Situaciones de violencia por parte de pacientes percibidos por personal de enfermería en un hospital público Corrientes capital 2021 / Situations of violence by patients received by nursing personnel in a public hospital Corrientes capital 2021

Describir las situaciones de violencia por parte de los pacientes percibidas por el personal de enfermería en una institución de salud pública de Corrientes capital durante 2021. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Muestreo de tipo consecutivo. La población personal de enfermería asistencial de un hospital. Variables: edad, género, instrucción, antigüedad laboral, área de trabajo, turno, identifcación de maltrato físico, verbal y asedio sexual, principal modo de actuar e impacto frente a situaciones de violencia. Recolección de datos mediante cuestionario Google Forms con consentimiento informado anónimo, que fue validado por prueba piloto. Análisis con Microsof Excel y Epidat 4.1. Resultados: Población estudiada 115 trabajadores de enfermería; 69,57% mujeres; rango etario 22-56 años, promedio 35,5 años. Formación: 58,26% enfermeros, 22,61% licenciados en enfermería y 19,13% auxiliares en enfermería. Turno: 37,39% mañana, 30,43% tarde, 17,39% noche y 14,78% rotativo. Área laboral: cuidados intensivos 27,83%, clínica médica 21,74%, clínica quirúrgica 15,65%, emergencias 15,65%, consultorios 10,43%, coronaria 8,70%. De los entrevistados, 89,56% había percibido algún tipo de violencia, de estos 61,17% estaba entre 22 y 38 años. La percepción de violencia mostró que 92,53% eran enfermeros, 88,46% licenciados y 81,81% auxiliares de enfermería. Los tipos de violencia identificados fueron maltrato verbal en el 86,09%, maltrato físico en el 72,17% y asedio sexual en el 24,35%. El principal género afectado por los hechos violentos fue el femenino y el turno de trabajo con mayor identificación de situaciones violentas fue el de la mañana. En cuanto a los modos de proceder para comunicar a la institución las situaciones vividas, el 66,96% lo reportaron a un superior Los hechos de violencia según área de trabajo se reportaron por 80% de los de unidad coronaria, 84,38% de unidad de cuidados intensivos, 88,89% de emergencias, 92% de clínica médica, 94,44% de clínica quirúrgica y 100% de consultorios externos. Conclusión: La violencia hacia enfermería está presente en el hospital y afecta más a las mujeres. La forma más frecuente es la verbal, seguida de la física y del asedio sexual. En general frente a las agresiones optan por no hacer nada[AU]

To describe the situations of violence by patients perceived by the nursing staff in a public health institution in Corrientes capital during 2021. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Consecutive type sampling. Te nursing staff population of a hospital. Variables: age, gender, education, job seniority, work area, shif, identifcation of physical, verbal and sexual abuse, main mode of action and impact in situations of violence. Data collection through Google Forms questionnaire with anonymous informed consent, which was validated by pilot test. Analysis with Microsof Excel and Epidat 4.1.Results: Population studied 115 nursing workers; 69.57% women; age range 22-56 years, average 35.5 years. Training: 58.26% nurses, 22.61% nursing graduates and 19.13% nursing assistants. Shif: 37.39% morning, 30.43% afernoon, 17.39% night and 14.78% rotating. Work area: intensive care 27.83%, medical clinic 21.74%, surgical clinic 15.65%, emergencies 15.65%, doctor's ofces 10.43%, coronary 8.70%. Of those interviewed, 89.56% had perceived some type of violence, of these 61.17% were between 22 and 38 years old. Te perception of violence showed that 92.53% were nurses, 88.46% licensed and 81.81% nursing assistants. Te types of violence identifed were verbal abuse in 86.09%, physical abuse in 72.17% and sexual harassment in 24.35%. Te main gender affected by violent acts was female, and the work shif with the highest identifcation of violent situations was the morning shif. Regarding the ways of proceeding to communicate the situations experienced to the institution, 66.96% reported it to a superior Te acts of violence according to work area were reported by 80% of those in the coronary unit, 84.38% of intensive care unit, 88.89% emergencies, 92% medical clinic, 94.44% surgical clinic and 100% outpatient clinics. Conclusion: Violence towards nursing is present in the hospital and affects women more. Te most frequent form is verbal, followed by physical and sexual harassment. In general, when faced with aggression, they choose to do nothing[AU]

