Adherence to the Ayres Sensory Integration® Fidelity Measures: Malaysian Occupational Therapists’ Practices

@#Introduction: A popular intervention for paediatric clients, Ayres Sensory Integration® (ASI) must adhere to sensory integration (SI) fidelity. This study describes fidelity adherence in ASI intervention by occupational therapy practitioners in Malaysia. Methods: A questionnaire on ASI fidelity was developed before being tested for its validity by seven experts and for its internal consistency and test-retest reliability by 30 occupational therapists. The questionnaire was then used nationally to collect data on ASI practitioners. Data were collected from 161 occupational therapists working in various settings. Results: The mean of the sub-scales I-CVI was excellent, ranging between 0.97 and 1.00. The total S-CVI/Ave of the form was also reported as excellent, at 0.98, with subscales S-CVI ranging between 0.75 and 1.00. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.80 for the questionnaire’s internal consistency and the ICC for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. The survey received 161 responses, indicating that most respondents perceived themselves as having ‘moderate competence’ and showing ‘high interest’ in ASI implementation. Most fidelity aspects were addressed in their practices. Majority of the respondents adhered to the process elements. It was indicated that three aspects of physical space under the structural elements could not be provided by most occupational therapists in the study. Conclusion: To implement evidence-based practice, adherence to fidelity when providing ASI is important to ascertain its effectiveness. Improvements to ensure optimal space, ASI certification, and more related training are the first steps that can be taken by the related agencies to ensure effective ASI intervention could be delivered.

Neurocircuitry of Predatory Hunting / 神经科学通报·英文版

Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal kingdom. It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions, including prey search, pursuit, attack, and consumption. This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system. Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting, which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions. More recent studies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethology and neurocircuits underlying this behavior. Here, we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology, including sensory processing, sensorimotor transformation, motivation, and sequential encoding of hunting actions. We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies. We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors, which may shed new light on epidemic disorders, including binge-eating, obesity, and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Sensory processing and engagement: a systematic review / Processamento sensorial e engajamento: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The ability of children to organize themselves sensorially in a school environment to remain engaged in their routine activities has been minimally explored by occupational therapists. This study aimed to identify research on sensory processing and engagement carried out by occupational therapists over the past decade. Moreover, it seeks to analyze the depth and quality of discussions regarding the relationship between sensory processing and children's engagement in their occupations. A systematic review was conducted utilizing the descriptors: sensory processing, engagement, and occupational therapy. These descriptors were combined through the AND operator in the VHL, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Included articles, whether in English or other languages, defined and measured sensory processing; highlighted a relationship between child sensory processing and occupational engagement; were published within the past 10 years (2008 to 2018); underwent peer-review; are available in full; involved participants aged 0 to 7 years; and were authored by occupational therapists. The review process was performed by two authors using predefined data fields, which included study quality indicators. The results identified a mere nine articles on this specific theme. An assessment based on the OT Seeker scale revealed scores of moderate magnitude. This suggests a pressing need for occupational therapists to invest in the expansion of discerning research, aiming to elevate scientific evidence regarding the relationship between sensory processing and occupational engagement.

Resumo A capacidade das crianças de se organizarem sensorialmente em ambiente escolar para se manterem engajadas em suas atividades rotineiras tem sido pouco explorada por terapeutas ocupacionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar pesquisas sobre processamento sensorial e engajamento realizadas por terapeutas ocupacionais na última década, bem como avaliar a qualidade das discussões sobre a relação entre processamento sensorial e engajamento de crianças em suas ocupações. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada a partir da busca dos descritores: processamento sensorial, engajamento e terapia ocupacional, combinados segundo o operador AND, nas plataformas BVS, PubMed e Web of Science. Os artigos incluídos, tanto em inglês e como em outras línguas, definiram e mediram processamento sensorial; apontaram relação entre processamento sensorial e engajamento ocupacional infantil; foram publicados nos últimos 10 anos (de 2008 a 2018); revisados ​​por pares; estão disponíveis na íntegra; envolveram participantes com idade entre 0 e 7 anos, e foram escritos por terapeutas ocupacionais. As revisões foram realizadas por duas autoras usando campos de dados predefinidos, incluindo indicadores de qualidade do estudo. Os resultados identificaram apenas nove artigos sobre esse tema específico. A análise da classificação, com base na escala OT Seeker, revelou escores de magnitude moderada, o que sugere a necessidade de terapeutas ocupacionais investirem na ampliação de pesquisas criteriosas a fim de aumentar os níveis de evidência científica sobre a relação entre processamento sensorial e engajamento ocupacional.

