Evasión o expulsión escolar: ¿Por qué las estudiantes-madres dejan la escuela? / Evasão escolar ou expulsão: por que alunas-mães abandonam a escola? / School dropout or expulsion: why do student-mothers leave school?

Este artigo problematiza os efeitos da judicialização da evasão escolar na vida de alunas-mães citadas nos processos judiciais por abandono intelectual, instaurados em uma comarca do sul do Paraná, em 2018. Utiliza como aporte teórico os estudos foucaultianos, de desigualdade de gênero e raça. As fontes de dados são o Questionário Evasão Escolar e dados dos históricos escolares e das matrículas, empreendendo uma análise interseccional dos marcadores sociais raça e gênero. Os resultados encontrados indicam um percurso de reprovações e desistências anteriores à maternidade e à judicialização da evasão escolar, escondendo um longo processo de fracasso escolar, que resultou na expulsão. Os processos judiciais reforçam os deslocamentos das biopolíticas para as alunas grávidas e com filhos/as, produzindo a desigualdade de gênero e raça no espaço escolar, e evidenciam a fragilidade das políticas públicas que garantam, de fato, o direito à educação para as alunas-mães.

Este artículo analiza los efectos de la judicialización del absentismo escolar en la vida de las estudiantes-madres mencionados en los procesos judiciales por abandono intelectual, instituidas en una región del sur de Paraná, en 2018. Se utiliza como aporte teórico los estudios foucaultianos y de desigualdad de género y raza. Las fuentes de datos son el Cuestionario de Evasión Escolar y los datos de los registros escolares y la matrícula, realizando un análisis interseccional de los marcadores sociales raza y género. Los resultados encontrados indican una trayectoria de reprobaciones y abandonos anteriores a la maternidad y a la judicialización del absentismo escolar, escondiendo un largo proceso de fracaso escolar, que derivó en la expulsión. Las demandas refuerzan el desplazamiento de la biopolítica para estudiantes embarazadas y con hijos pequeños, produciendo desigualdad de género y raza en el espacio escolar, y evidencian la fragilidad de las políticas públicas que garantizan, de hecho, el derecho a la educación de las madres estudiantes.

This article problematizes the judicialization effects of dropout in the lives of student-mothers cited in legal proceedings for intellectual abandonment, filed in a region in the south of Paraná, in 2018. It uses Foucauldian studies of gender and race inequality as a theoretical contribution. The data sources are the School Evasion Questionnaire and data from school transcripts and enrollments, undertaking an intersectional analysis of the social markers of race and gender. The results found indicate a course of failures and dropouts prior to motherhood and the judicialization of school dropout, hiding a long process of school failure, which resulted in expulsion. Judicial processes reinforce the displacement of biopolicies for pregnant students and those with children, producing gender and racial inequality in the school space, and highlight the fragility of public policies that guarantee, in fact, the right to education for students-mothers.

Towards interventions on school dropouts for disabled learners amidst and post-COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Despite objective arguments for inclusive education, there is a dearth of mechanisms to reduce dropouts amongst disabled learners in the extant literature. Thus, this article is one of the outputs of a study, which was conducted after a consistent observation of dwindling numbers of disabled learners who succeed in basic education in South Africa. Of late, the dropout rate increased because of adherence to lock down regulations amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This triggered the need for research on co-creating interventions to mitigate the rate of dropouts amongst disabled learners. Objective: The article explores underlying obstacles that induce school dropouts for disabled learners amidst and post-COVID-19 and postulates interventions accordingly. Methods: Descriptive-narrative research upheld reality as emerging from empirical experiences of parents and guardians of disabled children, heads of primary and secondary schools, social workers, the Department of Social Development and Basic Education, and provincial associations for disabled persons that focus on children. Lived experience-based opinions were obtained from provinces with different economic growth, namely, Limpopo and Gauteng. Forty-one in-depth one-on-one interviews and two focus group discussions used Google Meet. The collected data were analysed using Creswell's qualitative data analysis framework (steps) and Atlas.ti.8. Results: The findings show a consistent pattern that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the parents and guardians' fear of exposing and risking their learners to the health crisis. Based on the parents and guardians' narrative, mainstream school administrations discriminate and are unwilling to enrol disabled learners. Furthermore, the narrative from the school leadership shows that teachers use exclusive teaching and learning methods for the enrolled disabled learners because of ignorance, misconception, misunderstanding, misinterpretation of disability, disability inclusion, and reasonable accommodation. Conclusion: Based on the finding, it is clear that dropouts amongst disabled learners can be alleviated by using a systematic multi-stakeholder local community-based intervention approach. This, therefore, implies that government authorities and agencies should incorporate disability into mainstream policies that guide planning, budgeting, staffing, and mobilisation of other resources. This would ideally enhance the provision of learning opportunities to disabled learners whilst supporting their diverse educational needs without dichotomies set by 'ability and disability', or normal and abnormal. In this manner, inclusive education can contribute to the educational success of disabled learners through developing sustainability and resilience amongst disabled learners.

