El español y el wayuunaiki ¿Lengua materna, segunda o extranjera? Sentidos generacionales en estudiantes indígenas wayuu / Spanish and Wayuunaiki, mother tongue, second or foreign language? Generational senses in indigenous wayuu students / Espanhol e Wayuunaiki: Língua materna, segunda língua ou língua estrangeira? Os sentidos geracionais entre os estudantes indígenas Wayuu

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las representaciones de lengua materna, segunda o extranjera del español y el wayuunaiki en el discurso de indígenas wayuu que estudiaron en el área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colombia, entre el 2011 yel 2020. Como instrumentos para la recolección de datos se aplicaron entrevistas en profundidad; estas fueron transcritas para posteriormente ser analizadas desde el enfoque semiótico del discurso y la teoria de normatividad de las sanciones. Los resultados concluyen que los estudiantes indígenas wayuu otorgan diferentes sentidos al español y al wayuunaiki; que sus representaciones de lengua se transforman generacionalmente según sus experiencias sociales, históricas y multiculturales. Así pues, para los estudiantes wayuu el español se configura como una lengua materna; para sus padres es una segunda lengua y para sus abuelos es lengua extranjera. Además, existen integrantes que conciben el español no como lengua, sino como dialecto. Lo anterior, incita a pensar si pedagógicamente y didácticamente es acorde implementar modelos de ensenanza-aprendizaje estandarizados. También, invita a cuestionarse si los procesos etnoeducativos responden adecuadamente a las necesidades e intereses reales de la población indígena estudiantil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to analyze the mother tongue, second or foreign language representations of Spanish and Wayuunaiki in the discourse of Wayuu indigenous people who studied in the Metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia, between 2011 and 2020. As instruments for the collection of data, in-depth interviews were applied; these were transcribed to later be analyzed from the semiotic approach of discourse and the theory of normativity of sanctions. The results conclude that Wayuu indigenous students give different meanings to Spanish and Wayuunaiki; that their representations of language are transformed generationally according to their social, historical and multicultural experiences. Thus, for Wayuu students, Spanish is configured as a mother tongue; for their parents it is a second language and for their grandparents it is a foreign language. In addition, there are members who conceive Spanish not as a language, but as a dialect. The foregoing prompts us to think whether, pedagogically and didactically, it is appropriate to implement standardized teaching-learning models. Also, it invites to question if the ethno-educational processes adequately respond to the real needs and interests of the indigenous student population.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as representações de língua materna, segunda ou língua estrangeira do espanhol e wayuunaiki no discurso dos indígenas wayuu que estudaram na região metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colômbia, entre 2011 e 2020. Como instrumentos para a coleta de dados, foram aplicadas entrevistas em profundidade; Estas foram transcritas para posteriormente serem analisadas a partir da abordagem semiótica do discurso e da teoria da normatividade das sanções. Os resultados concluem que os estudantes indígenas Wayuu atribuem significados diferentes ao espanhol e ao Wayuunaiki; que suas representações da linguagem sejam transformadas geracionalmente de acordo com suas experiências sociais, históricas e multiculturais. Assim, para os alunos Wayuu, o espanhol configura-se como língua materna; para os pais é uma segunda língua e para os avós é uma língua estrangeira. Além disso, há membros que concebem o espanhol não como língua, mas como dialeto. O exposto nos leva a pensar se, pedagógica e didaticamente, é adequado implementar modelos padronizados de ensino-aprendizagem. Além disso, convida a questionar se os processos etnoeducativos respondem adequadamente às reais necessidades e interesses da população estudantil indígena.

Análisis de las competencias en segundo idioma en los programas de psicología colombianos / Analysis of second language competences in Colombian psychology programs

Resumen En este artículo se identificó el dominio del inglés de los futuros egresados de los programas de psicología colombianos. Para tal fin, se analizaron los resultados del componente en inglés del Examen de Estado de Calidad de la Educación Superior (Saber Pro) presentado por los futuros egresados de los programas de psicología de las instituciones de educación superior (IES) entre el 2011 y 2016, en los tres tipos de modalidades que existen: presencial, virtual y a distancia, y teniendo en cuenta si el programa se encontraba o no acreditado. Los resultados muestran que, de los 102 programas, solo 6 cumplieron en el 2014 con la meta establecida por el Gobierno colombiano del 20% de sus egresados en nivel pre-avanzado o superior para ese año. Todos corresponden a la modalidad presencial y de los 30 programas que estaban acreditados en dicho año, solo el 13% cumple con la meta establecida. Además, se discute el cumplimiento de la meta para los demás años. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de las metas establecidas por el Gobierno Nacional respecto al nivel de inglés de los egresados y de las competencias comunicativas establecidas para los psicólogos en el proyecto Tuning, entre otros.