Tradução e Adaptação Cultural do School Companion Sensory Profile 2 para Crianças e Jovens Brasileiros / Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 for Brazilian Children and Youths

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou adaptar culturalmente, verificar a confiabilidade e sugerir um escore normativo do School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP-2) para crianças e jovens brasileiros de 3 a 14 anos e 11 meses. O SCSP-2 foi adaptado culturalmente para o Brasil seguindo as etapas de tradução inicial (dois tradutores independentes), tradução conciliada (dois integrantes do comitê técnico), análise de equivalência (quatro especialistas em integração sensorial), retrotradução (dois tradutores de língua materna inglesa), aprovação da autora e pré-teste. O pré-teste verificou a clareza e a compreensão (desdobramento cognitivo/validade de face) e a confiabilidade (equivalência interexaminadores, consistência interna e reprodutibilidade) da versão traduzida, com a participação de 74 professores que responderam ao questionário referente a 146 crianças. Os itens apresentaram índice de concordância acima de 75% no desdobramento cognitivo. A equivalência interexaminadores e teste-reteste apresentaram K ≥ 0,88 em todos os itens pesquisados. Observaram-se valores aceitáveis de consistência interna em quase todas as áreas sensoriais, quadrantes de procura sensorial e sensibilidade sensorial e no fator escolar 2. Os escores preliminares brasileiros são distintos dos americanos. O SCSP-2 adaptado para o Brasil apresenta evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo, além de boa consistência interna, possibilitando identificar problemas de processamento sensorial em crianças e jovens brasileiros.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to adapt culturally, verify the reliability, and suggest a normative score for the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP-2) for Brazilian children and youths aged 3 to 14 years and 11 months. The SCSP-2 was culturally adapted for Brazil following the steps of initial translation (two independent translators), reconciled translation (two members of the technical committee), equivalence analysis (four experts in sensory integration), back-translation (two English mother tongue translators), author approval and pre-test. The pre-test verified the clarity and understanding (cognitive unfolding/face validity) and reliability (inter-examiner equivalence, internal consistency, and reproducibility) of the translated version, with the participation of 74 teachers who answered the questionnaire referring to 146 children. The items showed an agreement rate above 75% in cognitive unfolding/face validity. The inter-examiner and test-retest equivalence showed K ≥ 0.88 in all items surveyed. Acceptable internal consistency values were observed in almost all sensory areas, quadrants of sensory seeking and sensory sensitivity, and in the school factor 2. The Brazilian preliminary scores are different from the American ones. The SCSP-2 adapted for Brazil presents evidence of content-based validity and good internal consistency, making it possible to identify sensory processing problems in Brazilian children and youths.

Trastorno del procesamiento sensorial. Una mirada conjunta desde la terapia ocupacional y la otorrinolaringología / Sensory processing disorder. A vision statement from occupational therapy and otolaryngology

Resumen El trastorno del procesamiento sensorial (TPS) es una condición frecuente, pero poco conocida por muchos profesionales de la salud. El procesamiento sensorial se define como la capacidad que posee el sistema nervioso central de interpretar y organizar las sensaciones del propio cuerpo y del ambiente, para su uso efectivo en el entorno mediante respuestas adaptativas. Por lo tanto, cualquier disfunción en el procesamiento (registro, modulación y/o discriminación) de estos estímulos se expresa como una respuesta desadaptativa, siendo significativo cuando esta impacta en la vida diaria del paciente. Es deber del médico sospechar este trastorno, acogiendo al paciente y su familia, derivando oportunamente a terapia ocupacional para su correcta evaluación y eventual manejo de acuerdo con las necesidades de cada paciente.

Abstract Sensory processing disorder (SPD) is an unknown condition for many health care professionals. Sensory processing is defined as the capacity of the central nervous system to interpretate and organize sensations from our own body and from the environment, for their proper use by adaptive responses. Any dysfunction in this processing (registration, modulation and or discrimination) is expressed by a maladaptive response, being considered abnormal when this response has a negative impact in the patient's daily activities. Is our duty as health care workers to suspect this disorder, help our patients and their families by doing a proper referral to an occupational therapist for their evaluation and management, according to each patient needs.

