 80 anos (9,5±3,4) e 81-90 anos (8,5±5,2). Idade, altura, circunferência da cintura e circunferência do quadril foram significativamente associadas aos valores do teste. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores normais para o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos para a população geriátrica da comunidade foram relatados como média ± DP 10,0 ± 3,7. Os fatores antropométricos devem ser levados em consideração ao realizar o teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos em ambientes clínicos.

INTRODUCTION: To find the reference values for the 30-second sit-to-stand test and study the correlation of anthropometric measures with the test in the communitydwelling geriatric Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 136 individuals aged >60 years were recruited in this cross-sectional observational study. The study was conducted in India. After the initial screening, anthropometric measurements were recorded. Then, the 30-second sit-tostand test was conducted. RESULTS: Normal decade-wise values for the test were reported to be (mean ± SD): 60-70 years (10.2±3.6), 71-80 years (9.5±3.4), and 81-90 years (8.5±5.2). Age, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were significantly associated with the 30-second sit-to-stand test values. CONCLUSION: Normal values for the test in the community-dwelling geriatric population were reported to be mean ± SD 10.0±3.7. Anthropometric factors should be taken into consideration when performing the 30-second sitto-stand test in clinical settings.

Finite Element Analysis on Stress Distributions of Proximal Femur in the Elderly During Sit-to-Stand Transition / 医用生物力学

Objective By establishing finite element model of the proximal femur, the injury risk of proximal femur under the conditions of self-selected speed rise and rapid rise at initial stage of standing during sit-to-stand (STS) transition was analyzed.Methods CT images of proximal femur in the elderly were processed with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and reverse modeling, so as to complete the solid model. The finite element model was established through material assignment and meshing. Based on the finite element analysis software ANSYS, the boundary conditions were constrained, and 1.733 kN and 1.837 kN loads were applied to obtain stress distributions and strain of proximal femur at different rising speeds. Results The stress concentrated at medial edge of the greater trochanter and the femoral neck. The peak stress and micro-strain appeared on inner edge of the larger rotor. The peak stress was 30.16 MPa and peak micro-strain was 2 553.5 at rapid rising speed. The peak stress and peak micro-strain at self-selected rising speed were 28.69 MPa and 2 430.4, respectively, which were relatively lower. For stress concentration area of femoral neck, the stress ranges at rapid rising speed and self-selected rising speed were 13.42-23.46 MPa and 12.76-25.51 MPa, respectively.Conclusions Frequent STS transition may increase the risk of fatigue fractures for proximal femur in the elderly. Rapid STS transition has a higher injury risk for proximal femur than STS transition at self-selected speed.

Differences in the Kinematic and Kinetic Characteristics between Successful and Failed Sit-to-stand Trials in Patients with Stroke / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Objects：Sit-to-stand (STS) interventions are frequently used as part of stroke rehabilitation. This study aimed to clarify the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of patients recovering from stroke, who have difficulties with STS movement.Method：The participants included 26 stroke patients who struggled to complete the STS maneuver. Using a 3D motion analysis system, the kinematic and kinetic parameters during STS were retrospectively analyzed and compared between failed and successful trials. The kinematic parameters of the trunk and lower limbs were obtained within the seat-off phases, and the kinetic indices of the lower limbs were obtained from measurements taken before and after the seat-off phase. The weight-bearing ratio on the unaffected side was calculated from the vertical ground reaction forces.Results：In the successful trials, analyses of the parameters revealed more forward tilting of the pelvic and thoracic regions, a further forward and downward shift of the center of mass, and larger hip and knee extension moments than those of the failed trials. However, there was no difference in the weight-bearing ratio on the non-paralyzed side.Conclusion：This study revealed that the kinematic and kinetic properties of the STS maneuver differed between successful and failed trials among patients with stroke. The study therefore provides useful information for clinical evaluation and rehabilitation.