Descrever as situações de violência por pacientes percebidas pela equipe de enfermagem em uma instituição pública de saúde da capital Corrientes durante o ano de 2021. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal. Amostragem do tipo consecutivo. A população da equipe de enfermagem de um hospital. Variáveis: idade, sexo, escolaridade, tempo de serviço, área de atuação, turno, identifcação de abuso físico, verbal e sexual, principal forma de atuação e impacto em situações de violência. Coleta de dados por meio de questionário Google Forms com consentimento informado anônimo, que foi validado por teste piloto. Análise com Microsof Excel e Epidat 4.1. Resultados: População estudada 115 trabalhadores de enfermagem; 69,57% mulheres; faixa etária de 22 a 56 anos, média de 35,5 anos. Formação: 58,26% enfermeiros, 22,61% graduados em enfermagem e 19,13% auxiliares de enfermagem. Turno: 37,39% matutino, 30,43% tarde, 17,39% noturno e 14,78% rotativo. Área de atuação: terapia intensiva 27,83%, clínica médica 21,74%, clínica cirúrgica 15,65%, emergências 15,65%, clínicas 10,43%, coronariana 8,70%. Dos entrevistados, 89,56% já perceberam algum tipo de violência, destes 61,17% tinham entre 22 e 38 anos. A percepção da violência mostrou que 92,53% eram enfermeiros, 88,46% licenciados e 81,81% auxiliares de enfermagem. Os tipos de violência identifcados foram abuso verbal em 86,09%, abuso físico em 72,17% e assédio sexual em 24,35%. O principal gênero acometido por atos violentos foi o feminino, e o turno de trabalho com maior identifcação de situações de violência foi o turno da manhã. Em relação às formas de proceder para comunicar as situações vivenciadas à instituição, 66,96% relataram a um superior Os atos de violência por área de trabalho foram relatados por 80% daqueles na unidade coronariana, 84,38% na unidade de terapia intensiva, 88,89% emergências, 92% clínica médica, 94,44% clínica cirúrgica e 100% ambulatório. Conclusão: A violência contra a enfermagem está presente no hospital e atinge mais as mulheres. A forma mais frequente é a verbal, seguida do assédio físico e sexual. Em geral, diante da agressão, optam por não fazer nada[AU]

Study of anxiety in patients with glaucoma undergoing standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography - A prospective comparative study

Purpose: To compare the anxiety levels related to visual field testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with glaucoma. Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted on patients with glaucoma. The participants’ anxiety traits were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]. Before visual field testing on Humphrey visual field analyzer (HVF) and retinal nerve fiber analysis on OCT, the participants completed Form Y1 to measure the current pretest level or ‘State’ anxiety [pretest anxiety]. Immediately after testing, participants were administered the Form Y1 questionnaire to assess the induced anxiety level during the testing [Intratest anxiety]. Results: A total of 228 patients were enrolled with 152 participants in the HVF group and 76 in the OCT group. The mean age of the participants in the HVF group was 57.2 ± 20.8 years and in the OCT group was 56.8 ± 20 years. There was no significant difference in trait and pretest anxiety between the HVF group and the OCT group (P = 0.971 and P = 0.716). Intratest test anxiety score was slightly higher in the HVF group (HVF: 42.13 ± 10.63, OCT: 40.71 ± 9.76; P = 0.33). The anxiety scores were higher when the experience of previous HVF tests was <2 and least when the number of tests exceeded five. Conclusion: Automated perimetry induces slightly more anxiety than OCT, which may affect test performance. The measured anxiety reduces as patients gain familiarity with the test with experience. This adds credence to the recommendation of more frequent visual field testing in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients

Evidencias psicométricas del inventario ansiedad estado-rasgo: IDARE en universitarios de Lima en tiempos de COVID-19 / Psychometric evidence of the state-Trait anxiety inventory: IDARE In University Students from Lima in times of Covid-19

Resumen 420 universitarios de Psicología y Derecho fueron evaluados con el objetivo de actualizar las evidencias psicométricas del Inventario ansiedad estado-rasgo: IDARE en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19. La muestra estuvo compuesta por hombres y mujeres, siendo mayor el grupo de mujeres, con un rango de edad de entre 18 a 57 años. Las pruebas de validación con jueces expertos permiten obtener una "V" de Aiken mayor a 0.80, y los valores de la prueba binomial fueron significativos con una p <.05. Las pruebas de análisis discriminativo ítem-test obtuvieron puntajes para todo el Inventario que van entre 0.334 a 0.679, eliminando el ítem 34 por no cumplir los criterios esperados. Para la validez convergente, su correlación con el Cuestionario CASO A30 obtuvo para A-E una "r" de .320 y para A-R de .522; ambas con una p <.05. La validez de constructo fue evaluada mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, hallándose 4 escalas independientes: ansiedad estado, bienestar estado, ansiedad rasgo y bienestar rasgo. La confiabilidad se obtuvo calculando el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach = 0.86 y el coeficiente omega de McDonald = 0.89. Asimismo, en la confiabilidad por mitades de Guttman encontraron valores entre 0.76 a 0.89. Se establecieron baremos por sexo y por edad para la población total. La prevalencia de la ansiedad en universitarios de Lima fue de 29.4 %, se aproxima a los datos de China y Colombia, pero es más alta que en Inglaterra, todos en tiempos de COVID-19.

Abstract 420 university students of Psychology and Law were evaluated in order to update the psychometric evidence of the State Anxiety Inventory - trait: STAI in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of men and women, the group of women being the largest, with an age range between 18 to 57 years old. The validation tests with expert judges allow obtaining an Aiken "V" greater than 0.80 and the values of the binomial test were significant with a p <.05. The item-test discriminative analysis tests obtained scores for the entire Inventory ranging from 0.334 to 0.679, with item 34 eliminated for not meeting the expected criteria. For convergent validity, its correlation with the CASE A30 questionnaire obtained for A-E an "r" of .320 and for A-R of .522, both with a p <.05. The construct validity was evaluated by means of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, finding 4 independent scales: state anxiety, state well-being, trait anxiety and trait well-being. Reliability was obtained by calculating Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.86 and McDonald's Omega coefficient = 0.89. Likewise, in the reliability by Guttman halves, values between 0.76 and 0.89 were found. Scales were established by sex and by age for the total population. The prevalence of anxiety in university students in Lima was 29.4 %, which is close to the data from China and Colombia, but it is higher than in England all in the time of COVID-19.