Ayres Sensory Integration ® Implementation in Malaysian Occupational Therapists: Challenges and Limitations (Perlaksanaan Ayres Sensory Integration ® Terhadap Terapis Carakerja di Malaysia: Cabaran dan Limitasi) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#One of the most popular interventions provided by occupational therapists for pediatric clients is Ayres Sensory Integration® (ASI). Strict fidelity measures consisting of procedural and structural elements must be adhered to when using it. These fidelity measures distinguish Ayres Sensory Integration® from other sensory-based interventions. This study involved the development of a survey instrument and outlined the challenges that Malaysian occupational therapists face when using Ayres sensory integration® (ASI). The questionnaire development involved the processes of assessing its validity and reliability. A total of 161 occupational therapists working in various healthcare settings responded to the survey by answering a self-administered questionnaire. The results identified eight themes or issues: (1) Inadequate Training, (2) Resource Issues, (3) Physical Constraints, (4) Time Constraints, (5) Limited Information/ Support Provided By Family, (6) Limited Support From Management, (7) Limited Information/Support Provided By Suppliers, and (8) Issues in Implementing Evidence-Based Practice. Identifying the challenges of implementing ASI is an important aspect of improving occupational therapy assessments and interventions, which would establish the effectiveness of the interventions provided.

Psychometric properties of the sensory processing and self-regulation checklist-Tagalog version

BACKGROUND@#The Sensory Processing and Self-Regulation Checklist (SPSRC) is a parent or caregiver-reported instrument that measures a child’s self-regulation and sensory processing ability as they perform daily activities. The original version in Chinese and a more recent English version has reported favorable reliability and validity. While the SPSRC has undergone translation into a Tagalog version, its psychometric properties are unknown.@*OBJECTIVES@#This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the SPSRC-Tagalog.@*METHODS@#Reliability and validity properties were tested among a sample of Filipino children with (n= 45) and without disability (n= 45), based on the reports of the parents or caregivers on the SPSRC-Tagalog.@*RESULTS@#This study found that the SPSRC-Tagalog has good internal consistency, excellent test-retest reliability, and good crosscultural, discriminant, structural, construct, and criterion validity.@*CONCLUSION@#The psychometric properties of the SPSRC-Tagalog corroborate with its other language versions in its reliability and validity to measure the sensory processing and self-regulation abilities in Filipino children with and without a disability. The information obtained from the SPSRC-Tagalog may be useful in informing our understanding of sensory processing difficulties among children.

Patrones de procesamiento sensorial e intervención temprana en niños menores de 3 años: una revisión de la literatura / Sensory processing patterns and early intervention in children under 3 years of age: a review of the literature

La presente revisión se centra en proporcionar una visión general de la literatura que identifica estudios enfocados en definir los patrones de procesamiento sensorial en niños menores de 3 años y los enfoques de intervención identificados en esta población. Durante la última década ha existido un crecimiento constante de la literatura relacionada con el procesamiento sensorial en los niños pequeños, sin embargo, la información disponible entre las diferentes publicaciones es aún limitada y segmentada. En esta revisión se recopilaron 15 artículos sobre los patrones de procesamiento sensorial en los niños pequeños y 10 artículos relacionados con los enfoques de intervención para un total de 25 artículos publicados entre 2007 y 2017. Del análisis de la información obtenida acerca de los patrones de procesamiento sensorial, surgieron los siguientes temas: el diagnóstico y los factores de riesgo, el tipo de disfunción del procesamiento sensorial y el impacto funcional. Entre los temas que surgieron al analizar los enfoques de intervención, se destaca la importancia de la familia como un tema general que abarca subtemas de intervención, tales como: estrategias sensoriales, capacitación de los padres e intervenciones grupales. Si bien es necesario continuar desarrollando investigaciones que amplíen nuestro conocimiento en relación con estos temas en general, la evidencia apoya la efectividad de la intervención temprana.

La presente revisión se centra en proporcionar una visión general de la literatura que identifica estudios enfocados en definir los patrones de procesamiento sensorial en niños menores de 3 años y los enfoques de intervención identificados en esta población. Durante la última década ha existido un crecimiento constante de la literatura relacionada con el procesamiento sensorial en los niños pequeños, sin embargo, la información disponible entre las diferentes publicaciones es aún limitada y segmentada. En esta revisión se recopilaron 15 artículos sobre los patrones de procesamiento sensorial en los niños pequeños y 10 artículos relacionados con los enfoques de intervención para un total de 25 artículos publicados entre 2007 y 2017. Del análisis de la información obtenida acerca de los patrones de procesamiento sensorial, surgieron los siguientes temas: el diagnóstico y los factores de riesgo, el tipo de disfunción del procesamiento sensorial y el impacto funcional. Entre los temas que surgieron al analizar los enfoques de intervención, se destaca la importancia de la familia como un tema general que abarca subtemas de intervención, tales como: estrategias sensoriales, capacitación de los padres e intervenciones grupales. Si bien es necesario continuar desarrollando investigaciones que amplíen nuestro conocimiento en relación con estos temas en general, la evidencia apoya la efectividad de la intervención temprana.