Differences in the Kinematic and Kinetic Characteristics between Successful and Failed Sit-to-stand Trials in Patients with Stroke / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Objects：Sit-to-stand (STS) interventions are frequently used as part of stroke rehabilitation. This study aimed to clarify the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of patients recovering from stroke, who have difficulties with STS movement.Method：The participants included 26 stroke patients who struggled to complete the STS maneuver. Using a 3D motion analysis system, the kinematic and kinetic parameters during STS were retrospectively analyzed and compared between failed and successful trials. The kinematic parameters of the trunk and lower limbs were obtained within the seat-off phases, and the kinetic indices of the lower limbs were obtained from measurements taken before and after the seat-off phase. The weight-bearing ratio on the unaffected side was calculated from the vertical ground reaction forces.Results：In the successful trials, analyses of the parameters revealed more forward tilting of the pelvic and thoracic regions, a further forward and downward shift of the center of mass, and larger hip and knee extension moments than those of the failed trials. However, there was no difference in the weight-bearing ratio on the non-paralyzed side.Conclusion：This study revealed that the kinematic and kinetic properties of the STS maneuver differed between successful and failed trials among patients with stroke. The study therefore provides useful information for clinical evaluation and rehabilitation.

Niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria colombiana a través del cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S / Levels of sedentary lifestyle in Colombian university population through the SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire

Introducción. El sedentarismo es un problema de salud pública, al ser factor de riesgo para ocho de las diez primeras causas de muerte en el mundo. Evaluar los niveles de sedentarismo con instrumentos óptimos se vuelve imprescindible para su correcto diagnóstico e intervención. Objetivo. Evaluar los niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria colombia-na a través del cuestionario Sit Q7d-S y determinar su nivel de confiabilidad. Metodología. Se condujo un estudio cuantitativo, con aplicación tipo test re-test, con una muestra de 304 personas, con un error máximo de 5% y con 95% de con-fianza. La muestra estuvo conformada por 103 hombres (33,9%) y 201 mujeres (66,1%), estudiantes de una universidad colombiana con sede en cuatro ciudades diferentes (Cali, Neiva, Popayán y Medellín). Resultados. La población evaluada es sedentaria. Tienen comportamientos que indican que pasan más de dos horas de tiempo en posiciones sedentes, aumentado el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cron-bach 0,64 para todos los ítems del cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S, demostrando valores moderadamente aceptables para el uso del cuestionario. Conclusión. El cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S es un instrumento con una fiabilidad de regular a moderada para evaluar niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria. Así mismo, se evidencia que los niveles de inactividad en la población colombiana universitaria indican que es una población sedentaria, lo que se relaciona con que pasan más de dos horas de tiempo en pantalla y pasan entre una, dos o más de tres horas sentados realizando su ocupación

Introduction. Sedentary lifestyle is a public health problem, as it is a risk factor for eight of the ten leading causes of death in the world. Assessing sedentary lifestyle levels with optimal instruments becomes essential for its correct diagnosis and intervention.Aim. To evaluate the levels of sedentary lifestyle in the Colombian university pop-ulation through the Sit Q7d-S questionnaire and to determine its level of reliability.Methodology. A quantitative study was conducted, using a test re-test type applica-tion, with a sample of 304 people with a 5% maximum error and 95% confidence. The sample size included 103 men (33.9%) and 201 women (66.1%), who are stu-dents at a Colombian university located in four different cities (Cali, Neiva, Popayan, and Medellin).Results. The evaluated population is sedentary, as they have behaviors that indicate they spend more than two hours of time in seated positions, increasing the risk of suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.64 was obtained for all the items of the SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire, showing moderately ac-ceptable values for the use of the questionnaire.Conclusion. The SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire is an instrument with low to moderate reliability to assess levels of sedentary lifestyle in the university population. Likewise, it is evident that the levels of inactivity in the Colombian university population indi-cate that it is a sedentary population. This is related to the fact that they spend more than two hours on screen time and spend between one, two or more than three hours doing their job in a sitting position

Respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teste de sentar e levantar em indivíduos pré e pós-cirurgia cardíaca: corte transversal / Cardiopulmonary responses of the sit-to-stand test in individuals pre and post-heart surgery: cross section

