Rehabilitation using neurodevelopmental and sensory integration therapy approaches in an 8-month-old infant with self-gratification behavior: A case report

Self-gratification behavior is a normal behavior in infants or children and is usually misdiagnosed with dystonic development delays, repeated movement disorders, or even epilepsy. This case report aims to share our clinical experience in managing a child with self-gratification disorder through physical therapy techniques. An 8-month-old female infant presents with concerns related to poor social interaction, reduced play, irritable behavior, frequent crossing, and stiffness in the legs which she started showing at 3 months of age. She was earlier diagnosed with dystonic developmental delay and referred for a thorough development and sensory assessment. Rehabilitation with sensory integration and neurodevelopmental techniques was delivered to the child. Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Denver’s score, and Sensory profile were assessed at 8–9 months, 9–10 months, and 10–11 months to monitor prognosis. There was a significant improvement in self-gratification habits and improved attention in the child. Self-gratification behavior is a normal behavior in infants or children and is usually misdiagnosed. Treatment mainly constitutes neurodevelopment, sensory integration techniques, and parent education.

Tradução e Adaptação Cultural do School Companion Sensory Profile 2 para Crianças e Jovens Brasileiros / Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 for Brazilian Children and Youths

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou adaptar culturalmente, verificar a confiabilidade e sugerir um escore normativo do School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP-2) para crianças e jovens brasileiros de 3 a 14 anos e 11 meses. O SCSP-2 foi adaptado culturalmente para o Brasil seguindo as etapas de tradução inicial (dois tradutores independentes), tradução conciliada (dois integrantes do comitê técnico), análise de equivalência (quatro especialistas em integração sensorial), retrotradução (dois tradutores de língua materna inglesa), aprovação da autora e pré-teste. O pré-teste verificou a clareza e a compreensão (desdobramento cognitivo/validade de face) e a confiabilidade (equivalência interexaminadores, consistência interna e reprodutibilidade) da versão traduzida, com a participação de 74 professores que responderam ao questionário referente a 146 crianças. Os itens apresentaram índice de concordância acima de 75% no desdobramento cognitivo. A equivalência interexaminadores e teste-reteste apresentaram K ≥ 0,88 em todos os itens pesquisados. Observaram-se valores aceitáveis de consistência interna em quase todas as áreas sensoriais, quadrantes de procura sensorial e sensibilidade sensorial e no fator escolar 2. Os escores preliminares brasileiros são distintos dos americanos. O SCSP-2 adaptado para o Brasil apresenta evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo, além de boa consistência interna, possibilitando identificar problemas de processamento sensorial em crianças e jovens brasileiros.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to adapt culturally, verify the reliability, and suggest a normative score for the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP-2) for Brazilian children and youths aged 3 to 14 years and 11 months. The SCSP-2 was culturally adapted for Brazil following the steps of initial translation (two independent translators), reconciled translation (two members of the technical committee), equivalence analysis (four experts in sensory integration), back-translation (two English mother tongue translators), author approval and pre-test. The pre-test verified the clarity and understanding (cognitive unfolding/face validity) and reliability (inter-examiner equivalence, internal consistency, and reproducibility) of the translated version, with the participation of 74 teachers who answered the questionnaire referring to 146 children. The items showed an agreement rate above 75% in cognitive unfolding/face validity. The inter-examiner and test-retest equivalence showed K ≥ 0.88 in all items surveyed. Acceptable internal consistency values were observed in almost all sensory areas, quadrants of sensory seeking and sensory sensitivity, and in the school factor 2. The Brazilian preliminary scores are different from the American ones. The SCSP-2 adapted for Brazil presents evidence of content-based validity and good internal consistency, making it possible to identify sensory processing problems in Brazilian children and youths.

Nutritional and Sensory Profiles of Functional Breads Produced from Partial Substitution of Wheat Flour by Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Flour

The present study aims to formulate and develop functional breads from wheat and pigeon pea flour and evaluate their nutritional and sensory qualities. Indeed, different composite bread formulations have been made by partial substitution of wheat flour with pigeon pea flour in varying proportions (10%, 20% 25% 50%), and the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the different breads produced were evaluated. Results indicated that the protein content of the composite breads significantly increases (p <0.005) according to the pigeon pea flour incorporation rate. However, the evaluation of sensory characteristics indicated that only composite breads result from the incorporation rate of 10% of pigeon pea flours have organoleptic characteristics appreciated by the panel of tasters. These results therefore underline that the perception and opinion of consumers are very important parameters to be taken into account in any innovation process in the field of food technology.

Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação do School Companion Sensory Profile 2 para crianças brasileiras / Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 for Brazilian children

Avaliar os padrões de disfunção sensorial através de instrumentos que possam mensurar os resultados é de extrema importância para a avaliação e a elaboração do plano terapêutico com ações e estratégias de intervenção, tanto no contexto clínico como domiciliar e escolar. Estudos para tradução e validação cultural dos instrumentos são essenciais e cada vez mais difundidos no campo da terapia ocupacional, para que os profissionais possam incorporar em sua avaliação instrumentos confiáveis que possam mensurar os resultados da intervenção e que estejam adequados ao público-alvo. Este é um estudo metodológico, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, que teve como objetivo descrever o processo de tradução, adaptação cultural e validação das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP 2) para crianças brasileiras. A pesquisa foi realizada em escolas públicas e particulares de Franca/ SP e conduzida no Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa de Terapia Ocupacional na Infância e Adolescência (LEPTOI) da Universidade de São Paulo. A amostra total incluiu 74 professores de crianças e adolescentes de 3 a 14 anos e 11 meses, que responderam ao questionário referente a 146 crianças. Método: A versão em português para o Brasil foi obtida através de duas etapas principais: a primeira consistiu do processo de tradução, retrotradução e estudo de validade de face; na segunda etapa, foram realizados estudos psicométricos por meio da consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste, análise fatorial confirmatória, e análise de pontos de corte de escores. Para a primeira etapa, os resultados revelaram que, a partir da validade de face, houve adequação semântica e compreensibilidade do instrumento por parte dos respondentes. Para a segunda etapa, o software STATA auxiliou nas análises, e o SCSP 2 apresentou consistência interna total > 0.96, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi entre 0.7 e 0.9 para todas as áreas com exceção da área comportamental. Os quadrantes "procura sensorial" e "sensibilidade sensorial" apresentaram a média dos valores de alfa de 0.8 e os quadrantes "evita sensorial" e "registro sensorial" apresentaram a média dos valores de alfa de 0.9. Os fatores escolares apresentaram a média dos valores de alfa de 0.9, com exceção do fator 2 que apresentou a média de 0.8. Sobre o teste-reteste, houve alta concordância com valor de Kappa ponderado na categoria quase perfeita. Entretanto, a análise fatorial não confirma a estrutura atual desse instrumento. A rotação da matriz mostrou que itens poderiam ser alocados em domínios diferentes aos que pertencem originalmente, mostrando correlações distintas entre os itens e dimensões. Os pontos de corte dos escores brasileiros foram pouco diferentes dos americanos. Algumas questões a serem exploradas são em relação à equivalência da estrutura do instrumento, a equivalência das cargas, a quantidade de itens, a covariância entre os fatores do instrumento e os erros de medida. Estudos futuros poderão verificar a validade e confiabilidade do SCSP 2 entre diferentes populações com uso de instrumentos que possam avaliar o mesmo constructo, observando validades convergentes e discriminantes.

Assessing patterns of sensory dysfunction through instruments that can also measure the results is of extremely importance for the evaluation and development of the therapeutic plan with intervention actions and strategies, both in the clinical, family and school contexts. Studies of translation and cultural validation of instruments are essential and are being increasingly widespread in the field of Occupational Therapy in a way that professionals can incorporate in their assessments reliable instruments that can also measure the results of the intervention and that are suitable for the target audience. This is a methodological, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which aimed to describe the process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the psychometric properties of the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP 2) for Brazilian children. The research was carried out in public and private schools in Franca/SP and conducted at the Teaching and Research Laboratory of Occupational Therapy in Childhood and Adolescence (LEPTOI) at the University of São Paulo. The total sample included 74 teachers of children and adolescents aged 3 to 14 years and 11 months, who answered the questionnaire about 146 children. Method: The Portuguese version for Brazil was obtained through two main steps: the first consisted of the translation process, back-translation, content validity study and pre-test phase in a pilot study. In the second step, psychometric studies were carried out using internal consistency, test- retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, and analysis of cut-off points for scores. First stage results revealed that, from the face validity, there was semantic adequacy and comprehensibility of both instruments by the respondents. The STATA software aided in the analysis in the second stage, in which the SCSP 2 showed total internal consistency > 0.96, but when analyzed by sensory areas, the consistency was between 0.7 and 0.9 for all areas except the behavioral area. The quadrants "sensory seeking" and "sensory sensitivity" presented the average of the alpha values of 0.8 and the quadrants "sensory avoidance" and "sensory registration" had the average of the alpha values of 0.9. School factors had an average of alpha values of 0.9, with the exception of factor 2, which had an average of 0.8. Regarding the test-retest for both instruments, there was a high level of agreement with the weighted Kappa value in the almost perfect category. However, factor analysis does not confirm the current structure of this instrument. The matrix rotation showed that items could be allocated in different domains to those they originally belong, showing distinct correlations between the items and dimensions. The cut-off points for Brazilian scores were slightly different when compared with the American scores. Some questions to be explored are in relation to the equivalence of the instrument's structure, the equivalence of the loads, the number of items, the covariance between the factors of the instrument and the measurement errors. Future studies will be able to verify the validity and reliability of SCSP 2 among different populations using instruments that can assess the same construct, observing convergent and discriminating validities.