Diseño y validación del cuestionario percepción del profesor sobre la deserción universitaria (CDUp) / Design and validation of the questionnaire on teacher perception of university dropout (CDUp)

Resumen Objetivo: Diseñar y validar el Cuestionario Percepción del profesor sobre la Deserción Universitaria (CDUp) basado en el modelo bioecológico de Bronfenbrenner. Método: En este estudio de tipo instrumental, participaron 464 profesores, el 74,1 % eran mujeres (M edad = 40,05; DE = 10,9) y el 25,9 % eran hombres (M edad = 40,09; DE = 11,23), vinculados a una universidad pública (n = 249) y privada (n = 211) de la ciudad de Tunja (Colombia). Resultados: El análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) con método de extracción mínimos cuadrados y rotación promax, arrojó una estructura pentafactorial, explicando el 55,28 % de la varianza. La consistencia interna del instrumento estimada con el coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach (α = 0,89 0,95) y el método de fiabilidad compuesta, Omega de McDonald (ω =0,890,95), reveló niveles de fiabilidad fuerte para todas las escalas: Intrapersonal, Adaptación personal, Redes de apoyo disfuncional, Interacción docente-estudiante, y Aspectos institucionales y empleabilidad. Conclusión: El CDUp es un instrumento con óptimas propiedades psicométricas, el cual permite medir la percepción que tienen los profesores sobre los factores de riesgo asociados a la deserción universitaria.

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to design and validate of the Questionnaire on Teacher Perception of University Dropout based on Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. Method: In this instrumental study, the University Dropout Questionnaire for use by teachers (CDUp, by its acronym in Spanish) was designed and validated in a sample of 464 teachers from a public and a private university of an intermediate city in Colombia. The construction of the questionnaire was carried out based on Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. Results: The Exploratory Factor Analysis (CFA) with least squares extraction method and promax rotation threw a five-factor theoretical structure, explaining 55,28 % of the variance. The internal consistency of the instrument, estimated with Cronbach's coefficient alpha (α = 0,890,95) and McDonald's coefficient omega (ω = 0,87 0,95), revealed strong levels of reliability for all the scales: Intrapersonal, Personal Adaptation, Dysfunctional support networks, Teacher-student interaction, and Institutional aspects and employability. Conclusion: It is concluded that the CDUp is an instrument that presents optimal psychometric properties, which allows the measurement of the perception of risk that teachers have of the students who abandon the university system.

Repetência e abandono no ensino público regular: representações sociais da produção do "fracasso escolar" / Grade repetition and dropout in regular public education: social representations of the production of "school failure"

O principal objetivo do presente artigo foi identificar representações sociais de alunos de escolas públicas da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em relação à evasão escolar e à repetência, além de mapear os fatores propulsores e inibidores da construção da identidade de "estudante" na vida dos alunos. As etapas escolares interrompidas na Educação Básica em regime regular afetam a dinâmica psicossocial envolvida nas decisões dos alunos na sua vida profissional e na perspectiva de futuro. A partir do referencial teórico da Teoria das Representações Sociais e, de forma complementar, pela Teoria da Identidade Social, procurou-se compreender os fenômenos relacionados ao "fracasso escolar". Foram entrevistados 430 estudantes do ensino fundamental. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software EVOC 2003 para levantamento do possível núcleo central das representações, e o software SPHINX foi utilizado no auxílio da tabulação dos dados e construção dos instrumentos.

The main objective of this article was to identify social representations of students from public schools in the Metropolitan Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro in relation to school dropout and grade repetition, as well as to map the driving and inhibiting factors of the construction of the "student" identity in the students' lives. The school stages interrupted in regular Basic Education on a regular basis affects the psychosocial dynamics involved in students' decisions in their professional life and in their perspective of the future. Based on the theoretical framework of the Social Representations Theory and, in a complementary way, on the Social Identity Theory, we sought to understand the phenomena related to "school failure". A total of 430 elementary school students were interviewed. The data were analyzed with the help of EVOC 2003 software to survey the possible central core of the representations and the SPHINX software was used to assist in the tabulation of the data and the construction of the instruments.

Consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia del Centro de Salud Macuma / consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the area of influence of the Macuma Health Center

Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia son múltiples, en el ámbito social como la repetición del círculo de pobreza, abandono escolar, predisposición a la violencia y repercusiones en el estado de salud como los partos prematuros, niños con bajo peso, multiparidad incluso en la adolescencia. Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo reconocer las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia de la parroquia Macuma, una comunidad Shuar de auto identificación indígena. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de campo, transversal, documental. Resultados: Los resultados esperados representan la incidencia de los embarazos en la adolescencia en la zona, las consecuencias que tuvieron estos embarazos, y las precepciones de los profesionales que se desenvuelven en este ambiente donde ocurren los hechos, también los diferentes actores y las personas de la comunidad. Conclusión: Se impone una profunda reflexión y elaboración de nuevas estrategias que incluyan la activa participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, con vistas a enfrentar con efectividad esta crucial problemática y lograr que la reducción del embarazo en la adolescencia deje de ser una asignatura pendiente(AU)

Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia son múltiples, en el ámbito social como la repetición del círculo de pobreza, abandono escolar, predisposición a la violencia y repercusiones en el estado de salud como los partos prematuros, niños con bajo peso, multiparidad incluso en la adolescencia. Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo reconocer las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia de la parroquia Macuma, una comunidad Shuar de auto identificación indígena. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de campo, transversal, documental. Resultados: Los resultados esperados representan la incidencia de los embarazos en la adolescencia en la zona, las consecuencias que tuvieron estos embarazos, y las precepciones de los profesionales que se desenvuelven en este ambiente donde ocurren los hechos, también los diferentes actores y las personas de la comunidad. Conclusión: Se impone una profunda reflexión y elaboración de nuevas estrategias que incluyan la activa participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, con vistas a enfrentar con efectividad esta crucial problemática y lograr que la reducción del embarazo en la adolescencia deje de ser una asignatura pendiente(AU)

A volta aos estudos dos alunos evadidos do ensino superior brasileiro / Regreso a los estudios de los alumnos evadidos de la educación superior brasileña / La reprise des cours des étudiants brésiliens decroches de l'université / The return to higher education of dropout students in brazil

Resumo O número de alunos no ensino superior brasileiro aumentou muito recentemente. Mas a evasão tem sido alta e objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores. Este trabalho analisa microdados do Censo da Educação Superior de 2009 a 2017 sobre a volta aos estudos dos alunos que se evadiram do ensino superior. Os resultados mostram que grande parte dos alunos que se desvincularam voltou para o ensino superior posteriormente, e, apesar de não voltarem para cursos da mesma instituição, a maior parte volta para cursos na mesma área do curso originalmente evadido. Além disso, os cursos da área de Comércio e Administração são um destino importante dos alunos que se desvincularam de cursos superiores, independentemente da área de origem.

Resumen El número de alumnos en la educación superior brasileña aumentó muy recientemente. Sin embargo, la evasión viene siendo elevada y es objeto de estudio de diversos investigadores. Este trabajo analiza microdatos del Censo de la Educación Superior de 2009 a 2017 sobre el regreso a los estudios de los alumnos que se evadieron de la educación superior. Los resultados muestran que una gran parte de los alumnos que se desvincularon volvió posteriormente a la educación superior y, a pesar de que no regresaron a cursos de la misma institución, la mayor parte volvió a cursos de la misma área del curso originalmente evadido. Por otra parte, los cursos del área de Comercio y Administración son un destino importante de los alumnos que se desvincularon de cursos superiores, independientemente del área de origen.

Résumé Le nombre d'étudiants dans l'enseignement supérieur a beaucoup augumenté ces derniers temps. Pourtant l'abandon est élevé et l'objet d'étude de différents chercheurs. Ce travail analyse des microdonnées du Recensement de l'Enseignement Supérieur (Censo da Educação Superior) de 2009 à 2017 sur la reprise des cours par des étudiants ayant abandonné l'enseignement supérieur. Les résultats montrent qu'une grande partie des étudiants qui avait décroché est retournée ultérieurement á l'université, et bien qu'ils n'aient pas repris les cours dans la même institution, la plupart reprend leurs études dans le même domaine. Par ailleurs, les cours supérieurs de commerce et administration sont une destination importante des étudiants décrochés de l'université indépendamment du domaine d'origine.

Abstract The number of students in Brazilian higher education has increased dramatically in the recent period. However, evasion has been high and object of study by several researchers. This work brings a new look at the problem, analyzing the return of students who have dropped out from higher education with the microdata of the Higher Education Census from 2009 to 2017. The results show that a large part of the students who dropped out of higher education later returned to higher education and, although they did not return to programs from the same higher education institution, most of them returned to the same area of the originally dropped out program. In addition, programs in the area of Business and Administration are an important destination when students who have dropped out from higher education return, regardless of their area of origin.