Abstract This study aimed to identify the English proficiency of future graduates of Colombian psychology programs. To this end, we analyze the results of the mandatory English component of the State Examination of Quality of Higher Education (Saber Pro) presented by future graduates of the psychology programs between 2011 and 2016. The document also compares the results by the delivery method (face-to-face, virtual and distance) and national accreditation. The Colombian Government set the exit target that 20% of undergraduates should reach at least pre-advance by 2014. The results show that, of the 102 programs, only 6 met the goal in 2014. All programs that reached the target used a face-to-face delivery method. Results also show that 13% of the accredited 30 programs in that year met the goal. The results are discussed in light of the goals established by the national government regarding the level of graduate English and the communication skills set for the psychologists in the Tuning project, among others.

Does the extent of Cortical Myelination at the age of onset of Second Language Acquisition (Sla) affect students’ academic performance? A University of Papua New Guinea case study

@#The influence of Age of Onset (AO) of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) on learners‟ Ultimate Attainment (UA) potential is well documented. The issue of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) potential enters a qualitatively different, pragmatic dimension in most multilingual developing nations (including Papua New Guinea), where English, a second language for most children, is also the language of education, and where, consequently, students‟ English proficiency necessarily affects their academic potential and the quality of their education. This study investigates whether the academic performance of students in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) is affected by their linguistic backgrounds. Specifically, we examined the effect of three factors in the students‟ Early Language Education – their Age of Onset of learning English (AO), their Age at Literacy (AGELIT), and their Early Learning Language (ELL) – on their Semester 1, 2017 Grade Points Average (GPA). A purposive cross-sectional sampling method was used for the selection of students. All full-time registered students in the SHSS during the 2017 academic session were eligible to participate in the study. A self-designed pretested questionnaire consisting of nine short questions was used to collect data on SHSS students‟ language education backgrounds, including their AO, AGELIT and ELL. Our results show a strong and statistically significant inverse correlation between students‟ AO/AGELIT and their GPAs, as well as a strong positive link between ELL English and students‟ GPAs, which contrasts sharply with a significant decrease in GPAs in the presence of ELL Tok Pisin. The ELL Vernacular category was too small (sample size N=34) to yield statistically significant results. Our current results corroborate the findings of our earlier studies which established a highly significant inverse correlation between students‟ AO and their academic performance in the National High Schools, as well as in the University of Papua New Guinea.

Enseñanza contextualizada para miembros de la subcultura del heavy metal a través de técnicas teatrales / Contextualized Teaching and Learning using Drama Techniques for Members of the heavy metal Subculture / Ensino Contextualizado para Membros da Subcultura do heavy metal através de Técnicas Teatrais

Este artículo da cuenta de la investigación cualitativa que pretende incluir a la subcultura del metal en el aula de inglés como lengua extranjera (ILE) en Chile, utilizando la enseñanza contextualizada y las técnicas teatrales. En primer lugar, se otorgan algunos antecedentes relacionados con el ILE en Chile. En segundo lugar, se desarrolla una revisión bibliográfica, en la que se describe a las subculturas juveniles, los metaleros como subcultura, la motivación para aprender ILE, la enseñanza contextualizada y finalmente las técnicas dramáticas. En tercer lugar se entrega la metodología de investigación utilizada (entrevistas y observación no participante) y algunos de los resultados obtenidos. En último lugar, se presentan conclusiones y una propuesta pedagógica que se sirve de esta investigación para incluir la subcultura juvenil del metal en el aula de ILE.

This article describes qualitative research on the inclusion of the heavy metal youth subculture in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms in Chile, using contextualized teaching and learning as well a drama techniques. Background information related to EFL teaching in Chile is provided followed by a literature review that describes heavy metal as a youth subculture, motivation for learning EFL, contextualized teaching and learning and finally drama techniques. The article goes on to detail the research methodology used (interviews and non-participant observation) and the results of the study are highlighted. The authors present their conclusions and suggest a pedagogical proposal that brings together all of the concepts examined by this research for the incorporation of heavy metal subculture in EFL lessons.