Resumo Foram avaliados 420 universitários de Psicologia e Direito para atualização das evidências psicométricas do Inventário de Ansiedade do Estado - traço: IDARE em tempos de pandemia do COVID-19. A amostra foi composta por homens e mulheres, sendo o maior grupo de mulheres, com faixa etária entre 18 e 57 anos. Os testes de validação com juízes especialistas permitiram obter um Aiken "V" maior que 0.80 e os valores do teste binomial foram significativos com p <0.05. Os testes de análise discriminativa do teste item-teste obtiveram escores para todo o Inventário variando de 0.334 a 0.679, sendo o item 34 eliminado por não atender aos critérios esperados. Para a validade convergente, sua correlação com o questionário CASE A30 obteve para A-E um "r" de .320 e para A-R de .522, ambos com p <0.05. A validade de construto foi avaliada por meio da análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, encontrando 4 escalas independentes: ansiedade-estado, bem-estar-estado, ansiedade-traço e bem-estar-traço. A confiabilidade foi obtida calculando o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach = 0.86 e o coeficiente ômega de McDonald = 0.89. Da mesma forma, na confiabilidade pelas metades de Guttman, foram encontrados valores entre 0.76 e 0.89. As escalas foram estabelecidas por sexo e por idade para a população total. A prevalência de ansiedade em estudantes universitários em Lima foi de 29.4 %, o que se aproxima dos dados da China e da Colômbia, mas é mais alta do que na Inglaterra durante toda a época de COVID-19.

Dental care challenges in Sturge-Weber syndrome: a case report / Desafios do tratamento odontológico na síndrome de Sturge-Weber: relato de caso

Introduction: Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare condition characterized by facial capillary malformation, involves ocular, neurological, and cutaneous alterations. Associated with unilateral characteristic port-wine stains, gingival growth and purple-red coloration. Aim: his case aims to report dental treatment challenges in patients with SWS and importance of oral health maintenance in these individuals. Case report: a 20-year-old woman with an established diagnosis of SWS, presented bad breath and spontaneous gingival bleeding, with gingival growth and reddish-purple spots spread to labial and alveolar mucosa, tongue, and palate. Conditioning of the patient's oral environment by supra and subgingival scraping, dental unit extraction was performed. A conservative treatment plan was adopted for management adequacy of oral environment owing to possible complications inherent to the condition. Conclusion: it is important to emphasize the importance of dental surgeon's performance in relation to a multidisciplinary health team, as well as cooperation of patient, to obtain better results from the proposed therapy.

Introdução: a síndrome de Sturge-Weber (SSW) é uma condição rara caracterizada por malformação capilar facial, envolve alterações oculares, neurológicas e cutâneas. Associada a manchas unilaterais características do vinho do porto, crescimento gengival e coloração vermelho-púrpura. Objetivo: este caso tem como objetivo relatar desafios do tratamento odontológico em pacientes com SSW e a importância da manutenção da saúde bucal nesses indivíduos. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo feminino, 20 anos, com diagnóstico estabelecido de SSW, apresentou mau hálito e sangramento gengival espontâneo, com crescimento gengival e manchas roxas avermelhadas espalhadas pela mucosa labial e alveolar, língua e palato. Condicionamento do ambiente oral do paciente por raspagem supra e subgengival, foi realizada extração da unidade dental. Foi adotado um plano de tratamento conservador para adequação do manejo do ambiente bucal devido a possíveis complicações inerentes à condição. Conclusão: é importante enfatizar a importância do desempenho do cirurgião-dentista em relação a uma equipe multidisciplinar de saúde, bem como a cooperação do paciente, para obter melhores resultados com a terapia proposta.

Papel de la ansiedad preoperatoria en la percepción de dolor en pacientes sometidas a histeroscopia quirurgica en consulta / Impact of preprocedural anxiety levels on pain perception in patients undergoing office surgical hysteroscopy

OBJETIVO: Determinar si la ansiedad preoperatoria supone un factor de riesgo independiente para la percepción de dolor severo durante la realización de una histeroscopia quirúrgica ambulatoria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohortes en el que incluimos179 pacientes. Se ha aplicado el formulario STAI-S para valorar la ansiedad preoperatoria de las pacientes y distribuirlas en dos cohortes: Pacientes con ansiedad (STAI-S >50) y pacientes sin ansiedad (STAI-S7. Se ha calculado la asociación y el riesgo entre ambas variables mediante el Test X2 y el Riesgo Relativo (RR). Se ha utilizado el test de correlación de Pearson para valorar la correlación entre ambas variables. Se ha considerado estadísticamente significativo un valor de p<0.05. RESULTADOS: Las pacientes que percibieron dolor severo durante la entrada a la cavidad uterina (78,3% vs 29,5%; p<0,001) y durante la realización del proceso quirúrgico (78,8% vs 26,2%; p<0,001) fueron en su mayoría pacientes con ansiedad preoperatoria. El RR de las pacientes con ansiedad para percibir dolor severo es de 6,46 (IC 95%; 2,52 -16,60) durante la entrada y de 6,61 (IC 95%; 3,04 -14,38) durante la resección. Existe una correlación moderada y positiva entre las puntuaciones obtenida en la escala STAI-S y la puntuación EVA, tanto durante la entrada a la cavidad (r = 0,629; p = 0,042) como durante el proceso quirúrgico (r = 0'661; p =0'021). CONCLUSIONES: Las pacientes con ansiedad preoperatoria tienen más riesgo de percibir dolor severo durante la entrada en la cavidad uterina y durante la realización de la intervención histeroscópica.