Impact of schooling in the HIV/AIDS prevalence among Brazilian transgender women

ABSTRACT Objective Discrimination and bullying are common conditions among LGBT people. During schooling, these practices compromising education. The aim of this study is to evaluate educational attainment among Brazilian transgender women (TW) and how their education level affects the risk of HIV infection. Study design a cross-sectional population-based study. Subjects and methods 95 adult TW were selected. Information concerning verbal and physical aggression, school dropout, school years (SY), and educational level were assessed. HIV status was screened using a fourth-generation immunoassay followed by western blot testing. Results The mean of SY was 9.1 ± 3.8 ys. The mean age at school dropout was 16.3 ± 3.4 ys old. Verbal aggression was reported by 83%, physical by 48%, and 18% of the TW dropped out school immediately after being physically assaulted. Participants who suffered physical aggression attended school for almost 4 years less than those participants who did not suffer this abuse (OR = -3.96, p < 0.0001). A similar result was found for verbal aggression (OR = -4.35; p < 0.0001). HIV/AIDS prevalence was 18% (n = 17). The mean of SY among HIV/AIDS positive and negative individuals were 6.8 ± 43 versus 9.7 ± 3, respectively (p = 0.004). Lower education was associated with higher frequency of HIV/AIDS among TW and this relationship was sustained after adjustment for injectable drug use and sex work (OR = 0.79, p = 0.04). Conclusion Among Brazilian TW, lower education level was a risk factor associated with HIV. The reasons for low schooling among TW are multifactorial, but verbal and physical harassment strongly contribute for it.

Motivos de evasão na pós-graduação no Brasil: um instrumento de medida / Drop-out reasons of graduation in Brazil: a measurement tool

A quantidade de pessoas que iniciam e que concluem as pós-graduações é discrepante, mesmo considerando-se a duração do curso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi adaptar a Escala de Motivos de Evasão do Ensino Superior (M-ES) para a Pós-Graduação. Foram realizados dois estudos para tal finalidade. No primeiro, os itens da M-ES foram avaliados por juízes que indicaram a necessidade de criação de novos itens. No segundo, participaram 639 pessoas entre 21 e 62 anos, a maioria da pós-graduação (75%). Dos modelos testados, a versão de 7 fatores, denominados motivos interpessoais, relacionados à carreira, falta de suporte, desempenho acadêmico, produção científica, reconhecimento acadêmico e institucionais, foi a que apresentou melhor ajuste. Os valores de alfa dos fatores variaram de 0,61 a 0,97. Sabendo da importância da ciência para o desenvolvimento de qualquer nação, fez-se necessário o desenvolvimento deste estudo, a fim de garantir que os pesquisadores tenham condições adequadas para a conclusão dos cursos e para contribuição com a ciência e sociedade de uma forma geral.

The number of people starting and completing graduation is discrepant, even considering course duration. The aim was to adapt the Escala de Motivos de Evasão do Ensino Superior (M-ES) (Scale of drop-out reasons in higher education) to the graduation context. Two studies were carried out; in the first, the M-ES items were evaluated by judges, and new ones were constructed according to the new setting. In the second study, 639 people participated, aged between 21 and 62 years, most attending a graduation course (75%). The 7-factor version fitted better, being composed of interpersonal motives, related to career, lack of support, academic performance, scientific production, academic recognition and institutional reasons. Alpha values ranged from 0.61 to 0.97. Science is fundamental to the development of any nation and it is necessary to ensure that those involved in research might have appropriate conditions to conclude their courses in order to contribute to the desired development.

Percepção dos estudantes da educação de jovens e adultos em HQs acerca dos estressores que contribuem para evasão escolar: em Merleu-Ponty / Perception of youth and adult education students in comics about the stressors that contribute to school dropout: in Merleu-Ponty

O estresse vem fazendo parte do cotidiano das pessoas, já sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública. Vale ressaltar os estressores, devido a traumas vividos como: violência, drogas, perda da família, depressão e outros. Nesse contexto, foi delimitado como objetivo Geral: compreender a vivência do estudante da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, no contexto da evasão escolar, como objetivos Específicos: identificar os fatores estressores e descrever a percepção desse público, diante dessa evasão escolar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa com embargo na fenomenologia existencial de Merleau-Ponty uma vez, que intenciona desvelar, compreender, e revelar uma situação existencial vivenciada pelo ser humano. O cenário foi uma Escola Municipal de São Gonçalo ­ Rio de Janeiro, com foco no ensino fundamental I e II, em horário noturno, que utiliza a metodologia educacional voltada para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Os participantes foram 25 alunos, considerados maiores de idade e que desejaram participar de forma voluntária. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, foi utilizada entrevista semiestruturada, e para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a apropriação dos conceitos de Amedeo Giorgi, após aprovação do comitê de ética da Universidade Federal Fluminense em concordância com as resoluções do Conselho Nacional de Saúde de n° 466/2012 e 510/2016. Como resultados da análise conceitual emergiram três categorias: O corpo que fala por si; O eu no mundo vivido, diante dos desafios da vida; A escola parceira no mundo das minhas vivências. Entende se que a partir da conscientização destes estressores expostos, há uma contribuição significativa na redução da evasão escolar, a partir de seu enfrentamento. Como produto foi construído um material pedagógico, educativo, lúdico, impresso e de fácil acesso, em que se revelam as vivências destes estudantes em histórias em quadrinhos reais, também chamadas de gibi ou HQs