Este resumo descritivo relata a pesquisa qualitativa que visa incluir a subcultura do heavy metal em aulas de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE) no Chile, usando o ensino contextual e técnicas teatrais. Em primeiro lugar, alguns antecedentes relacionados com à ILE no Chile são concedidos. Em segundo lugar, desenvolve-se uma revisão bibliográfica na qual são descritas as subculturas juvenis, os metaleiros como subcultura, a motivação para aprender ILE, o ensino contextualizado e finalmente técnicas dramáticas. Em terceiro lugar, apresenta-se a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada (entrevistas e observação não participante) e alguns dos resultados obtidos. Finalmente, apresentam-se conclusões e uma proposta pedagógica que utiliza essa pesquisa para incluir a subcultura jovem do heavy metal na aula de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE).

Comprehensive review of mnemonic devices and their applications: State of the art

Mnemonic devices can be defined as learning strategies which can often enhance the learning process and later the recall of information. On the other hand, mnemonic systems are special techniques or strategies consciously used to improve memory, they help employ information already stored in long-term memory in order to make memorisation an easier task. There is no doubt that mnemonic techniques are one of the most important methods and methodologies used in education. However, nowadays these methods seem to be unremembered and seldom used by teachers or students. There is a deficit in the actual reviews on this subject. In this article we review mnemonic methods from the point of view of teaching and learning science subjects. This article is the first work in literature that refers to and emphasises various and complex aspects of mnemonic devices applications in didactic practice like science learning and teaching, helping students with disabilities and behaviour problems and second language acquisition.

Language Learning Strategies and Academic Success: a Mexican Perspective / Estrategias de aprendizaje de lenguaje y éxito académico: una perspectiva mexicana

The authors' goal is to explore the language learning strategies most frequently used by academically successful students in higher education. As language learning strategies is a field that needs to be deeply explored, Mixed Method Design was selected. This study was performed in three phases: (i) quantitative: it describes the results after analyzing a population of 1283 students who answered a general questionnaire and The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (Oxford, 1990). (ii) qualitative: it describes how a sample was selected as a result of phase I and how the interviews were held. (iii) interpretation: it combines the previous stages. The results revealed that language learning strategies along with other personal and family complements lead students to reach academic success.

El objetivo de los autores es explorar las estrategias de aprendizaje de idiomas más utilizados por los estudiantes académicamente exitosos en la educación superior. Como las estrategias de aprendizaje de idiomas es un campo que necesita ser estudiado profundamente, se seleccionó un diseño de investigación mixto. Este estudio se realizó en tres fases: (i) cuantitativa: describe los resultados después de analizar una población de 1.283 estudiantes que contestaron un cuestionario general y el inventario Estrategia para el aprendizaje de idiomas (Oxford, 1990); (ii) cualitativa: describe cómo se seleccionó una muestra como resultado de la fase I y cómo se llevaron a cabo las entrevistas; (iii) la interpretación: combina las etapas anteriores. Los resultados revelaron que las estrategias de aprendizaje de idiomas junto con complementos personales como la familia conduce a los estudiantes a alcanzar el éxito académico.

Áreas del cerebro que participan en el proceso de lectura literal en sordos señantes: un caso de estudio / Brain areas associated with the literal reading process in deaf users of sign language: a case of study

El proceso enseñanza o de aprendizaje de la lectura como segunda lengua para la población sorda señante plantea varias interrogantes que buscan dar respuesta al bajo desempeño observado en el desarrollo de dicha actividad cognitiva. En esta situación se reconocen factores psicológicos, neurocognitivos y contextuales de los cuales depende el éxito del proceso. La presente investigación busca describir las zonas del cerebro que se activan cuando un usuario de una lengua ágrafa realiza una lectura literal en su segunda lengua. Se plantea un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo, a través de un estudio de caso único. Para la recolección de la información se empleó una electroencefalografía cuantitativa–mapeo cerebral. El comportamiento del registro durante toda la aplicación presentó una variación significativa que coincide con el lóbulo temporal, específicamente en las áreas de asociación auditiva. Al no existir huellas mnémicas con información fonológica, no se establece una relación grafema–fonema, es decir, no se evidencia una transformación de la palabra escrita en la representación fonológica del sonido de la misma como vía para acceder al léxico mental. Estos datos fonológicos se han remplazado por una información visoespacial que se alimenta directamente de la percepción visual, o bien, indirectamente, por medio de la generación de imágenes visuales.