| INTRODUÇÃO: As repercussões cardiorrespiratórias da cirurgia cardíaca podem ser avaliadas por teste submáximo. OBJETIVO: comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teste de sentar e levantar em um minuto (TSL1) nos indivíduos, entre o momento pré e pós de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caráter transversal e analítico, incluiu 45 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, estáveis hemodinamicamente, com fração de ejeção maior que 45%, que foram submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no Instituto do Coração de um Hospital do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre 2018 e 2019. As variáveis de desfechos foram coletadas no repouso e ao final do teste, um dia antes da cirurgia e no pós-operatório: pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica (PAS e PAD em mmHg), frequência cardíaca (FC bpm), frequência respiratória (FR rpm), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2 %), fadiga de membros inferiores (Fmm 0-10) e dispneia (Di 0-10), número de repetições e interrupções do teste. Foi utilizado o programa R para o tratamento dos dados, para avaliar a normalidade foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro Wilk, a comparação dos grupos pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: A maioria do sexo masculino (71%) e média de idade foi de 61± 9 anos. No pré-operatório, ocorreu aumento entre o repouso e o final do teste, PAS, FC, FR, Fmm e Di (p<0,05). No pós-operatório, houve aumento entre o repouso e o final do teste, para FC, FR, Fmm e Di (P<0,05), contudo, sem elevação da PAS. Ao comparar as variáveis entre os momentos pré e pós, observamos maiores valores da FC, FR e número de interrupções na condição pós (p<0,05), bem como menores valores para a PAS, SpO2 e número de repetições (p<0,05) para essa condição. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados desta pesquisa comprovam que o TSL1 realizado no pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, assim como entre o 4° ou 5° dia de pós-cirurgia cardíaca, é seguro e eficaz, representado pela ausência das repercussões cardiorrespiratórias que comprometessem ou agravassem o quadro clínico do paciente. O TSL1 foi capaz de induzir respostas cardiorrespiratórias fisiológicas no pré-operatório; contudo, na condição pós acarretou respostas cardiorrespiratórias mais elevadas no repouso e atenuada resposta em exercício em comparação ao pré-operatório.

INTRODUCTION: The cardiorespiratory repercussions of heart surgery can be assessed through submaximal testing. OBJECTIVE: Compare cardiorespiratory responses to the one-minute sit-and-stand test in individuals pre- and post-heart surgery. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 45 hemodynamically stable male and female patients with an ejection fraction greater than 45% submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery at a cardiology service of a hospital in the interior of the state of REDACTED between 2018 and 2019. The following variables were collected at rest and the end of the test one day before surgery and postoperatively: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, mmHg), heart rate (HR, bpm), respiratory rate (RR, rpm), peripheral saturation oxygen (SpO2, %), lower limb fatigue (LLF, 0-10), dyspnea (0-10), number of test repetitions and number of interruptions. The R program was used to process the data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used for the determination of normality. The groups were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Most participants were male (71%), and the mean age was 61±9 years. In the preoperative period, statistically significant increases (p≤0.05) were found for SBP, HR, RR, LLF, and dyspnea between resting values and the end of the test. Significant increases (p≤0.05) were found in the postoperative period for HR, RR, LLF, and dyspnea between rest and the end of the test, with no increase in SBP. Comparing the preoperative and postoperative evaluations variables, higher HR, RR, the number of interruptions and lower SBP, SpO2, and the number of repetitions were found after surgery (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: The one-minute sit-to-stand test induced physiological cardiorespiratory responses in the preoperative evaluation. However, higher cardiorespiratory responses at rest and an attenuated response to exercise were found in the postoperative evaluation compared to the preoperative evaluation.

Biomechanical Analysis of Stroke Hemiplegic Patients During Sit-to-Stand Transfer / 医用生物力学

Due to damage to the hemi-advanced central nervous system of stroke hemiplegic patients, their ability of sit-to-stand transfer is impaired, and they are prone to fall during the sit-to-stand transfer. This article describes the characteristics of sit-to-stand transfer for hemiplegic patients at different foot placement from a biomechanical perspective, discusses the correlation between different features, analyzes the reasons for their fall, and describes the application of sit-to-stand transfer training in postoperative rehabilitation of hemiplegic patients， so as to provide references for postoperative rehabilitation of hemiplegic patients.

Influence of fat and muscle on sit-ups in female college students / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the influence of muscle and fat distribution on sit-up ability of female college students. Methods A total of 1560 female students majoring in non-physical education in a Guangxi University were randomly selected. Body composition was measured by the bioresistance antibody component meter. According to the National Physical Health Test Standard, the height, weight and sit-ups of female college students were measured. The students were divided into four groups according to the score of sit-ups:0, P<0.05). Compared with other parameters, the correlation coefficient between trunk muscle mass and sit-ups was the largest. Conclusion The distribution of fat and muscle has different effects on sit-up ability. Female college students' sit-up ability is greatly affected by subcutaneous fat and trunk muscle, and has nothing to do with visceral fat.