Versão Portuguesa da Medida do Processamento Sensorial Préescola: Análise da Consistência Interna e Homogeneidade dos Itens do Formulário Escola / A Portuguese Version of the Sensory Processing Measure for Preschool: Analysis of the Internal Consistency and Homogeneity of the Items of School Form

RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, tem havido na literatura uma larga estimativa de prevalência de desordens do processamento sensorial. A avaliação dessas dificuldades deve fazer parte da competência dos profissionais que desenvolvem o seu trabalho com crianças que as apresentam por meio de instrumentos validados. Este estudo examina a consistência interna e homogeneidade dos itens da versão portuguesa do Sensory Processing Measure-Preschool (SPM-P). Foi aplicado o SPM-P a cem crianças entre os 2 e os 5 anos de idade que frequentavam a creche e o jardim de infância com o objetivo de determinar a sua fiabilidade e a validade. A análise da correlação de Pearson (homogeneidade dos itens) e do alfa de Cronbach (consistência interna) determinou a exclusão de quatro itens. Os valores de alfa de Cronbach para as várias dimensões ("Participação Social", "Visão", "Audição", "Toque", "Consciência Corporal", "Equilíbrio", "Planeamento Motor e Ideias") oscilou entre ‹=0.742 ("Visão" e "Toque") e ‹=0.908 ("Consciência Corporal"). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o SPM-P é um instrumento de rastreio válido e fiável para despistar as dificuldades de processamento sensorial das crianças Portuguesas com idades compreendidas entre os 2 e os 5 anos integradas em contexto escolar.

ABSTRACT: Over the past several years, a wide range of estimates of the prevalence of sensory processing disorders has emerged in the literature. The assessment of these difficulties should be part of the competence of professionals working with children with these kinds of needs through validated instruments. This study examined the internal consistency and items homogeneity of a Portuguese language version of the Sensory Processing Measure-Preschool (SPM-P). One hundred typically developing children aged between 2 and 5 years were recruited at Nursery Schools and assessed using the SPM-P to determine its reliability and validity. Pearson correlation (item homogeneity) and Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) determined the exclusion of 4 items. Cronbach's alpha values for the different dimensions ("Social Participation", "Vision", "Hearing", "Touch", "Body Awareness", "Balance and Motion", "Planning and Ideas") ranged from 0.742 ("Vision" and "Touch") and 0.908 ("Body Awareness"). The findings of this study showed that the SPM-P is a valid and reliable tool in screening for sensory processing difficulties in Portuguese preschool children aged between 2 and 5 years in a nursery school setting.

Percepção de Professores em Relação ao Processamento Sensorial de Estudantes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista / Teachers' Perception in Relation to the Sensory Processing of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou identificar a percepção dos professores em relação ao processamento sensorial de estudantes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Participaram da pesquisa 19 professores de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental I de escolas públicas de um município do interior do estado de São Paulo, bem como seus 62 estudantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de setembro de 2018 e maio de 2019. Foi utilizada a avaliação escalar Perfil Sensorial 2 de Acompanhamento Escolar, que avalia crianças e adolescentes a partir da perspectiva dos professores. A análise dos resultados ocorreu mediante categorias do instrumento. Em todas as categorias, Quadrantes (Exploração, Esquiva, Sensibilidade, Observação), Seções Sensoriais e Comportamentais (Auditivo, Visual, Tato, Movimentos e Comportamental) e Fatores Escolares (Fator Escolar 1, Fator Escolar 2, Fator Escolar 3 e Fator Escolar 4), a classificação de "Mais e Muito Mais que a Maioria dos Outros (as)" expressou a maior porcentagem, totalizando, em todos os aspectos avaliados pelo instrumento, 62,9%. O estudo identificou que estudantes com TEA que apresentam um perfil caraterístico de disfunções de Integração Sensorial sofrem impacto da condição de estrutura e função corporal nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem e na participação em atividades dentro da sala de aula. Os resultados apontam para a importância das ações do terapeuta ocupacional no ambiente escolar por meio do trabalho colaborativo com o professor, visto que os resultados em relação ao perfil sensorial interferem diretamente no desempenho dos estudantes com TEA perante as demandas das atividades no contexto escolar.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify the perception of teachers in relation to the sensory processing of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Nineteen teachers of Early Childhood Education and early grades of Elementary Education from public schools in a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, participated in the research, as well as their 62 students. Data collection was carried out between the months of September 2018 and May 2019. A scale assessment of the Sensory Profile 2 of School Monitoring was used, which evaluates children and adolescents from the perspective of the teachers. The analysis of the results occurred through the categories of the instrument. In all categories, Quadrants (Sensory seeking, Sensory Avoiding, Sensory Sensitivity And Low Registration), Sensory and Behavioral Sections (Auditory, Visual, Tactile, Vestibular and Behavioral) and School Factors (School Factor 1, School Factor 2, School Factor 3 and School Factor 4 ), the classification of "More and Much More than the Majority of the Others" expressed the highest percentage, totaling, in all aspects assessed by the instrument 62.9%. The study identified that students with ASD, who have a characteristic profile of Sensory Integration dysfunctions are impacted by the condition of body structure and function in the teaching and learning processes and the participation in activities within the classroom. The results point to the importance of the occupational therapist's actions in the school environment through collaborative work with the teacher, since the results in relation to the sensory profile directly interfere with the performance of students with ASD in view of the demands of activities in the school context.