Physicochemical quality and consumer discrimination of industrial and traditional fermented sausages / Qualidade físico-química e discriminação pelo consumidor de salames industriais e coloniais

ABSTRACT: Salami tipo Italiáno ("Italian Salami") and Linguiça Colonial ("Colonial Sausage") are fermented sausages widely consumed in southern Brazil and commonly confused by consumers. Colonial sausages often characterized by greater diversity of physicochemical and sensory qualities, which often can weaken a product's identity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the description and discrimination of brands of Italian Salami and Colonial Sausage using the "check-all-that- apply" technique by consumers and in parallel to relate the sensory perception to the physicochemical qualities of the fermented sausages. Results revealed a lack of physicochemical and sensory standardization for the Colonial Sausage brands (traditional). Sensory evaluations were most effective for discriminating industrial and traditional sausages. Through the check-all-that apply technique, consumers described and discriminated the samples, and set a standard for better hedonic acceptance of fermented sausages.

RESUMO: Salame Tipo Italiano e Linguiça Colonial são embutidos fermentados largamente consumidos na região sul do Brasil e comumente confundidas pelos consumidores. Com caráter tradicional, a Linguiça Colonial é frequentemente caracterizada por apresentar maior diversidade nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais, o que muitas vezes pode vir ao desencontro do fortalecimento de uma identidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a descrição e a discriminação de Salame Tipo Italiano e de Linguiça Colonial por consumidores, por meio do uso da técnica Check all that apply; e de forma paralela relacionar a percepção sensorial às qualidades físico químicas dos embutidos fermentados. Os resultados revelaram falta de padronização físico-química e sensorial para as Linguiças Coloniais. As avaliações sensoriais foram mais eficazes para a discriminação dos embutidos fermentados. Os consumidores, por meio da técnica Check-all-that apply, descreveram e discrimnaram as amostras, além de definirem um padrão de melhor aceitação hedônica para embutidos fermentados.

Evidences of reliability and validity of the sensory assessment instrument Sensory Profile: a preliminary study / Evidências de confiabilidade e validade do instrumento de avaliação sensorial Sensory Profile: um estudo preliminar / Evidencias de confiabilidad y validez de la herramienta de evaluación Sensory Profile: un estudio preliminar

Considering the importance and need for studies that analyze the psychometric properties of assessment tools, this study investigated the psychometric parameters of reliability and validity of the Sensory Profile. The sample was composed of 336 children from the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil, aged from 5 to 10, from both genders, 298 of which did not have neurodevelopmental disorders and 38 of which had Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The tool showed satisfactory internal consistency with alpha values above 0.60 in most categories and factors. The mean scores of the sample of Brazilian children without neurodevelopmental disorders differed from the American normative sample. Children with ASD had lower sensory processing performance than children without neurodevelopmental disorders. The results showed that the Sensory Profile as translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese pointed to the presence of sensory impairments in children with ASD investigated in this research.

Considerando-se a necessidade e importância de trabalhos que analisem propriedades psicométricas de instrumentos de avaliação, o presente estudo investigou parâmetros psicométricos de confiabilidade e validade do Sensory Profile. A amostra foi composta de 336 crianças da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, de 5 a 10 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, sendo 298 sem transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento e 38 com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). O instrumento apresentou consistência interna satisfatória com valores de alfa acima de 0,60 na maioria das categorias e dos fatores. A média dos escores da amostra de crianças brasileiras sem transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento diferiu da amostra normativa norte-americana. As crianças com TEA apresentaram desempenho do processamento sensorial inferior ao das crianças sem transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Os resultados mostraram que o Sensory Profile traduzido e adaptado culturalmente para o português do Brasil apontou para a presença de prejuízos sensoriais nas crianças com TEA investigadas nesta pesquisa.