Correlación y comparación entre el nivel de actividad física y flexibilidad en niños y niñas de 10 a 11 años de edad de un colegio de Concepción. Chile / Correlation and comparison between the level of physical activity and flexibility in boys and girls from 10 to 11 years of age from a school in Concepción. Chile

RESUMEN. El estudio se centró en determinar los niveles de actividad física que presentan los escolares de 10 a 11 años que asisten a un Colegio de la Ciudad de Concepción, relacionarlo y compararlo con la flexibilidad. La metodología utilizada corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo-correlacional; con muestreo intencionado, se evaluó a 49 escolares, para medir el nivel de actividad física se utilizó la encuesta INTA y para medir la flexibilidad se utilizó el test de V-Sit And Reach. Se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro Wilk arrojando la normalidad de los datos, la prueba Z score para establecer medias, la prueba t de Student para el nivel de significancia entre grupo, y, por último, en la relación de las variables se empleó la correlación de Pearson. Los resultados muestran que las niñas tienen un nivel de flexibilidad mayor a los niños siendo estadísticamente significativa, en cambio en el nivel de actividad física se obtiene un nivel regular no existiendo diferencias significativas. No existe correlación entre las variables estudiadas.

ABSTRACT. The study focuses on determining levels of physical activity presented by children between the ages 10 and 11, attending a school in the City of Concepción, relating it and comparing it with flexibility. The methodology used corresponds to a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study; with intentional sampling, 49 students were evaluated, the INTA survey was used to assess the level of physical activity, and the V-Sit And Reach test were used to measure flexibility. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used, yielding the normality of the data, the Z score test to establish means, the Student's T test for the level of significance between the groups, and, finally, for the relationship of the variables, Pearson's correlation was used. The results show that girls have a higher level of flexibility than boys, being statistically significant, while in the level of physical activity a regular level is obtained, without significant differences. There is no correlation between the variables studied.

Knee Support-based Study on Sit to Stand Transfer Trajectory of Human Body / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To study the human body's sit to stand transfer trajectory and kinematics based on knee joint support to provide a basis for designing the transfer aid with knee joint support. Methods:From April to June, 2019, 20 healthy volunteers were recruited and divided into three groups according to height and gender. Under the premise of knee support, the sit to stand transfer experiments with 20 cm and 30 cm between feet were conducted respectively. All subjects were repeated twice for each experiment with an interval of one minute. High-definition camera was used to record the motion trajectories of each subject's shoulder (armpit) and knee joint during the experiment, and the kinematics rules of subjects with different heights and masses were analyzed. Results:The body forward leaning displacement was less with 20 cm between feet than with 30 cm for subjects less than 172 cm tall; and was less with 30 cm than with 20 cm for subjects more than 173 cm tall. The forward flexion displacement of trunk was less with 20 cm between feet than with 30 cm for subjects with body mass index (BMI) < 23.9 kg/m2; and was less with 30 cm than with 20 cm for subjects with BMI > 23.9 kg/m2. The average time during sit to stand transfer was (1.7±0.05) s. Conclusion:In the process of sit to stand transfer, distance between feet may affect the way of joint extension, the body forward leaning distance and the forward flexion displacement of trunk. With the increase of height and mass, appropriate increase of distance between feet can reduce the difficulty of sit to stand transfer. With the increase of BMI, the time of sit to stand transfer also increases. The time spent on sit to stand transfer is more in female than in male.

Effect of Chair Inclination Forward on Sit-to-Stand for Hemiplegics after Stroke / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To study the effect of chair inclination angles forward on sit-to-stand time and muscle activation of lower extremities in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Methods:From January to August, 2019, 15 stroke patients with hemiplegia finished five times sit-to-stand at seat slope 0°, 10° and 20° forward. The time, and surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals of rectus femoris, hamstrings, anterior tibialis and peroneus muscle were recorded. Results:The total EMG peak, root mean square and integrated electromyography (iEMG) of all the muscles decreased at seat slope 10° and 20° forward compared with those at 0° (F > 4.530, P < 0.05). The time decreased at seat slope 20° forward compared with that at 0° (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Seat inclination forward at some angles may improve the sit-to-stand performance in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Correlation of Sit to Stand Test with Six Minute Walk Test in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Introduction: Functional status assessment in patients suffering with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the essential component and Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a valid tool for it. The amount of physical activity possible in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) predicts exacerbations, hospital admissions, and mortality. Therefore, guidelines advocate the need to entitle improved physical activity status as a major target of treatment in such patients. Objective: To determine the correlation of sit to stand test with 6-minute walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was done in Chest Medicine department, Jinnah hospital, Karachi during 2015-16. A total of 100 patients with mildto-severe COPD were included in this study. The STST and 6MW Test was performed and compared with each other and with COPD Assessment Test (CAT). Results: Overall 100 patients were recruited for the study with mild-tosevere chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mean age of the patients was 60.50 ± 7.03 years. On applying the Correlation coefficient test, a moderate positive correlation was found between Sit to stand test and 6-minute walk test distance (r=0.71, p=0.0005). Mild positive correlation was also found in these patients between the Sit to stand test and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test score (STST and CAT r=0.46, p=0.011). Similarly, moderate positive correlation was found between 6-minute walk test distance and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test score (r=0.58, p=0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that in COPD patients, the functional capacity can be assessed through STST instead of 6 MW Test having the same results.