Adaptation, Validation and Reliability Testing of Sensory Processing Measure Home Form Malay version for Children with Autism (Adaptasi, Kesahan dan Kebolehpercayaan Borang Sensory Processing Measure Home Form versi Bahasa Melayu untuk Digunakan terhadap Kanak-kanak dengan Autisme) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Inappropriate responses towards sensory input received from the environment, also known as sensory processing difficulties (SPD) may affect daily living activities of the children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Sensory Processing Measure Home Form (SPM Home Form) as a parent report measure for SPD is available in English and other foreign languages. To enhance the applicability and meaningfulness of SPM Home Form for the Malay speaking population, a study that focuses on translating, adapting, and validating the SPM Home Form into the Malay language was conducted. The development of the Malay version of the SPM Home Form (SPM-MV Home Form) involved three steps: 1) Item evaluation, 2) Forward and backward translation, and 3) Expert review and content validity. The process of translation and adaptation of the form was performed according to standard guidelines. No item was excluded from the original SPM Home Form as all the items were considered by the expert panel as appropriate and relevance to evaluate the activity and social participation among children in Malaysia. Content validity as measured by 10 experts in occupational therapy is high. The mean of sub-scales I-CVI is between 0.96 and 1.00. The total S-CVI of the form is 0.95 with sub-scales S-CVI range between 0.82 and 1.00. Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency was reported at 0.80 and ICC for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.97. The SPM-MV Home Form has high potential to be used for assessing SPD among children ages 5-12 years in Malaysia.

Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação do School Companion Sensory Profile 2 para crianças brasileiras / Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 for Brazilian children

Avaliar os padrões de disfunção sensorial através de instrumentos que possam mensurar os resultados é de extrema importância para a avaliação e a elaboração do plano terapêutico com ações e estratégias de intervenção, tanto no contexto clínico como domiciliar e escolar. Estudos para tradução e validação cultural dos instrumentos são essenciais e cada vez mais difundidos no campo da terapia ocupacional, para que os profissionais possam incorporar em sua avaliação instrumentos confiáveis que possam mensurar os resultados da intervenção e que estejam adequados ao público-alvo. Este é um estudo metodológico, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, que teve como objetivo descrever o processo de tradução, adaptação cultural e validação das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP 2) para crianças brasileiras. A pesquisa foi realizada em escolas públicas e particulares de Franca/ SP e conduzida no Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa de Terapia Ocupacional na Infância e Adolescência (LEPTOI) da Universidade de São Paulo. A amostra total incluiu 74 professores de crianças e adolescentes de 3 a 14 anos e 11 meses, que responderam ao questionário referente a 146 crianças. Método: A versão em português para o Brasil foi obtida através de duas etapas principais: a primeira consistiu do processo de tradução, retrotradução e estudo de validade de face; na segunda etapa, foram realizados estudos psicométricos por meio da consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste, análise fatorial confirmatória, e análise de pontos de corte de escores. Para a primeira etapa, os resultados revelaram que, a partir da validade de face, houve adequação semântica e compreensibilidade do instrumento por parte dos respondentes. Para a segunda etapa, o software STATA auxiliou nas análises, e o SCSP 2 apresentou consistência interna total > 0.96, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi entre 0.7 e 0.9 para todas as áreas com exceção da área comportamental. Os quadrantes "procura sensorial" e "sensibilidade sensorial" apresentaram a média dos valores de alfa de 0.8 e os quadrantes "evita sensorial" e "registro sensorial" apresentaram a média dos valores de alfa de 0.9. Os fatores escolares apresentaram a média dos valores de alfa de 0.9, com exceção do fator 2 que apresentou a média de 0.8. Sobre o teste-reteste, houve alta concordância com valor de Kappa ponderado na categoria quase perfeita. Entretanto, a análise fatorial não confirma a estrutura atual desse instrumento. A rotação da matriz mostrou que itens poderiam ser alocados em domínios diferentes aos que pertencem originalmente, mostrando correlações distintas entre os itens e dimensões. Os pontos de corte dos escores brasileiros foram pouco diferentes dos americanos. Algumas questões a serem exploradas são em relação à equivalência da estrutura do instrumento, a equivalência das cargas, a quantidade de itens, a covariância entre os fatores do instrumento e os erros de medida. Estudos futuros poderão verificar a validade e confiabilidade do SCSP 2 entre diferentes populações com uso de instrumentos que possam avaliar o mesmo constructo, observando validades convergentes e discriminantes.