OBJECTIVE: Determine if preprocedural anxiety is an independent risk factor for the perception of severe pain during an outpatient surgical hysteroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 179 patients included in this cohort study. The STAI-S questionnaire has been applied to assess the preoperative anxiety of the patients and distribute them into two cohorts: Patients with anxiety (STAI-S>50) and patients without anxiety (STAI-S 7. The association and the risk between both variables have been calculated using X2 test and relative risk (RR). Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the correlation between both variables. A p value < 0,05 has been considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Patients who perceived severe pain during access to the uterine cavity (78,3% vs 29,5%; p<0,001) and during the surgical procedure (78,8% vs 26,2%; p<0,001) were mostly patients with preoperative anxiety. The RR of patients with anxiety to perceive severe pain is 6.46 (95% CI; 2,52-16,60) during access to the uterine cavity and 6,61 (95% CI; 3,04-14,38) during resection. We have found a moderate and positive correlation between the scores obtained on the STAI-S questionnaire and VAS score during access to the uterine cavity (r=0,629; p=0,042) and during the surgical process (r=0,661; p=0,021) CONCLUSIONS: Patients with preprocedural anxiety are more at risk of perceiving severe pain during access into the uterine cavity and during the hysteroscopic intervention.

Banqiao Codonopisis Pilosula improves cognitive dysfunction in AD model rats by PP2A signaling pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effect of Banqiao Codonopsis pilosula (BCP) on cognitive function in rats with Alzheimer's disease(AD) induced by Okadaic acid (OA) and its possible mechanism. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into DMSO group, OA group and BCP low, medium, high treatment group. The rats were gavage administered in groups of one week and two weeks. The water maze training was continued for five days before modeling, and modeling was started 24 hours after the training. The bilateral hippocampus of DMSO group was injected with 10% DMSO 1.5 |xL. OA group and BCP treatment group were injected with OA (0. 392 mmol • L"1) 1.5 (iL. The water maze test was used to observe the spatial learning ability of rats. Western blot was used to observe the activity of PP2A, the phosphoryla-tion of Tau protein and the expression of synaptic protein in hippocampus, and the Nissl's staining to observe the changes of Nissl bodies in hippocampus CA1 and CA3. Results Water maze experiments showed that BCP could improve spatial memory impairment in AD rats. Western blot results showed that BCP in-creased PP2A activity, increased synaptic protein expression, and decreased Tau protein phosphorylation. Nissl's staining suggested an increase in the number of Nissl bodies in BCP treatment group. Conclusions BCP can up-regulate PP2A activity, decrease the phosphorylation level of Tau protein, increase the expression of synaptic proteins, and repair damaged neurons.

Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado Rasgo (STAI): análisis psicométrico y funcionamiento en una muestra de drogodependientes y controles / State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): Psychometric Analysis and Functioning in a Sample of Drug Addicts and Controls

Resumen La presente investigación pretende evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario STAI en población drogodependiente y comparar sus resultados con población no clínica. Se realizó un muestreo por conglomerados en 28 centros de tratamiento para las adicciones, repartidos en 27 provincias españolas. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 1054 personas consumidoras de sustancias y 211 no consumidoras. El análisis de la fiabilidad mostró adecuada validez interna. El análisis de los ítems indica la necesidad de revisar dos de los ítems cuando se utiliza en población con historial de consumo de sustancias adictivas. Los resultados muestran que las personas con un historial de drogodependencia obtuvieron una puntuación media superior a las personas no drogodependientes, que las mujeres consiguieron una puntuación media superior a los hombres y que las personas que habían consumido sustancias depresoras lograron una puntuación superior a las que habían consumido sustancias estimulantes. Las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas.

Abstract This investigation intends to assess the psychometric properties of the questionnaire STAI in a sample of drug abusers versus a non-clinic sample. It was carried out a sampling for conglomerates in 28 treatment centers for addiction, distributed in 27 Spanish provinces. The sample was composed by 1054 subjects who had a history of substance use and 211 with no history of substance abuse. The analysis of reliability showed an internal appropriate validity. The items analysis shows the necessity to revise two items when the questionnaire is used with drug abusers population. The results show that people with a history of consumption obtained a higher mean score than those who had not used substances, women obtained a higher mean score than males, and that people who had used depressants obtained a score higher than those who had consumed stimulants. The differences were statistically significant.

Effects of astragaloside IV on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of astragalo- side Ⅳ on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods The focal cerebral ischemia/reper-fusion of rat left middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO) was induced by suture method .Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group , cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion group , astragaloside IV group and solvent control group .Except for the sham operation group , the others were subjected to ischemia 2h and reperfusion 24h.Then, rats with successful model were chosen for the detection of various indexes . Astragaloside IV group was injected intraperitoneally with astragaloside IV(20 mg· kg -1 ) at the same time as reperfusion , while solvent control group was injected with the same amount of solvent .TTC staining was used to detect the volume of cerebral infarction , and Nissl staining to observe the changes of histomorpholo-gy, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) to ob-serve the ultrastructure of the cells .Results There was no neurological deficit in the sham operation group, and the volume of cerebral infarction was zero . Compared with the sham operation group , there were some increased neurological deficits , nerve cell damage and cerebral infarction volume in other groups ( P <0.05) .Compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfu-sion group , the nerve function damage could be signifi-cantly improved , the damage of neurons reduced , and the volume of cerebral infarction decreased ( P<0.05 ) in astragaloside IV group , and there was no obvious change in the solvent control group ( P>0.05 ) .Con-clusion Astragaloside IV can reduce the focal ische-mia/reperfusion injury in rats and protect nerve cells from damage.