The stress has been part of people's daily lives and is already considered a public health problem. It is worth mentioning the stressors, due to experienced trauma such as: violence, drugs, loss of family, depression and others. In this context, the General objective was delimited: to understand the student experience of Youth and Adult Education, in the context of school dropout, as Specific objectives: to identify the stressors and describe the perception of this public in the face of this school dropout. It is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach, embargoed on the existential phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty once, which intends to unveil, understand, and reveal an existential situation experienced by the human being. The scenario was a Municipal School of São Gonçalo - Rio de Janeiro, focusing on elementary education I and II, at night, which uses the educational methodology focused on the Education of Youth and Adults. The participants were 25 students, considered to be of legal age and who wished to participate voluntarily. As a data collection instrument, semi-structured interviews were used, and for data analysis, the appropriation of Amedeo Giorgi's concepts was used, after approval by the University Federal Fluminense ethics committee in accordance with the resolutions of the National Health Council of n 466/2012 and 510/2016. As a result of the conceptual analysis, three categories emerged: The body that speaks for itself; The self in the lived world, facing the challenges of life; We, the school and everyone in the world of experiences. It is understood that from the awareness of these exposed stressors, there is a significant contribution in reducing school dropout, from their coping. As a product, printed, educational, playful and easily accessible material was built, such as a booklet, in which the experiences of these students are revealed in real comics, also called comics or comic books.

El estrés há sido parte de la vida cotidiana de las personas y ya se considera un problema de salud pública. Vale la pena mencionar los factores estresantes, debido a traumas experimentados como: violencia, drogas, pérdida de la familia, depresión y otros. En este contexto, se delimitó el objetivo general: comprender la experiencia del alumno en la educación de jóvenes y adultos, en el contexto del abandono escolar, como objetivos específicos: identificar los factores estresantes y describir la percepción de este público frente a este abandono escolar. Es una investigación descriptiva con un enfoque cualitativo, embargada una vez sobre la fenomenología existencial de Merleau-Ponty, que intenta revelar, comprender y revelar una situación existencial experimentada por el ser humano. El escenario era una escuela municipal de São Gonçalo - Río de Janeiro, centrada en la educación primaria I y II, por la noche, que utiliza la metodología educativa centrada en la educación de jóvenes y adultos. Los participantes eran 25 estudiantes, considerados mayores de edad y que deseaban participar voluntariamente. Como instrumento de recolección de datos, se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, y para el análisis de datos, se usó la apropiación de los conceptos de Amedeo Giorgi, después de la aprobación del comité de ética de la Universidad Federal Fluminense de acuerdo con las resoluciones del Consejo Nacional de Salud de n 466/2012 y 510/2016. Como resultado del análisis conceptual, surgieron tres categorías: el cuerpo que habla por sí mismo; El yo en el mundo vivido, enfrentando los desafíos de la vida; Nosotros, la escuela y todos en el mundo de las experiencias. Se entiende que a partir de la conciencia de estos factores estresantes expuestos, hay una contribución significativa en la reducción del abandono escolar, de su afrontamiento. Como producto, se construyó material impreso, educativo, lúdico y de fácil acceso, como un folleto, en el que las experiencias de estos estudiantes se revelan en cómics reales, también llamados cómics o cómics.

Health profile of school dropout children in slums of the municipal corporation area of a city

Background: Though the school health services cater to health needs to an extent, the children who drop out of schools lose on this count. These children never derive the attention for the reason of school dropouts nor are they covered under any major health programs pertaining to their health problems. The objective of the study were to study health profile of the school dropout children aged 7–16 years residing in the slums of municipal corporation area of Nanded city; to study socio-demographic factors of the families of these school dropout children.Methods: It was a community based cross-sectional study carried out in urban slums of Municipal Corporation of the Nanded city in Maharashtra on the children of age group 7 to 16 who dropped out from the school. Total 455 study subjects were studied by using simple random sampling method. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information on socio demographic variables. Thorough clinical examination of each subject was carried out.Results: The mean age of study subjects was 14.2 (±1.9 SD) years. Out of total 455 study subjects, 264 (58%) were boys and 191 (42%) were girls. 11.20% study subjects were having skin infections, 25.71% were having dental caries, 3.29% were having ear impairment, 9.89% were having visual impairment, and 1.31% was having stammering of speech.Conclusions: Anaemia, skin infections, dental caries, visual impairment were major health problems noted in the school dropped out children. Poor socioeconomic status, religion, type of family, more number of children in the family was some sociodemographic factors responsible for school dropout.