The teaching or learning process of reading as second language for deaf population, who are users of the language of signs, is permeated by several questions that seek to answer the low performance observed in this cognitive activity. In this activity, there are recognized psychological, neurocognitive and environmental factors, which are vital for the success of the process. The research aims to describe the areas of the brain that activate when a user of an illiterate language performs a literal reading in his/her second language. It is set up based on a qualitative approach, with a descriptive type, through a single case study, using for the collection of information a quantitative electroencephalography or cerebral mapping. The behaviour of the record throughout the application, presented a remarkable change that matches with the temporal lobe, areas of hearing association. In the absence of memory traces with phonological information, there is not a grapheme–phoneme relationship, that is to say, there is no evidence of a transformation of the written word in the phonological representation of it as a way to access the mental lexicon. These phonological data have been replaced by optical–space information which is directly fed from visual perception or indirectly fed from the generation of visual imaging.

Cerebral localization and mechanism of writing in second language by early and late bilinguals / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To observe activated cerebral areas during the task of writing in second language by early and late acquisition bilinguals and explore the neuropsychological mechanism. Methods Twelve subjects were divided into group of early acquisition high proficiency bilinguals(EAHP) and group of late acquisition high proficiency bilinguals(LAHP). Each subject carried out the task of pseudo-writing and English writing. After functional imaging,statistical parametric mapping was used to compare data of the two tasks through paired- t test in both two groups. A conjunction analysis was conducted between the two groups also. Areas where the metabolism of glucose changed were analyzed. Then, the corresponding images about activated cerebral regions were obtained.Results Cerebral areas where the metabolism of glucose increased in EAHP: bilateral middle frontal gyrus( Z=4.35/2. 01 ), bilateral cerebellum ( Z = 2.97/2.53 ) and left head of caudate nucleus ( Z = 3.07 ), etc. Cerebral areas where the metabolism of glucose increased in LAHP: right superior frontal gyrus(Z=4.06), right cerebellum( Z=4.63), left putamen(Z=2.70) ,etc. Cerebral areas where the metabolism of glucose increased in compared data of LAHP with data of EAHP: right frontal gyrus ( Z = 2.92 ), right temporal lobe( Z = 2.31 ), etc. Conclusion Extensive cerebral cortex and subcortical structures participate the process of writing in the second language. Age of bilingual acquisition is one of the factors affecting cerebral localization of writing in second language.

A leitura em segunda língua: práticas de linguagem constitutivas da(s) subjetividade(s) de um grupo de surdos adultos / Reading in a second language: language practices that constitute the subjectivity(ies) of a group of adult deaf

Este trabalho discute aspectos constitutivos da(s) subjetividade(s) de um grupo de surdos adultos, a partir do desenvolvimento de oficinas bilíngües de leitura. A partir de interações discursivas em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS), tal espaço possibilitou uma transformação dos lugares sociais assumidos pelos sujeitos, ao permitir o estabelecimento de diálogos entre histórias de vida e entre as diversas relações sociais construídas em e pelo grupo. Considerando que a subjetividade é sempre relativa, determinada pelos diversos olhares dos outros e construída em lugares e em tempos sócio-ideológicos distintos; um evento plural, marcado discursivamente, no qual o eu se completa dialogicamente na(s) relação(ões) com o(s) outro(s), as discussões realizadas neste estudo apontam para a necessidade de um repensar dos espaços educacionais como lócus de interações discursivas e, portanto, de transformação e de constituição dos sujeitos.

Based on the realization of bilingual reading workshops, this work discusses some aspects that constitute the subjectivity(ies) of a group of adult deaf. Grounded on discursive interactions in Brazilian sign language (LIBRAS), such space allowed a transformation of the social places assumed by the subjects because it permitted the establishment of dialogs between life stories and the different social relationships constructed within and by the group. Assuming that subjectivity is always relative, determined by the various looks of the others and constructed in distinct social-ideological places and times, and that it constitutes a plural event discursively marked, in which the self completes itself dialogically in its relationship(s) to the others, the discussions presented in this study highlight the need to rethink the educational spaces as loci of discursive interactions and thus of transformation and constitution of the subjects.

On Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Individual differences are very important factors that may greatly affect the process of second language acquisition.The learners differ with each other in first language aptitude,motivation,character and even age,which will directly or indirectly influence the final result of his second language acquisition.The study of this topic is of instructive value for the teacher's teaching activity and will also promote the individual learning practice.