La escucha de música antes del TSST regula los niveles de cortisol en saliva independiente de la preferencia musical en estudiantes universitarios / Listening to music before TSST modulates salivary cortisol levels in a nondependent way of music preference in college students

El presente estudio evaluó si la escucha de música preferida por los participantes o la música relajante elegida por los investigadores previa al protocolo de estrés social modificado TSST (Trier Social Stress Test) afectaba el desempeño de las actividades realizadas durante el propio test, modulaba la respuesta de estrés que este induce, y en conjunto con el estresor, afectaba el desempeño en una tarea de atención en setenta y seis estudiantes universitarios asignados a uno de seis grupos: música relajante del investigador, música preferida por el participante y silencio, con o sin TSST Los resultados mostraron que la escucha de ambos tipos de música provocó una pendiente ascendente menos pronunciada en los niveles de cortisol en saliva luego del TSST, comparada con la que presentaron quienes no escucharon música, mientras que el aumento en la ansiedad-estado evaluada con el IDARE (Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado) fue semejante en todos los grupos. No se encontraron diferencias debidas a la música en el desempeño de las tareas evaluadas. Se discute que la modulación de la escucha de música, independiente de la preferencia musical, tiene un efecto sobre la respuesta fisiológica de estrés posiblemente por la inducción de reacciones emocionales que esta provoca.

The present study examines the effects of listening to music selected by participants or relaxing music chosen by researchers before modified TSST (Trier Social Stress Test) on: 1) TSST tasks, 2) TSST-induced stress responses, and 3) one attention task with both music and TSST before it. Seventy six college students were randomly assigned to one of six groups: listening to relaxing music chosen by researchers, previously selected music by students, or silence, any of them with or without TSST Results showed that both relaxing or selected-by-participant music slowed salivary cortisol increase levels after TSST, whereas STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) increases were not significantly different. Listening to music has no significant effects on either TSST or attention tasks. Effects of listening to music on salivary cortisol levels due to possible emotional responses irrespective of music preference were discussed.

Psychological and Physical Characteristics of Neck Pain in University Students / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<b>Objective</b>: Neck pain is a very common complaint in the general population. However, little is known about the characteristics of this complaint. The aim of this study was to clarify the psychological and physical characteristics of neck pain.<BR><b>Method</b>: The subjects were 13 adult men with complaints of neck pain (NP group, mean age 20.2±0.7 years) and 10 healthy volunteers (CON group, mean age 21.2±1.5 years). This study used findings of neck tenderness and muscle stiffness for evaluation of neck pain, and employed the visual analog scale (VAS) to record the subjects’ assessment of their pain. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), VAS for evaluation of perceived stress, and measurements of salivary cortisol density levels were utilized to measure stress. The salivary cortisol density was measured by the enzyme immunity method of measurement (the ELISA method). In addition, saliva samples were collected between 9 AM to 10 AM.<BR><b>Results</b>: The mean VAS score for neck pain in the NP group was 56.9±17.3. There was no significant difference in muscle stiffness between the groups. Tenderness of the upper trapezius fibers and right splenius capitis muscle were significantly higher in the NP group (p<0.05). The VAS score of perceived stress and the state anxiety of STAI were significantly higher in the NP group (p<0.05). The SF-36 score was significantly lower in the CON group (p<0.05). The trait anxiety of STAI and the salivary cortisol density were not significantly different.<BR><b>Conclusion</b>: There was no significant difference in the salivary cortisol density levels between the two groups. The degrees of perceived stress and uneasiness were reported as higher in the NP group, while the degrees of psychological and physical health were lower. These findings suggest the role of psychosociological factors in neck pain.

Psychological and Physical Characteristics of Neck Pain in University Students / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Objective: Neck pain is a very common complaint in the general population. However, little is known about the characteristics of this complaint. The aim of this study was to clarify the psychological and physical characteristics of neck pain. Method: The subjects were 13 adult men with complaints of neck pain (NP group, mean age 20.2±0.7 years) and 10 healthy volunteers (CON group, mean age 21.2±1.5 years). This study used findings of neck tenderness and muscle stiffness for evaluation of neck pain, and employed the visual analog scale (VAS) to record the subjects’ assessment of their pain. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), VAS for evaluation of perceived stress, and measurements of salivary cortisol density levels were utilized to measure stress. The salivary cortisol density was measured by the enzyme immunity method of measurement (the ELISA method). In addition, saliva samples were collected between 9 AM to 10 AM. Results: The mean VAS score for neck pain in the NP group was 56.9±17.3. There was no significant difference in muscle stiffness between the groups. Tenderness of the upper trapezius fibers and right splenius capitis muscle were significantly higher in the NP group (p<0.05). The VAS score of perceived stress and the state anxiety of STAI were significantly higher in the NP group (p<0.05). The SF-36 score was significantly lower in the CON group (p<0.05). The trait anxiety of STAI and the salivary cortisol density were not significantly different. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the salivary cortisol density levels between the two groups. The degrees of perceived stress and uneasiness were reported as higher in the NP group, while the degrees of psychological and physical health were lower. These findings suggest the role of psychosociological factors in neck pain.