A evasão em um curso de especialização em Gestão em Saúde na modalidade a distância / La evasión en un curso de especialización en Gestión de Salud en la modalidad a distancia. Interface (Botucatu) / The evasion in a Management Health specialization course in the distance modality. Interface (Botucatu)

Este estudo avalia a evasão em um curso de especialização em Gestão em Saúde. O método de estudo de caso foi conduzido por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos evadidos e análise documental. Os resultados apontaram que a evasão foi um processo bastante heterogêneo e provocado por vários motivos, entre eles, dificuldades em relação ao uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação adotadas em cursos a distância, e de conciliar os estudos com trabalho e/ou família, além da baixa interação alunotutor-professor. Foi possível concluir que a evasão pode ser minimizada por meio de ações voltadas aos fatores modificáveis, como: a capacitação de tutores e professores e implantação de estratégias pedagógicas visando reduzir as dificuldades no uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação.(AU)

Este estudio evalúa la evasión en un curso de especialización en Gestión en Salud. El método de estudio de caso se realizó por medio de entrevistas semi-estructurada con alumnos evadidos y análisis documental. Los resultados señalaron que la evasión fue un proceso bastante heterogéneo y causado por diversos motivos, entre ellos, dificultades en relación al uso de las tecnologías de información y comunicación adoptadas en cursos a distancia y de conciliar los estudios con trabajo y/o familia, además de la baja interacción alumno-tutor-profesor. Fue posible concluir que la evasión puede minimizarse por medio de acciones enfocadas en los factores modificables, tales como: la capacitación de tutores y profesores y la implantación de estrategias pedagógicas con el objetivo de reducir las dificultades en el uso de tecnologías de información y de comunicación.(AU)

The present study assessed the dropout rates of a health management specialization course. The case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with dropout students and document analysis. The results indicated that the dropout process is very heterogeneous and caused by various factors, among them, difficulty in using information and communication technologies adopted in distance courses and reconciling school with work and/or family, in addition to the low level of student-tutor-teacher interaction. In conclusion, dropout rates could be reduced through actions targeting the following factors: tutor and teacher training and implementation of pedagogical strategies to reduce difficulties relative to the use of information and communication technologies.(AU)

Internalizing Symptoms as Mediators of Lifetime Incidence of Trauma and Quality of Life among Out-of-School Youths

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the relationships among the lifetime incidence of trauma, internalizing symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) in out-of-school youths (OSYs). METHODS: We recruited 50 OSYs in South Korea. Participants completed the following surveys: completed Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events for children, Youth Self Report, and The KIDSCREEN-27 QoL measure for children and adolescents. Mediation analysis was conducted to test the research hypotheses. RESULTS: The mean lifetime incidence of traumatic events among OSYs was 3.27 (standard deviation, 2.41). Internalizing symptoms significantly mediated the lifetime incidence of trauma and QoL. OSYs with fewer internalizing symptoms exhibited a better QoL in the domain of psychological well-being, although their lifetime incidence of trauma was higher. CONCLUSION: The results of current study suggest that assessment and therapeutic intervention with regard to internalizing symptoms are needed to increase the QoL of OSYs.

University student´s engagement: development of the University Student Engagement Inventory (USEI)

Abstract Student engagement is a key factor in academic achievement and degree completion, though there is much debate about the operationalization and dimensionality of this construct. The goal of this paper is to describe the development of an psycho-educational oriented measure – the University Student Engagement Inventory (USEI). This measure draws on the conceptualization of engagement as a multidimensional construct, including cognitive, behavioural and emotional engagement. Participants were 609 Portuguese University students (67 % female) majoring in Social Sciences, Biological Sciences or Engineering and Exact Sciences. The content, construct and predictive validity, and reliability of the USEI were tested. The validated USEI was composed of 15 items, and supported the tri-factorial structure of student engagement. We documented evidence of adequate reliability, factorial, convergent and discriminant validities. USEI’s concurrent validity, with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student Survey, and the predictive validity for self-reported academic achievement and intention to dropout from school were also observed. (AU)

Relación entre ansiedad, desempeño y riesgo de deserción en aspirantes a bachillerato / Relationship Between Anxiety and Probability of Academic Failure for Middle School Students

El propósito de la presente investigación fue explorar la relación entre las calificaciones académicas de los estudiantes con su tendencia a presentar conductas emocionales de ansiedad en el ámbito escolar mediante un estudio empírico descriptivo transversal. Adicionalmente se exploró la relación de esas dos variables con la probabilidad de fracaso escolar. Participaron 385 estudiantes de secundaria, que aspiraban a ingresar al bachillerato en una escuela pública. El rendimiento académico se evaluó a partir del promedio de secundaria, así como de una prueba de admisión. La probabilidad de deserción escolar se evaluó mediante una prueba de autorreporte (Hernández-Pozo, 2005). Adicionalmente se empleó una tarea computarizada basada en la versión emocional del paradigma de Stroop para medir la tendencia a la ansiedad escolar (Hernández-Pozo, Macías-Martínez, & Torres-Chávez, 2004). Se encontró que los estudiantes con las calificaciones más altas en la prueba de admisión, con mejores promedios en secundaria o con menor riesgo de deserción, difirieron de sus contrapartes en cuanto a los índices de interferencia de la prueba Stroop. Se concluye que la prueba emocional Stroop es un instrumento que refleja de manera ordenada el riesgo a la deserción escolar y el perfil académico de los aspirantes al bachillerato.