Teniendo en cuenta la necesidad e importancia de trabajos que analicen propiedades psicométricas de herramientas de evaluación, en este estudio se han investigado los parámetros psicométricos de confiabilidad y validez del Sensory Profile. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 336 niños de la región metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, de 05 a 10 años, ambos sexos, 298 sin trastornos del neurodesarrollo y 38 con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). La herramienta demostró consistencia interna satisfactoria con valores de alfa superiores a 0,60 en la mayoría de las categorías y factores. La media de puntajes de la muestra de niños brasileños sin trastornos del neurodesarrollo se diferenció de la muestra normativa americana. Los niños con TEA lograron desempeño del procesamiento sensorial inferior al de los niños sin trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Los resultados mostraron que el Sensory Profile traducido y adaptado culturalmente para el portugués de Brasil señaló la presencia de daños sensoriales en los niños con TEA de esta investigación.

Potentiality of Using Mechanically Separated Meats of Nile Tilapia in Fishburgers: Chemical, Physical and Sensory Characterization

Abstract Fishburgers were made with washed mechanically separated meat (MSM) from carcass and filleting by-product (both washed and unwashed) of the Nile tilapia. The proximal composition of fishburgers was different and varied according to the raw material used, as well the color parameters. Fishburgers with MSM from filleting by-product had lower hardness and springiness, and fishburger with MSM from unwashed filleting by-product had higher yield and lower reduction in thickness. The fishburgers containing MSM from filleting by-product had better sensory acceptance, due to higher color intensities (sensory), fish odor, tenderness, succulence, cohesiveness and fish flavor. The fishburger with MSM from washed carcass was the least acceptable, because of surface uniformity. This study shows the potentiality of using MSM from tilapia filleting by-product for burgers, while the formulation of fishburgers with smaller amounts of MSM from washed carcass or with added condiments can result in improved sensory acceptance and potentiality of use.

Intervención de integración sensorial en niños con trastorno del espectro autista / Intervention of sensory integration in children with autism spectrum disorder

El estudio aborda intervenciones de la terapia ocupacional con base teórica metodológica en el modelo de integración sensorial en dos niños de cinco y ocho años con trastorno del espectro autista. Son comparadas las evaluaciones antes y después de las intervenciones con base en el perfil sensorial y descriptas intervenciones en la clínica, delineando las acciones, como parte del tratamiento. Se confirmó que los resultados del estudio corroboran con los encontrados en la literatura, o sea, con base en la integración sensorial favorecen la mejora de varios aspectos del procesamiento sensorial y mejor desempeño funcional.

The study has with focus the occupational therapy interventions with theoretical and methodological basis of the sensory integration model with two children with five and eight years with autism spectrum disorder. The assessments are compared before and after the interventions based on the sensory profile and described the clinical interventions, outlining the actions and activities of sensory diet that children made in their homes as part of the treatment. The results confirms that this study corroborate the findings in the literature, ie, interventions based on sensory integration provides improvement in several aspects of sensory processing and better functional performance.

Uso del perfil sensorial: distinguiendo los resultados entre los niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) argentinos y estadounidenses / Using sensory profile: distinguishing the results among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Argentines and Americans

El propósito de este estudio fue distinguir y contrastar cuales de los nueve los factores presentes en el cuestionario del perfil sensorial son significativos y dan una diferencia definitiva en un grupo de niños argentinos y si hay coincidencia con la muestra de niños americanos. El objetivo principal fue contrastar los resultados en los factores presentes en el Perfil Sensorial presentes en un grupo de niños en una ciudad de Argentina y grupo de niños americanos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Se aplica como herramienta el cuestionario para cuidadores Perfil Sensorial de Winnie Dunn2 La población-muestra se obtuvo de la práctica privada obteniendo una muestra de 19 niños entre 3 a 10 años. Para obtener los factores en la población americana se utiliza una investigación realizada en 1997 por las TO Julie Ermer y Winnie Dunn en la que concluyeron que mayormente afectados en su grupo de 38 niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista fueron los factor 1 (búsqueda sensorial), factor 4 (sensibilidad sensorial oral), factor 5 Inatención/ Distracción) y factor 9 (motricidad fina/ percepción).

The purpose of this study was to distinguish and contrast which of the nine factors present in the sensory profile questionnaire are significant and give a definite difference in a group of Argentine children and if there is a match with the sample of American children. The main objective was to compare the results on the factors present in the sensory profile present in a group of children in a city in Argentina and group of American children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Apply the questionnaire as a tool for caregivers Sensory Profile Winnie Dunn The sample population was obtained from private practice to obtain a sample of 19 children aged 3 to 10 years. For the factors in the American population using research conducted in 1997 by Julie TO Ermer and Winnie Dunn in which they concluded that most affected in their group of 38 children with ASD were the factor 1 (sensory seeking), factor 4 (oral sensory sensitivity) factor of 5 (Inattention / Distraction) and factor 9 (fine motor / perception).