Assessing patterns of sensory dysfunction through instruments that can also measure the results is of extremely importance for the evaluation and development of the therapeutic plan with intervention actions and strategies, both in the clinical, family and school contexts. Studies of translation and cultural validation of instruments are essential and are being increasingly widespread in the field of Occupational Therapy in a way that professionals can incorporate in their assessments reliable instruments that can also measure the results of the intervention and that are suitable for the target audience. This is a methodological, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which aimed to describe the process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the psychometric properties of the School Companion Sensory Profile 2 (SCSP 2) for Brazilian children. The research was carried out in public and private schools in Franca/SP and conducted at the Teaching and Research Laboratory of Occupational Therapy in Childhood and Adolescence (LEPTOI) at the University of São Paulo. The total sample included 74 teachers of children and adolescents aged 3 to 14 years and 11 months, who answered the questionnaire about 146 children. Method: The Portuguese version for Brazil was obtained through two main steps: the first consisted of the translation process, back-translation, content validity study and pre-test phase in a pilot study. In the second step, psychometric studies were carried out using internal consistency, test- retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, and analysis of cut-off points for scores. First stage results revealed that, from the face validity, there was semantic adequacy and comprehensibility of both instruments by the respondents. The STATA software aided in the analysis in the second stage, in which the SCSP 2 showed total internal consistency > 0.96, but when analyzed by sensory areas, the consistency was between 0.7 and 0.9 for all areas except the behavioral area. The quadrants "sensory seeking" and "sensory sensitivity" presented the average of the alpha values of 0.8 and the quadrants "sensory avoidance" and "sensory registration" had the average of the alpha values of 0.9. School factors had an average of alpha values of 0.9, with the exception of factor 2, which had an average of 0.8. Regarding the test-retest for both instruments, there was a high level of agreement with the weighted Kappa value in the almost perfect category. However, factor analysis does not confirm the current structure of this instrument. The matrix rotation showed that items could be allocated in different domains to those they originally belong, showing distinct correlations between the items and dimensions. The cut-off points for Brazilian scores were slightly different when compared with the American scores. Some questions to be explored are in relation to the equivalence of the instrument's structure, the equivalence of the loads, the number of items, the covariance between the factors of the instrument and the measurement errors. Future studies will be able to verify the validity and reliability of SCSP 2 among different populations using instruments that can assess the same construct, observing convergent and discriminating validities.

Evidences of reliability and validity of the sensory assessment instrument Sensory Profile: a preliminary study / Evidências de confiabilidade e validade do instrumento de avaliação sensorial Sensory Profile: um estudo preliminar / Evidencias de confiabilidad y validez de la herramienta de evaluación Sensory Profile: un estudio preliminar

Considering the importance and need for studies that analyze the psychometric properties of assessment tools, this study investigated the psychometric parameters of reliability and validity of the Sensory Profile. The sample was composed of 336 children from the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil, aged from 5 to 10, from both genders, 298 of which did not have neurodevelopmental disorders and 38 of which had Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The tool showed satisfactory internal consistency with alpha values above 0.60 in most categories and factors. The mean scores of the sample of Brazilian children without neurodevelopmental disorders differed from the American normative sample. Children with ASD had lower sensory processing performance than children without neurodevelopmental disorders. The results showed that the Sensory Profile as translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese pointed to the presence of sensory impairments in children with ASD investigated in this research.