Effect Of Padahastasana In Improving Hamstring Muscle Flexibility Among Young Adults

CONTEXT: Hamstring muscle is actively involved in various activities of daily living like walking, stair climbing etc. The flexibility of Hamstring muscle is found to be commonly compromised among various age groups. This may be due to ineffective use of the muscle to full extensibility in routine activities. Padahastasana is a yogasana in standing position which induces maximum stretch to posterior structures of thigh including Hamstring muscle. AIMS:This study aims to investigate the effect of Padahastasana in improving flexibility of Hamstring muscle SETTINGS AND DESIGN:Experimental Design with random sampling method conducted among 20 subjects. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Subjects were recruited for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using sit and reach box - a standardized tool to measure Hamstring flexibility. The selected subjects were taught the technique of Padahastasana and practiced for twelve weeks – six times in a day and minimum five days per week. After twelve weeks of practice, hamstring flexibility was assessed using sit and reach box. STATISTICALANALYSIS:Analysis was conducted using't' test Results: The study showed significant improvement (t value – 13.01 at p≤0.05) in Hamstring muscle flexibility by performing 12 weeks Padahastasana practice. CONCLUSIONS: Padahastasana can be recommended to prevent and treat Hamstring muscle tightness

Electromyographic Activity Of Various Muscles During Sit-to-stand In Patients With Stroke: A Meta-analysis

Aims:-To providea comprehensiveinformationaboutanalysisof activationof variousmuscles during Sit-to-Standinpatientswithstroke.Todetermineifthereexistsanycommonpatternof muscleactivation.Togivedirectiontofuturestudiesregarding themusclestobeinvestigated during Sit-to-Stand. Methods-A literature search was performed with help of the most commonlyuseddatabasei.e.PubMedtoselectthestudiesrelatedtoelectro-myographicactivities ofvariouslowerextremity,trunkandupperextremity musclesduringSit-to-Standactivity, publishedtill2016.TheInclusioncriteriaforthestudy wereProspectiveorretrospectivecohort studies,studiesthatincludedonly participantswithstrokeleadingtohemiparesisand/oralong withhealthy participants ascontrolgroupandstudiesthatmeasuredtheEMGactivity ineither trunkmusclesand/orlimbmusclesduring sittostand.Theexclusion criteriawere iftheir populationofinterestalsoincludedpatientswith otherneurologicalconditionsandstudiesinany language other than English.Twoindependentinvestigatorsassessedthe studiesbasedon inclu-sion and exclusion criteria. Keywordsused duringthesearch wereElectromyography, Stroke,Sit-to-Stand.Thestudieswerethoroughly evaluatedwithrespecttotheSit-to-Stand procedureandvariety ofmusclesthatwereinvestigatedthroughEMGanalysis. Results: Withthe helpof givenkeywords,abstracts/articlesof 21studieswereretrievedfromthedatabase.After initial screening oftheabstracts12studieswereselectedforindepthanalysis.Variouslowerextremity musclesincludingTibialisAnterior,Soleus,Quadriceps,Vastusmedialis,GluteusMaximus were investigatedinthe studies.In2studies,Trunkmuscleswereinvestigatedwhereasinone study Tricepsmuscleactivity wasanalyzedduring Sit-toStandactivity inpatientswith stroke. Conclusion:Fromthisstudy itcanbecon-cludedthattheactivityofTibialisAnterior musclewasinvestigatedmorefrequentlybyvariousresearchersfollowedbytheactivityof Soleus and Quadriceps muscle.