Tradução para o português do Brasil e adaptação cultural do Sensory Profile / Translation into brazilian portuguese and cultural adaptation of the Sensory Profile / Traducción al portugués de brasil y adaptación cultural del Sensory Profile

Considerando o fato de não haver instrumentos brasileiros para avaliar habilidades do processamento sensorial e seus efeitos na funcionalidade de crianças e adolescentes, este estudo traduziu para o português do Brasil e adaptou culturalmente o Sensory Profile. O estudo se encaixa num modelo de pesquisa não experimental, transversal e descritiva, e os passos foram os seguintes: tradução, retrotradução, revisão por um comitê de especialistas, avaliação das pontuações e verificação da consistência interna do instrumento. A amostra foi composta de 50 pais de crianças de 5 a 10 anos de idade, regularmente matriculadas numa escola particular de ensino fundamental da cidade de São Paulo. A aplicação do questionário traduzido e adaptado permitiu a verificação de sua consistência interna em 0,76, o que sugere que o instrumento é compreensível e apropriado para estudos futuros em que se busquem evidências de validade.

Considering that there are not any Brazilian instruments to evaluate sensory processing abilities and their effect on the functionality of children and teenagers, this study translated into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted the Sensory Profile. This study fits is a non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive research, and the steps were: translation, back-translation, revision by a specialist committee on analysis, evaluation of the scoring and verification of the instrument’s internal consistency. The sample consisted of 50 parents of children aged 5 to 10, regularly enrolled on a private elementary school in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The application of the translated and culturally adapted questionnaire yielded an internal consistency of 0.76, suggesting that the translated and adapted instrument is understandable and suited for future studies directed toward obtaining evidence of validity.

Teniendo en cuenta el hecho de que no existen instrumentos brasileños para evaluar las habilidades de procesamiento sensorial y sus efectos en la funcionalidad de los niños y adolescentes, este estudio tradujo al portugués de Brasil y adaptó culturalmente el Sensory Profile. El estudio se inscribe en un modelo de investigación no experimental, transversal, descriptiva y los pasos fueron los siguientes: la traducción, retro-traducción, la revisión por parte de un comité de expertos, la evaluación de los resultados y la verificación de la consistencia interna del instrumento. La muestra estuvo formada por 50 padres de niños de 5 a 10 años de edad, matriculados regularmente en una escuela primaria privada en São Paulo. La aplicación del cuestionario traducido y adaptado permitió comprobar su consistencia interna de 0,76, lo que sugiere que el instrumento es comprensible y adecuado para futuros estudios que buscan evidencia de validez.

Sensory processing abilities of children with ADHD

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the sensory processing abilities of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children without disabilities, and to analyze the relationship between sensory processing difficulties and behavioural symptoms presented by children with ADHD. METHOD : Thirty-seven children with ADHD were compared with thirty-seven controls using a translated and adapted version of the "Sensory Profile" answered by the parents/caregivers. For the ADHD group, Sensory Profile scores were correlated to behavioural symptoms assessed using the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) and the Behavioural Teacher Rating Scale (EACI-P). The statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann Whitney test and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS : Children with ADHD showed significant impairments compared to the control group in sensory processing and modulation, as well as in behavioural and emotional responses as observed in 11 out of 14 sections and 6 out of 9 factors. Differences in all Sensory Profile response patterns were also observed between the two groups of children. Sensory Profile scores showed a moderately negative correlation with CBCL and EACI-P scores in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION : These results indicate that children with ADHD may present sensory processing impairments, which may contribute to the inappropriate behavioural and learning responses displayed by children with ADHD. It also suggests the importance of understanding the sensory processing difficulties and its possible contribution to the ADHD symptomatology. .

Perfil sensorial de estudantes da primeira série do ensino fundamental: análise e comparação com o desempenho escolar / Sensory profile of first grade students: analysis and comparison with schoolperformance

Introdução: Para que uma criança se desenvolva e manipule o ambiente, é necessário perceber o meiode forma adequada. O ser humano percebe o ambiente em que se encontra através dos sentidos. Para manipularo ambiente, o homem deve captar as informações do ambiente através dos órgãos dos sentidos, decodificar taisinformações, processá-las, integrá-las e interpretá-las para, então, agir sobre o meio de forma adequada. Em casode dificuldades no processamento ou interpretação das informações sensoriais, essas resultarão em dificuldadesde aprendizagem. Objetivo: comparar os resultados do perfil sensorial com as notas dos estudantes do primeiroano do ensino fundamental com idade entre 6 e 8 anos para observar a relação entre a qualidade do processamentosensorial e o desempenho escolar. Metodologia: Estudo transversal de análise descritiva. Resultados: Os dadosindicam que há alta incidência de alterações sensoriais que interferem na intensidade do tônus muscular e namanutenção da postura. As informações visuais são as que apresentam melhor qualidade de processamento,enquanto o processamento de informações vestibulares e orais são os mais deficientes. Foi observado, por fim,que crianças que apresentam processamento sensorial nos níveis de Desempenho típico e Diferença prováveltendem a apresentar melhor desempenho escolar. Conclusão: o processamento sensorial interfere no desempenhoacadêmico mas não é o único preditor de bom resultado escolar. As informações vestibulares apresentam maiornúmero de alterações em seu processamento sensorial.