Considerando-se a necessidade e importância de trabalhos que analisem propriedades psicométricas de instrumentos de avaliação, o presente estudo investigou parâmetros psicométricos de confiabilidade e validade do Sensory Profile. A amostra foi composta de 336 crianças da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, de 5 a 10 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, sendo 298 sem transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento e 38 com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). O instrumento apresentou consistência interna satisfatória com valores de alfa acima de 0,60 na maioria das categorias e dos fatores. A média dos escores da amostra de crianças brasileiras sem transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento diferiu da amostra normativa norte-americana. As crianças com TEA apresentaram desempenho do processamento sensorial inferior ao das crianças sem transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Os resultados mostraram que o Sensory Profile traduzido e adaptado culturalmente para o português do Brasil apontou para a presença de prejuízos sensoriais nas crianças com TEA investigadas nesta pesquisa.

Teniendo en cuenta la necesidad e importancia de trabajos que analicen propiedades psicométricas de herramientas de evaluación, en este estudio se han investigado los parámetros psicométricos de confiabilidad y validez del Sensory Profile. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 336 niños de la región metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, de 05 a 10 años, ambos sexos, 298 sin trastornos del neurodesarrollo y 38 con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). La herramienta demostró consistencia interna satisfactoria con valores de alfa superiores a 0,60 en la mayoría de las categorías y factores. La media de puntajes de la muestra de niños brasileños sin trastornos del neurodesarrollo se diferenció de la muestra normativa americana. Los niños con TEA lograron desempeño del procesamiento sensorial inferior al de los niños sin trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Los resultados mostraron que el Sensory Profile traducido y adaptado culturalmente para el portugués de Brasil señaló la presencia de daños sensoriales en los niños con TEA de esta investigación.

Recent advances in the neural regulation of feeding behavior in adult Drosophila / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis is a key capability critical for the survival and well-being of animals living in constantly changing environments. Metabolic homeostasis depends on neuromodulators, such as biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and hormones, to signal changes in animals’ internal metabolic status and to orchestrate their behaviors accordingly. An important example is the regulation of feeding behavior by conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms across the animal kingdom. Its relatively simple brain coupled with well-characterized genetics and behavioral paradigms makes the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent model for investigating the neuromodulatory regulation of feeding behavior. In this review we discuss the neuromodulators and neural circuits that integrate the internal physiological status with external sensory cues and modulate feeding behavior in adult fruit flies. Studies show that various specific aspects of feeding behavior are subjected to unique neuromodulatory regulation, which permits fruit flies to maintain metabolic homeostasis effectively.

Recent advances in the neural regulation of feeding behavior in adult Drosophila / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis is a key capability critical for the survival and well-being of animals living in constantly changing environments. Metabolic homeostasis depends on neuromodulators, such as biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and hormones, to signal changes in animals' internal metabolic status and to orchestrate their behaviors accordingly. An important example is the regulation of feeding behavior by conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms across the animal kingdom. Its relatively simple brain coupled with well-characterized genetics and behavioral paradigms makes the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent model for investigating the neuromodulatory regulation of feeding behavior. In this review we discuss the neuromodulators and neural circuits that integrate the internal physiological status with external sensory cues and modulate feeding behavior in adult fruit flies. Studies show that various specific aspects of feeding behavior are subjected to unique neuromodulatory regulation, which permits fruit flies to maintain metabolic homeostasis effectively.

Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação do Infant Sensory Profile 2 e do Toddler Sensory Profile 2 para crianças brasileiras de 0 a 35 meses / Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of Infant Sensory Profile 2 and Toddler Sensory Profile 2 to brasilian children from 0 to 35 months