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between the academic qualifications of students with their tendency to experience emotional anxiety behaviors towards the school setting by means of a transversal descriptive study. Additionally, the association of these two variables with the likelihood of school failure was investigated. 385 junior high school students participated aspiring to enter a public senior high school. Academic performance was assessed based from the average grades at junior high school as well as from an admission exam. The probability of dropout was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire (Hernández-Pozo, 2005). Additionally a computerized task was used based on the emotional version of the Stroop paradigm to measure the tendency for school anxiety (Hernández-Pozo, Macías-Martínez, & Torres-Chávez, 2004). Results showed that students with the highest marks in the admission test, with better high school average or lower risk of dropout differed from their counterparts in terms of indices of the Stroop interference test. It is concluded that the emotional Stroop test is an instrument that reflects orderly risk to dropout and academic profile of applicants to senior high school.

Ideais e alteridade em uma pesquisa sobre a relação dos jovens com o saber / Ideals and alterity in a research about the relationship between young people and knowledge / Ideales y alteridad en una investigación sobre la relación de los jóvenes con el saber

Em uma investigação sobre o abandono escolar no ensino secundário espanhol a partir da relação dos jovens com o saber, entrevistamos de forma semiaberta tanto jovens considerados de êxito quanto de fracasso pela escola. Nos relatos construídos conjuntamente com eles, são explicitadas os vínculos estabelecidos entre jovens e pesquisadores como também as dos pesquisadores entre si. Este artigo discute o lugar do Outro ocupado pelo grupo de pesquisadores e pelos jovens para cada pesquisador. Também debatemos o papel dos ideais dos pesquisadores nessas relações.

In a research about Spanish secondary school's dropout considering the relationship between young people and knowledge, we interviewed both young people considered as successful or as a failure by the school in a semi-open manner. In the narrations written along with the young people, the relationships between them and the researchers were made explicit as well as the ones between the researchers themselves. This paper discusses the place of the Other for each researcher occupied by the researchers' group and by the young people. We also debate the role of the researchers' ideals in these relationships.

En una investigación sobre el abandono escolar en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria española a partir de la relación de los jóvenes con el saber, entrevistamos de forma semiabierta tanto a jóvenes considerados de éxito como de fracaso por la escuela. En los relatos construidos conjuntamente con ellos se explicitan las relaciones establecidas entre jóvenes e investigadores así como la de los investigadores entre sí. Este artículo discute el lugar del Otro ocupado por el grupo de investigadores y por los jóvenes para cada investigador. También debatimos el papel de los ideales de los investigadores en esas relaciones.

Efecto del programa "yo quiero, yo puedo...tener éxito en la escuela" en la transición de primaria a cecundaria en escuelas rurales del estado de chiapas / The effect of the program "i want to, i can... be successful in school" on the transition from primary to secondary school in rural schools in the state of chiapas / Efeito do programa "eu quero, eu posso... ter sucesso na escola" na transição entre o ensino fundamental e o médio" no estado de chiapas

Las habilidades para la vida son definidas como las competencias necesarias para el desarrollo de conductas adaptativas y positivas que permiten a los individuos tener un manejo efectivo de las demandas y retos de la vida cotidiana favoreciendo el desarrollo de conductas saludables y el bienestar. Incluir en el curriculum, de manera sistemática, dichas habilidades contribuye a la motivación y permanencia escolar. Se desarrolló, instrumentó y evaluó el programa "Yo quiero, yo puedo... tener éxito en la escuela". Participaron maestros y 1300 alumnos(as) de 6º grado de escuelas seleccionadas al azar como grupo experimental (N= 601) y grupo control (N = 699) en la región rural de Las Margaritas, en el Estado de Chiapas. Se realizó una evaluación pre-post a los alumnos y visitas de acompañamiento a los docentes. Se observa un incremento las habilidades para la vida tales como autoconocimiento, responsabilidad, organización, así como motivación por el estudio en los participantes. Además el 87% incrementó su promedio escolar, ingresó y permaneció en secundaria, mientras que en el grupo control el porcentaje de alumnos que se inscribieron en secundaria fue de 68%. A pesar del reconocimiento de las habilidades para la vida y competencias psicosociales, la inclusión de este enfoque en los currículos de educación básica ha sido muy limitada. Integrar este componente de manera sistematizada y formal contribuye al éxito escolar y prevención de deserción tan necesaria en comunidades marginales; la permanencia escolar es un factor protector para otros riesgos psicosociales entre ellos adicciones y violencia.