Introduction: Children must adequately perceive their environment before they can actually develop and manipulate it. Human beings perceive their environment through their senses. To manipulate this environment, we must capture information through our sense organs and decode, process, integrate and interpret the pieces of information, so that we can act adequately in our environment. Difficulties to process or interpret sensory information will result in learning impairment. Objective: To compare the Sensory Profile results with the scores of first grade students aged between 6 and 8 years old; to observe the relation between sensory processing quality and school performance. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Results: Results indicate high incidence of sensory problems that interfere in the quality of muscular tonus and body posture. Visual information presented the highest processing quality, while vestibular and oral information presented the lowest processing quality. Finally, it was possible to observe that children who present sensory processing at Typical Performance and Probable Difference scores tend to present the best academic achievement. Conclusion: Sensory processing interferes in academic achievement, but this is not the only factor that predicts good school scores. The highest number of changes presented is related to vestibular information.

Atributos de qualidade da carne de paca (Agouti paca): perfil sensorial e força de cisalhamento / Quality attributes of paca meat (Agouti paca): sensory profile and shear force

Avaliaram-se as características sensoriais e determinou-se a força de cisalhamento de cortes de carne de paca (Agouti paca). As análises foram realizadas nos cortes desossados de paleta, lombo e pernil de nove pacas, preparados por cocção até a temperatura interna de 70ºC. A avaliação de aspecto, cor, sabor, odor e maciez foi realizada pela aplicação de teste afetivo a 146 provadores, utilizando-se escala hedônica, e a força de cisalhamento foi determinada pela técnica Warner Bratzler. Na avaliação sensorial, os cortes de paleta, lombo e pernil de paca mostraram diferença significativa (p<0,05) para os atributos de aspecto e cor. A paleta obteve pontuação mais baixa para o aspecto e mostrou coloração mais forte em relação aos demais cortes. Para a força de cisalhamento, não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os cortes, que se mostraram igualmente macios. A carne de paca apresentou-se sensorialmente semelhante à carne suína e com boa aceitação pelos consumidores. O estudo evidenciou o potencial da paca como uma espécie silvestre para a produção comercial de carne para o mercado de carnes vermelhas ou exóticas.

Sensory characteristics and shear force of paca meat (Agouti paca) were assessed in this study. Analyses were performed in the bonelessshoulder,loin andhamobtained from nine paca carcassesprepared by cookinguntil reaching the internal temperatureof 70°C. The evaluation of flavor, aroma, color, appearance and tenderness was carried out by the application of an affective test using the hedonic scaleand a 146 consumer panel. Shear force was determined by the Warner-Bratzler technique. Shoulder, loin and ham had significant differences (p<0.05) in appearance and color. Shoulder presented the lowest score for appearance and showed darker color compared to the other cuts. Shear force values had no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the cuts, which were similarly tender. Paca meat was found to resemble pork meat in sensory evaluation and had good acceptance by consumers. This study showed the potential of paca (Agouti paca) asa wild species for meat production in the red or exotic meat market.

Asociación entre el perfil sensorial, el funcionamiento de la relación cuidador-niño y el desarrollo psicomotor a los tres años de edad / Association between the sensory profile, the quality of the infant-parent relationship and the child development, at three years of age