Análisis de la estructura factorial del STAI-T en una muestra de deportistas brasileros / STAI-T factor structure analysis in a sample of Brazilian athletes / Análise da estrutura fatorial do STAI-T em uma mostra de esportistas brasileiros

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la estructura interna del State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) en una muestra de deportistas de Brasil. Participaron 179 sujetos que practicaban cinco deportes diferentes, con edades entre 14 y 58 años (M=21,04; DT=4,21). El inventario evalúa la ansiedad como estado y como rasgo, pero en este estudio fue utilizada apenas la escala referente a los rasgos, compuesta por 20 ítems dispuestos en una escala Likert de cuatro puntos. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio indicaron que los ítems no se ajustaron adecuadamente al modelo originalmente establecido por el instrumento y, considerando ese resultado, se optó por realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio, el cual mostró la existencia de dos factores que explicaron el 33% de la variancia. Esos factores fueron denominados de ansiedad presente y ansiedad ausente, con coeficientes de precisión con valores de 0,82 y 0,72 respectivamente.

This study aimed to examine the internal structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) in a sample of Brazilian athletes. Participants were 179 subjects practicing five different sports modalities, aged between 14 and 58 years (M = 21.04; SD = 4.21). The inventory assesses anxiety as state and trait, but in this study only the trait anxiety scale was used which is composed of 20 items arranged in a four-point Likert scale. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated the items were not properly adjusted to the instrument's original model. This exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of two factors that explained 33% of the variance. These factors were called present anxiety and absent anxiety, with reliability coefficients of 0.82 and 0.72 respectively.

Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a estrutura interna do State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) em uma mostra de esportistas do Brasil. Participaram 179 sujeitos que praticavam cinco esportes diferentes, com idades entre 14 e 58 anos (M=21,04; DT=4,21). O inventario avalia a ansiedade como estado e como rasgo, mas neste estudo foi utilizada apenas a escala referente aos rasgos, composta por 20 itens dispostos em uma escala Likert de quatro pontos. Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatoria indicaram que os itens não se ajustaram adequadamente ao modelo originalmente estabelecido pelo instrumento e, considerando esse resultado, se optou por realizar uma análise fatorial exploratória, que mostrou a existência de dois fatores que explicaram a variância de 33%. Esses fatores foram denominados de ansiedade presente e ansiedade ausente, com coeficientes de precisão com valores de 0,82 e 0,72 respectivamente.

Versión breve del STAI en adolescentes y universitarios españoles / STAI short version in adolescents and college Spanish

El STAI es uno de los instrumentos de evaluación psicológica más empleados, generándose diversas versiones breves del mismo. No se han hallado versiones breves en las que se haya comprobado el ajuste para muestras de adolescentes ni universitarios españoles. El objetivo de este artículo es comprobar cuál de las versiones cortas propuestas en la literatura tiene un mejor ajuste en adolescentes y universitarios. Para ello, se aplicó el STAI a 482 adolescentes escolarizados y 510 estudiantes universitarios, de diversas ciudades españolas. Mediante AFC se evaluó el ajuste de cinco versiones breves del STAI. En los universitarios hay dos modelos en los que se observa un buen ajuste. En los adolescentes no ajusta ningún modelo. Puede que el proceso de diferenciación emocional con la edad explique que en los adolescentes las versiones breves halladas (siempre con adultos) no serían válidas, sí pudiendo emplearse con universitarios.

The STAI is an instrument very used, generating different short versions. We found no short versions in which it is tests the fit for teenagers and college samples Spanish. The aim of this paper is to test which of the short versions proposed in the literature have a better fit in adolescents and college students. To do this, we applied the STAI to 482 adolescent students and 510 university students from different Spanish cities. Through AFC we evaluated five short versions of the STAI. At the university there are two models in which there is a good fit. In adolescents not fit any model. Maybe the emotional differentiation process explains that the found short versions (always with adults) are not valid in teenagers, and can be used with university students.

Determination of Subjective Relaxation Effects of a Hospital Rooftop Forest on Healthcare Workers / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<B>Purpose</B><BR>  The purpose of this study was to determine the relaxing effects of a hospital rooftop forest on healthcare workers and to assess the influence of trait anxiety.<BR><B>Methods</B><BR>  Sixteen male workers (aged 37.1±10.6years, mean±SD) and 56 female workers (aged 43.5±11.2years) participated in this study. Females were divided into 32low-to medium-anxiety and high-anxiety groups according to their trait anxiety as per the State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form JYZ (STAI-Form JYZ). The experimental site was a rooftop forest, which covered an area of 122 m<SUP>2</SUP>, on the fourth storey of a health service facility. An outdoor car park area of 170m<SUP>2</SUP>, near the same facility, was used as a control. All participants were assessed individually at 3 sites: pre-room, rooftop forest, and outdoor car park area. Participants sat still in a wheelchair and viewed the scenery for 5minutes in each experimental area. The subjective effect was analyzed using the state anxiety as per the STAI-Form JYZ and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The data between the rooftop forest and the control was compared within each participant. The participants were also divided into sex- and age-matched groups: A and B. Group A moved to the rooftop forest from the pre-room and group B first moved to the control area to eliminate the order effect.<BR><B>Results and Discussion</B><BR>  After viewing the rooftop forest, the mean values of state anxiety as per the STAY-Form JYZ showed a significant (<I>p</I><0.01) decrease to 34.6±8.1 (43.4±8.4for control) in males and to 36.3±10.2 (45.8±8.8) in females. In low- to medium-anxiety females, state anxiety significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) decreased to a“very low”anxiety state (“low” for control), and in high-anxiety females, it significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) decreased to a “low” anxiety state (“intermediate” for control). As per the T-score of POMS, in males, “Fatigue” significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) decreased to 39.0±7.5 (41.1±7.0) and “Vigor” significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) increased to 43.3±10.4 (37.9±8.1). In females, “Tension-Anxiety” significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) decreased to 39.7±7.7 (43.7±8.8), “Depression-Dejection” significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) decreased to 43.5±6.3 (45.4±7.6), “Fatigue” significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) decreased to 40.7±7.3 (43.6±8.5), and “Vigor” significantly (<I>p</I><0.01) increased to 46.2±10.8 (38.9±8.0). After viewing the rooftop forest, the “iceberg profile” observed in the visual pattern of low- to medium-anxiety females indicated positive feelings. The “negative wing” indicating negative feelings observed in high-anxiety females in the pre-room disappeared after viewing the rooftop forest.<BR><B>Conclusion</B><BR>  We demonstrated that a short exposure to a rooftop forest environment induces a significant subjective relaxation effect in healthcare workers and that this effect is influenced by individual trait anxiety.