Life skills are defined as necessary competencies for the development of adaptive and positive behaviors for individuals to effectively manage daily life demands and challenges, leading to the development of healthy behaviors and well-being. Included in a systematic manner in the curriculum, the aforementioned skills contribute to motivation and staying in school. The present study investigated the development, instrumentation and evaluation of the program "I want to, I can... be successful in school" in its design to improve academic performance and prevent school dropout. From the rural Las Margaritas, in the State of Chiapas, 1,300 6th grade students from selected schools participated and formed an experimental group (N=601) and a control group (N= 699). The program consisted of a training component for teachers who replicated the content in their classrooms, pre and post evaluations and accompaniment visits were provided for teachers. The results show an increase in life skills, such as self-knowledge, responsibility and organization, as well as motivation to study, in participants. Furthermore, 87% of the participants increased their grade point average (GPA), attendance and enrollment in secondary school. However, within the control group, the percentage of students that enrolled in secondary school was only 68%. Despite the recognition of the importance of life skills and psychosocial competencies, its inclusion in basic education curriculum has been very limited until now. Integrating this component in a systematized manner for its formal contribution to school success and prevention of school dropout is necessary in marginalized communities. Staying in school is a protective factor for other psychosocial risks, such as addictions and violence.

"Habilidades para a vida" podem ser definidas como o conjunto de competências necessárias para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos positivos e adaptáveis para que os indivíduos lidem de forma efetiva com as demandas e desafios do cotidiano, resultando no desenvolvimento de comportamentos saudáveis e bem-estar. A inclusão das habilidades para a vida, de forma sistemática, no currículo escolar contribui para a motivação e a permanência na escola. O presente estudo investigou o desenvolvimento, a instrumentação e a avaliação do programa "Eu quero, eu posso... ter sucesso na escola" com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho acadêmico e prevenir a evasão escolar. Mil e trezentos estudantes da sexta série de escolas selecionadas na área rural de Las Margaritas, no estado de Chiapas, participaram do estudo (601 no grupo experimental e 699 no grupo controle). O programa consistiu em um curso de treinamento para professores, que replicaram o conteúdo nas salas de aulas com seus alunos, pré e pós avaliação e visitas de acompanhamento aos professores. Os resultados do programa mostraram um aumento de "habilidades para vida", como autoconhecimento, responsabilidade, organização e motivação para estudar entre os estudantes participantes. Além disso, 87% dos participantes apresentaram melhoras em suas notas, frequência escolar e matrícula no ensino médio. No grupo de controle a porcentagem de estudantes matriculados no ensino médio foi de apenas 68%. Apesar do reconhecimento da importância das habilidades para a vida e das competências psicossociais, a sua inclusão no currículo básico do ensino fundamental é ainda muito limitada. A integração desses componentes, de forma sistemática, no currículo escolar é necessária nas comunidades marginalizadas por sua contribuição para o sucesso escolar e para a prevenção da evasão. Permanecer na escola é um fator de proteção para outras situações de risco psicossocial, como abuso de drogas e violência.

Função escolar x evasão: a falência da educação para o trabalho / School Function and pupils' drop-out: The failure of education for work

O artigo apresenta a discussão de uma pesquisa realizada numa escola da rede pública de Fortaleza-CE, como parte de uma disciplina de Psicologia Escolar. A pesquisa investigou as relações entre a função da escola e evasão escolar, pelo ponto de vista de educadores e alunos. Foi utilizado o referencial teórico foucaultiano para a análise dos dados. Como resultados, podemos apontar que há um desencontro entre a função que a escola deveria assumir na ótica dos alunos e a função que os educadores a fazem assumir ao se comprometerem com determinadas obrigações institucionais, resultando disso a massiva evasão encontrada no estabelecimento em questão. Compreendemos que o fato de a escola pública não assegurar uma vaga no mercado de trabalho especializado para seus alunos, via vestibular ou ensino técnico, contrapõe-se à função escolar de educação para o trabalho. Estando enfraquecida nessa função, a escola não consegue manter seus alunos, mesmo apelando para os mais diversos mecanismos de controle disciplinares.

The article discusses the results of a research done in a public school in Fortaleza (Brazil) as part of a School Psychology course. The research investigated the relationship between the function of school and pupils' drop-out based upon the opinions of the pupils and teachers. It was used a Foucauldian theoretical reference in order to analyze the collected data. It could be found that there is a difference between the school function perceived by the pupils and the function that teachers try to develop through institutional rules, resulting on the massive student drop-out reported in the researched school. When public schools fail to assure a better place for its pupils in the job market, through university access or technical formation, the idea of school as 'education for work' becomes contradictory. When this function is undermined, the school cannot avoid student drop-out despite the use of different disciplinary control mechanisms.