Since the beginning of the last century there were some differences in child-related difficulties in regulation that could not be included in the categories of diagnosis were counted, so they fitted within the learning problems, coordination problems and sometimes until the epilepsy. Decades later, each problem was subject of a separate diagnostic category, which favored the study of diseases, but fragmented the diagnosis for children who had a variety of symptoms that some of them were due to a single source. Then the diagnoses increased in coordination disorder, attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity (ADHD), the sensory integration dysfunction, language disorders, and so on. In order to complete the criteria of DSM-IV, in the case of children the Zero to Three/National Center for Clinical Programs for Infants developed a diagnostic classification for children from 0 to 3 years old (DC: O-3). The DC: 0-3, consists of five axes. The Axis I refers to the primary diagnosis, and includes the regulatory disorders and developmental disorders that affect different systems. Regulatory disorders are constitutional in nature, based on sensory problems, or sensorimotor processing, characterized by difficulties of the child to regulate their behavior, sensory, attention, motor and/or emotional, to organize positive affective states, warning or actions to calm down. The objective of the present research was to establish the association between the characteristics of the Sensory Profile, the parent-infant relationship and the psychomotor development of children. Materials and methods To assess the level of development of children was used the Conduct Development Profile, as revised (PCD-R). For the parent-infant relationship was used the Parent-Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS). Thus, to recognize a regulatory disorder it was used the Sensory Profile which assess the child's sensory processing and its impact on the daily lives of children. To fit the relationship style in one of the categories, the children and their caregiver play for about 15 minutes with three types of toys, according to the classification of Florey. Statistical analysis For data analysis were conducted descriptive statistics of the general variables and those of primary interest, test Chi² for contingence tables test, correspondence analysis and comparison one-way variance analysis. Analyses conducted using SPSS 12.0 statistical software. Results The children had an average age of 43.2 ± 4.2 months, 50% were girls, development showed ratios of around 105 ± 15 points. The average ratios of development were higher in girls than in boys in all areas except manual skill. The characteristics of sensory profile were established on the basis of results obtained in the SP: 1 7 children (31 %) were located in the group with <> sensory profile, which refers to the scores within the parameters of typical performance or have up to two factors with likely difference; 21 children (39%) were located in the <> group when the subjects likely to exceed two factors with difference and up to 1 factor with definitive difference, and 1 6 children (30%) in the <> group formed by the cases that are more than three factors likely to dispute and/ or difference with more than two final (over four factors outside of the typical performance). Sections of <>, <>, <> and <> were those that had a higher frequency of profiles of children outside typical behavior (50%). The section of <> was the most frequent typical behavior among children (78%). In relation to the factors, the proportion of children who had values within the typical range in each of the factors of SP was 41 % to 83%, <> and <> were the most affected by having more than a half of the cases outside of the typical range, while <> and <> were the least altered, being over 75% of cases characterized as typical performance. At the regulatory disorders assessment boys showed more frequent regulatory disruptions, 44% respect to girls 15% (p <0.05). Additionally areas of PCD-R showed some degree of correlation with at least two areas of the SP, the <> and <> areas of the PCD-R showed more significant correlations with sections of the SP, while <> and <> sections, which were correlated with most of the development areas explored with the PCD-R. The variance analysis comparing the averages of development reached in the PCD-R, according to the SP results showed statistical differences between the averages in six of nine factors evaluated, being the regulatory disorder the group that makes a difference for the respect to two others. The results of the evaluation about the relationship between caregiver and child valued by the scale Parent-Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS) DC: 0-3, did not show differences in the average ratios of development in the PCD-R among the three groups that were conducted. Nevertheless was noted that children with affected sensory profile presented problems more frequent in relation to the caregiver. Discussion Data from the study population showed values close to those reported by the respective instruments, discreetly above the expected variance similar to that described in the standardized tests. In the most of the development areas, the group of girls had the highest averages ratios. This results are similar with that are described in the literature. We also found an increased frequency of regulatory disorders in boys, 3:1 or 2:1, which could be related with by patterns of socialization. Respect the parent-infant relationship there not found differences that affect significantly the child development, evaluated with the PCD-R, unless when the relatioship was significantly affected. Differences in integrating sensory stimuli, when impact the daily life of children are related to development in different areas. The functioning of the parent-infant relationship was not a variable that changed the effect of the association between sensory profile and development, as it showed no relations with psychomotor development, but shows relations with the sensory profile of the child. In conclusion, differences in the integration of sensory stimuli, when impacting on the daily lives of children at three years old, have an association with the development so that there are areas of development that appear to be more sensitive than others in a any child who presents regulatory disorder. The functioning of the mother-child relationship showed no relations with psychomotor development, however it did with the sensory profile of the child.