Determination of Subjective Relaxation Effects of a Hospital Rooftop Forest on Healthcare Workers / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Purpose   The purpose of this study was to determine the relaxing effects of a hospital rooftop forest on healthcare workers and to assess the influence of trait anxiety. Methods   Sixteen male workers (aged 37.1±10.6years, mean±SD) and 56 female workers (aged 43.5±11.2years) participated in this study. Females were divided into 32low-to medium-anxiety and high-anxiety groups according to their trait anxiety as per the State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form JYZ (STAI-Form JYZ). The experimental site was a rooftop forest, which covered an area of 122 m2, on the fourth storey of a health service facility. An outdoor car park area of 170m2, near the same facility, was used as a control. All participants were assessed individually at 3 sites: pre-room, rooftop forest, and outdoor car park area. Participants sat still in a wheelchair and viewed the scenery for 5minutes in each experimental area. The subjective effect was analyzed using the state anxiety as per the STAI-Form JYZ and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The data between the rooftop forest and the control was compared within each participant. The participants were also divided into sex- and age-matched groups: A and B. Group A moved to the rooftop forest from the pre-room and group B first moved to the control area to eliminate the order effect. Results and Discussion   After viewing the rooftop forest, the mean values of state anxiety as per the STAY-Form JYZ showed a significant (p<0.01) decrease to 34.6±8.1 (43.4±8.4for control) in males and to 36.3±10.2 (45.8±8.8) in females. In low- to medium-anxiety females, state anxiety significantly (p<0.01) decreased to a“very low”anxiety state (“low” for control), and in high-anxiety females, it significantly (p<0.01) decreased to a “low” anxiety state (“intermediate” for control). As per the T-score of POMS, in males, “Fatigue” significantly (p<0.01) decreased to 39.0±7.5 (41.1±7.0) and “Vigor” significantly (p<0.01) increased to 43.3±10.4 (37.9±8.1). In females, “Tension-Anxiety” significantly (p<0.01) decreased to 39.7±7.7 (43.7±8.8), “Depression-Dejection” significantly (p<0.01) decreased to 43.5±6.3 (45.4±7.6), “Fatigue” significantly (p<0.01) decreased to 40.7±7.3 (43.6±8.5), and “Vigor” significantly (p<0.01) increased to 46.2±10.8 (38.9±8.0). After viewing the rooftop forest, the “iceberg profile” observed in the visual pattern of low- to medium-anxiety females indicated positive feelings. The “negative wing” indicating negative feelings observed in high-anxiety females in the pre-room disappeared after viewing the rooftop forest. Conclusion   We demonstrated that a short exposure to a rooftop forest environment induces a significant subjective relaxation effect in healthcare workers and that this effect is influenced by individual trait anxiety.

Effectiveness of Preferable Color Light on Psychosomatic State Evaluated by Emotional Parameters and Biochemical Parameters / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

<b>Objective</b>: To assess the effectiveness of preferred colored light on psychosomatic state.<br> <b>Methods</b>: Preferred color light and other colored light were projected on a screen and shown to experimental and control subjects. To determine the effect of such light, mood adjective scores as determined by the Multiple Mood Scale (MMS) were measured as an emotional parameter, and levels of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) and salivary immune globulin A were measured as biochemical parameters. This study was performed in a randomized, crossover design. These data were analyzed statistically and a<i> p </i>value less than 0.05 was considered significant.<br> <b>Results</b>: After being exposed to preferred colored lights, mean MMS scores indicating positive moods, such as well-being increased significantly (p = 0.025), and scores indicating negative moods, such as depression and boredom decreased significantly (p = 0.005, p = 0.041). Mean value of salivary CgA also decreased and was significantly different between experimental and control group (p < 0.001).<br> <b>Conclusion</b>: Preferred colored light may be effective in promoting a calm positive state.<br>