Advance in Biomechanical Analysis of Sit-to-stand Movement in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients(review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Hemiplegics after stroke are often disabled in sit-to-stand(STS).This article discussed the biomechanics of STS in the hemiplegic stroke patients,in terms of kinematics,kinetics and surface electromyography,and the rehabilitation for the stroke patients with STS dysfunction.It was found that the stability,duration,symmetry of support and degree and se-quence of muscular activation were different when the patients finished the STS task in three foot positions of natural, symmetrical and unaffected foot behind.The early STS rehabilitation training or other rehabilitation may improve the function of the hemiplegic lower extremity to prevent falls and apraxia.

Effect of energetic cost to maintain the trap for Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) in its development and adult size / Efeito do custo energético com a manutenção da armadilha de Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) no seu desenvolvimento e no tamanho dos adultos

Abstract Antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis Návas, 1914 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) are sit-and-wait predators who build traps to catch their prey. The aim of this study was to observe under laboratory conditions, how the energy cost spent on maintenance of their traps affects: the larval developmental time, time spent as a pupa, mortality rate of larvae and adult size. M. brasiliensis larvae were collected in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and were individually maintained in plastic containers and subjected to two treatments. In the control treatment larvae did not have their traps disturbed while in the manipulated treatment, larvae had their traps disturbed three times a week. The experiments were followed until adult emergence. When the adults emerged, their body size (head-abdomen), anterior and posterior wing span and width were measured. Furthermore, the number of larvae that died during the experiment was recorded. The results showed that the larvae whose traps were manipulated had longer larval development time, smaller pupal development time and were smaller adults. It can be concluded that the energy expenditure spent on maintenance of the trap constructed by M. brasiliensis larvae can affect the development of negative ways, represented by a longer larval development and reduced adult size.

Resumo Efeito do custo energético com a manutenção da armadilha de Myrmeleon brasiliensis no seu desenvolvimento e no tamanho dos adultos. Larvas de formiga-leão Myrmeleon brasiliensis são predadores senta-espera que constroem armadilhas para a captura de suas presas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar em laboratório, como o gasto energético despendido com a manutenção dessas armadilhas afeta: o tempo de desenvolvimento larval, o tempo de pupa, a taxa de mortalidade das larvas e o tamanho dos adultos. M. brasilienses foram coletadas no município de Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, então foram individualizadas em potes plásticos e submetidas a dois tratamentos. No tratamento controle, as larvas não tiveram suas armadilhas perturbadas e no tratamento manipulado, as larvas tiveram as suas armadilhas perturbadas três vezes por semana. Os experimentos foram acompanhados até a emergência dos adultos. Quando esses emergiam, era medido o seu tamanho corporal (cabeça-abdômen), envergadura da asa anterior e posterior e largura da asa anterior e posterior. Além disso, foi contabilizado o número de larvas mortas no decorrer dos experimentos. Como resultado foi observado que as larvas manipuladas apresentaram o tempo de desenvolvimento larval maior, o tempo de pupa menor e o tamanho dos adultos foi menor. Pode-se concluir que o gasto energético despendido com a manutenção da armadilha construída pelas larvas M. brasiliensis pode afetar o seu desenvolvimento de maneiras negativas, representados pelo maior tempo de desenvolvimento larval e menor tamanho do adulto.

Assessments of Physical Function and Related Factors among Community-dwelling Aged People / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To evaluate the physical functions of community-dwelling older adults, and analyze the related factors. Methods From September to October, 2016, 80 adults over 55-year-old in one community in Wuhan, Hubei, China were selected with convenience sampling. General situation was collected through questionnaires. Physical functions were measured by tests of grip strength, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB) and TimedUp and GoTest (TUGT). Their correlation was analyzed. Results The average grip strength of the participants was (27.46 ± 9.66) kg; the average time of FTSST was (11.58 ± 4.03) s;there was only one (1.25%) participant observed with an impairment in mCTSIB;the average time of TUGT was (9.05±3.47) s. Grip strength was correlated with gender (r=-0.669), education level (r=0.238), the score of Mini-Mental State Examina-tion (MMSE) (r=-0.302) and activities of daily living (ADL) (r=-0.344) (P<0.05). The time of FTSST was correlated to gender (r=0.274), the score of MMSE (r=0.243) and ADL (r=0.321) (P<0.05). The time of TUGT was correlated to gender (r=0.255), education level (r=-0.362), income level (r=-0.245), the score of Self-rating Depression Scale (r=0.223), the score of MMSE (r=0.328) and ADL (r=0.354) (P<0.05). Conclusion The levels of grip strength, FTSST and TUGT are related to the demographic characters in community-dwell-ing older adults. Little abnormity has been found in mCTSIB.