Con la intención de complementar los criterios del DSM-IV, en el caso de los niños pequeños, el Zero to Three/Centro Nacional para Programas Clínicos para Infantes, desarrolló la Clasificación Diagnóstica para los niños de cero a tres años (DC: O-3). El DC: 0-3, constó de cinco ejes. El eje I se refiere al diagnóstico primario, e incluyó los trastornos regulatorios y los trastornos del desarrollo que influyen en diferentes sistemas. Los trastornos regulatorios son de naturaleza constitucional y de maduración, basados en problemas sensoriales, sensoriomotores o de procesamiento; se caracterizan por dificultades que presenta el niño para regular su comportamiento sensorial, atencional, motor y/o afectivo, así como para organizar estados afectivos positivos, de alerta o acciones para calmarse. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue establecer la asociación entre las características del perfil sensorial con el desarrollo psicomotor del niño. Metodología Para valorar el nivel de desarrollo de los niños se utilizó el Perfil de Conductas de Desarrollo, en su versión revisada (PCD-R). Para reconocer un trastorno regulatorio se utilizó el Sensory Profile que valora el procesamiento sensorial del niño y su repercusión en la vida cotidiana. También analizó el nivel de funcionamiento de la relación cuidador-niño con la escala Parent-Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS) del DC: 0-3. Resultados Los niños tuvieron una edad de 43.2+4.2 meses, 50% fueron niñas, el desarrollo mostró coeficientes aproximados de 105+15 puntos y fueron más altos en las niñas que en los niños en todas las áreas excepto habilidad manual, con diferencias significativas en lenguaje expresivo, alimentación y praxis. De manera global el Perfil Sensorial (SP) mostró 17 niños (31 %) con perfil sensorial <>; 21 (39%) con sospecha y 16 (30%) en el grupo de <>. La relación de trastornos regulatorios entre niños y niñas se dio en una razón de 3:1. Las secciones <>, <>, <> y <> presentaron mayor frecuencia de perfiles de los niños por fuera del comportamiento típico (50%). Los factores <> e <> fueron los más afectados con más del 50% de casos por fuera del rango típico. Todas las áreas del PCD-R tuvieron algún grado de correlación al menos con dos secciones del SP, siendo las áreas emocional/ social y lenguaje expresivo del PCD-R las que mostraron mayor número de correlaciones significativas con las secciones y factores del SP. Las secciones de <> y <>, fueron las que se correlacionaron con la mayoría de áreas del PCD-R. En el análisis de varianza entre los resultados globales del SP y las medias de los coeficientes del desarrollo mostró diferencias significativas en seis de las nueve áreas evaluadas. La relación cuidador-niño valorada con la escala (PIR-GAS) del DC: 0-3, mostró relación adaptada en 20 casos (37%), relación levemente afectada en 15 casos (28%) y relación disfuncional en 19 casos (35%), no se observó asociación entre los coeficientes del desarrollo del PCD-R según estos tres grupos de funcionamiento de la relación. Mediante análisis de correspondencia se corroboró que a mayor afectación del perfil sensorial, mayor alteración en la relación cuidador-niño. Las diferencias en la integración de estímulos sensoriales, cuando impactan en la vida cotidiana de los niños, guardan una asociación con el desarrollo en diferentes áreas. El funcionamiento de la relación cuidador-niño no fue una variable que modificase el efecto de la asociación entre el perfil sensorial y el desarrollo, ya que no mostró relaciones con el desarrollo psicomotor, pero sí con el perfil sensorial del niño.

Caracterização sensorial e análise bacteriológica do peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophysus) refrigerado e irradiado / Sensorial characterization and bacteriological analysis of the peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophysus) chilled and irradiated

As amostras de filé de peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophysus) receberam doses de 3, 5, e 7kGy de radiação gama. A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbicas psicotróficas foi realizada em diferentes tempos de estocagem à temperatura de 0°C, juntamente com a amostra controle. Também foi analisado o perfil sensorial de sabor e aroma, além da avaliação da preferência quanto à cor. Dentre as amostras irradiadas, a que obteve melhor qualidade, quanto aos atributos e às amplitudes de sabor e aroma, foi a amostra irradiada a 5kGy. As amostras controle, 3, e 5kGy não diferiram significativamente entre si, sendo consideradas como as mais preferidas quanto à cor, sugerindo uma aparência de maior frescor, quando comparadas com a amostra 7kGy. Sugere-se a dosagem de radiação gama de 5kGy como a mais eficiente na manutenção da qualidade bacteriológica e sensorial em filé de peixe-sapo refrigerado.

The samples of the fillets of peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophysus) received 3, 5 and 7kGy gamma irradiation. The count of psicotrophic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria was accomplished in different times of store to the temperature of 0°C, together with the sample control the sensory profile of the was analyzed. Also flavor and aroma besides the evaluation of the preference with relationship to color. Among the irradiated samples the on that obtained better quality, as attributes and flavor widths and aroma, it was the sample radiated to the 5kGy. The samples control, 3, and 5kGy didn't differ significantly each other being considered as the most favorite with relationship to the color, suggesting an appearance of larger coolness when compared with 7kGy sample. Dosage of radiation is suggested it gamma of the most efficient 5kGy as in the maintenance of the bacteriological and sensory quality in fillet of cooled peixe-sapo.