Effects of acupuncture treatment on lumbar disk herniation with phobia / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Objective:We successfully treated a patient suffering from pain and numbness in the waist and lower limbs with phobia. Sedative acupuncture treatment was performed in addition to somatic treatment.<BR>Case:A 64-year-old woman complained mainly of pain and numbness in the right waist and the lower limbs and had a sense of fear. Following the postoperative pain of lumbar disk herniation (L4-L5) in X-14 year, dorsal positioning without grasping anything frequently triggered a sense of fear with a scary feeling that her body was suspended in midair, which could not be alleviated by medication. As the symptoms in the waist and lower limbs recurred due to a fall in January of X year, she consulted an orthopedist in April. She was given a diagnosis of lumbar disk hernia (L5-S1) and hospitalized. Since the symptoms sustained, she consulted the department of acupuncture attached to the Kansai University of Health Sciences Clinic in November. The sense of fear triggered by dorsal position in the acupuncture treatment interfered with the treatment. When she was referred to the department of psychosomatic medicine, the diagnosis of "Other types"of the DSM-IV "300.29 specific phobia"was given. While low-frequency acupuncture electrotherapy on the same side and the same level as the hernia was provided, we applied sedative acupuncture treatment once a week 30 times using the following acupuncture points:GV23;PC6;CV17;and CV6. Before and after every acupuncture treatment after the 10th, the symptoms were evaluated with Finger Floor Distance (FFD), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain and mood (feelings) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). <BR>Results:The sense of fear during the acupuncture treatment slowly decreased after the 14th treatment. Decreases in FFD, VAS for pain and mood (feelings), and state anxiety score of STAI were observed. The pain and the numbness in the waist and the lower limbs decreased in parallel with the sense of fear. Furthermore, the dosage of hypnotic agent decreased gradually as sleep improved. <BR>Conclusion:Pain and numbness in the waist and the lower limbs with phobia were relieved by sedative acupuncture treatment.

The anxiety in patients undergoing third molar extraction

The purpose of this study is to understand anxiety in patients undergoing third molar extraction and care patients of third molar extraction. The subjects in the study were Sixty-three patients who visited the department of dentistry at Pusan Paik Hospital from May 2006 to September 2006 and who underwent third molar extraction. Patients' anxiety(state anxiety and trait anxiety) to use Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory(STAI) were measured. They were asked to fill out STAI question paper immediately before third molar extraction(pre-extraction) and on the day after the extraction(post-extraction). And visual analog scale(VAS) to measure patient's postoperative pain on the day after extraction(postextraction day) was used. Then Differences in anxiety before and after extraction, between men and women, between the first and second extraction, with impacted versus nonimpacted third molar extraction, between extraction time and anxiety, and between postoperative pain and anxiety were evaluated. The anxiety status of patients undergoing third molar extraction could be quantitatively evaluated using the STAI-KYZ. There were significant difference before and after third molar extraction. Especially women and patients of more severe postoperative pain was more anxious. We need to alleviate patient's anxiety(especially women) and to control postoperative pain throughout the tooth removal process.

A Standardization Study of Korean DFS (Delivery Fear Scale) in fear of childbirth / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: The study shows that the DFS is a questionnaire that almost effortlessly can be completed within 60-90 seconds during any moment of labor and delivery. The aim of the present study was to test the validity and reliability of the DFS, to identify its factor structure in Korea. METHODS: Review of the medical records from the department of obstetrics and gynecology from January to April 2005, a confirmed 51 patients with the diagnosis of singleton pregnancy without medical or obstetrical complications, being in 37-42 weeks. 22 primiparous and 29 multiparous women answered the Delivery Fear Scale (DFS) once during active labor, and the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) after delivery. Reliability test to calculate Chronbach alpha and validity test to measure correlation between DFS and STAI was done. Then factor analysis was applied with the method of principal component analysis and varimax rotation. RESULTS: Korean version of DFS proved to be a reliable and valid scale statistically: Cronbach's alpha was 0.7182 in study. CONCLUSION: Women's psychological experiences during the actual process of labor and delivery are essential part of obstetrical care. Nevertheless, studies examining psychological variables concerning childbirth, are mostly performed before or after labor. The DFS measures fear during labor and delivery in an effortless and fast away. The development of the Korean version of DFS which is reliable and valid, and consists of three sub-factors may facilitate future research in the field.

The Relationship between Sick Leave and Pilot's Depression & Anxiety Tendency Using BDI & STAI

BACKGROUND: It is known that depression and anxiety tendency causes physical or social dysfunction. Nowadays, the air travel is increasing as the life condition has been improved so the health of pilots who are in charge of passengers become a very important issue. However, few studies have been done on this issue, especially the relationship between depression & anxiety and medical diseases among them. This study was performed to know the factors affection pilots' sick leave and the correlation between depression & anxiety and sick leave. METHODS: Self administered questionaires were obtained from 123 pilots of one of the airline companies at Seoul from 1st April to 30th may 2003. Depression tendency was measured based upon BDI, the level of anxiety was measured by the standardised STAI and obesity was diagnosed if a BMI is over 25 kg/m2. The data on the subjects' age, position, airlines and the days of sick leave were obtained from personal record. RESULTS: All the study subjects were male with the average age of 40.23+/-7.48 (ranging from 30 to 60). The average age for those who had sick leave was 34.58+/-3.50 and that for those who had not was 40.48+/-7.55 and these two average ages showed difference with statistical significance (P value 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the average age of sick leave group was lower than that of non-sick leave group (P<0.001). The level of depression and anxiety were not related to the sick leave. The reasons for this seems to be the fact that pilots are healthier than general population and also they pay more attention to their own health. The younger pilots tended to have more days of sick leave, which might be explain that the older pilots were more cautious about the disadvantages of having sick leave but, the younger pilots tend to have strong individualistic personalities.