A mensuração do desenvolvimento sensorial tem se tornado um componente necessário na avaliação clínica e no planejamento terapêutico ocupacional para intervenções com bebês e crianças pequenas. Estudos sobre traduções, adaptações culturais e validação de instrumentos para obtenção de medidas válidas e confiáveis tem sido incorporado mais frequentemente em pesquisas no campo da terapia ocupacional. Este estudo metodológico, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, teve como objetivo descrever o processo de tradução, adaptação cultural e validação das propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP 2) e Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (TSP 2) para crianças brasileiras. A pequisa foi conduzida em ambulatório pediátrico e em laboratórios de pesquisas vinculados à Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. A amostra total incluiu 303 pais/cuidadores de crianças de 0 a 35 meses com desenvolvimento típico e atípico. Métodos: O desenvolvimento das versões para o português do Brasil constou de duas etapas, a primeira consistiu do processo de tradução, retrotradução, estudo de validade de conteúdo e de fase pré-teste em estudo piloto; na segunda etapa, foram realizados estudos psicométricos por meio da consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste, análise fatorial confirmatória, e análise de pontos de corte de escores. Para a primeira etapa, os resultados mostraram que, a partir da validade de face, houve adequação semântica e compreensibilidade de ambos os instrumentos por parte dos respondentes. Para a etapa dois, o software STATA auxiliou nas análises, e o ISP 2 apresentou consistência interna total > 0.70, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi < que 0.70. Com relação ao TSP 2, apresentou consistência interna total > 0.80, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi < que 0.70 com exceção das áreas auditiva e visual, e em relação aos quadrantes, todos os valores de alfa foram < que 0.70. Sobre o teste-reteste, para ambos os instrumentos, houve alta concordância com valor de Kappa ponderado na categoria quase perfeita. Entretanto, a análise fatorial confirmatória não confirma a estrutura atual dos instrumentos. A rotação da matriz mostrou que itens poderiam ser alocados em domínios diferentes aos que pertencem originalmente, demonstrando correlações distintas entre os itens e dimensões. Os pontos de corte dos escores brasileiros foram diferentes dos americanos. Destaca-se, como considerações finais, a importância em analisar e testar a estrutura fatorial exploratória e confirmatória de ambos os instrumentos uma vez que houve diferenças significantes ente as versões brasileiras do ISP 2 e TSP 2 para a população brasileira de crianças de 0 a 3 meses de idade, verificar as equivalências das cargas fatoriais, as quantidades de itens por domínios, as covariâncias entre os fatores dos instrumentos e os erros de medida. Ainda seria importante verificar a invariância das medidas, seja através da análise fatorial ou da teoria de resposta ao item

Sensory development measurement has become a necessary component in clinical assessment and occupational therapy planning for interventions with infants and young children. Studies related to translations, cultural adaptations and validation of instruments to obtain valid and reliable measures have been incorporated more frequently in researches in the occupational therapy field. This cross-sectional methodological study, with a quantitative approach, aimed to describe the process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the psychometric properties of the Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP 2) and Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (TSP 2) to brazilian children. The research was conducted in a pediatric outpatient clinic and in research laboratories linked to the University São Paulo and the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro. The total sample included 303 parents/caregivers of children aged 0-35 months with typical and atypical development. The development of the Brazilian Portuguese versions was done in two steps, the first one consisted of the translation process, back translation, content validity study and pre-test phase in a pilot study; in the second stage, psychometric studies were performed through internal consistency, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, and analysis of cut-off scores. For the first step, the results showed that, from the face validity, there was semantic adequacy and comprehensibility of both instruments by the respondents. For step two, the STATA software assisted in the analyzes, and the ISP 2 presented total internal consistency > 0.70, but when analyzed by sensory areas the consistency was < 0.70. Regarding TSP 2, it presented total internal consistency > 0.80, but when analyzed by sensory areas the consistency was < 0.70, except for auditory and visual areas, and in relation to the quadrants, all alpha values were lower than 0.70. On test-retest analysis, for both instruments, there was high agreement with weighted Kappa value in the almost perfect category. However, the confirmatory factor analysis does not confirm the current structure of this instrument. The rotation of the matrix showed that items could be allocated in domains other than those that originally belonged, showing distinct correlations between items and dimensions. The cut-off points of the Brazilian scores were different from the American ones. As final considerations, it is important to analyze and test the exploratory and confirmatory factorial structure of both instruments since there were significant differences between the Brazilian versions of ISP 2 and TSP 2 for the Brazilian population of children aged 0 to 3 months age; to verify the equivalence of factorial loads; the quantity of items by domains; the covariance between the factors of the instrument and the measurement errors. It is still important to verify the invariance of the measurements, either through factor analysis or item response theory

Sensory Processing Disorders are Associated with Duration of Current Episode and Severity of Side Effects

OBJECTIVE: Longer duration of untreated illness, longer duration of current episode, and the severity of medication side effects may negatively impact on the perceived disability and psychosocial impairment of patients with major affective and anxiety disorders. Studies also suggested the involvement of sensory perception in emotional and psychopathological processes. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between Sensory Processing Disorders (SPD), duration of untreated illness and current illness episode, and the severity of side effects related to psychoactive medications. METHODS: The sample included 178 participants with an age ranging from 17 to 85 years (mean=53.84±15.55). Participants were diagnosed with unipolar Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (50%), Bipolar Disorder (BD) (33.7%), and Anxiety disorders (16.3%). They completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU), and Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) questionnaire. RESULTS: Longer duration of current episode correlated with greater registration of sensory input and lower avoidance from sensory input among unipolar patients; with lower registration of sensory input, and higher tendency for sensory sensitivity/avoidance among bipolar participants; with lower sensory sensitivity/avoidance among anxiety participants, respectively. Also, mean UKU total scores correlated with lower sensory sensitivity among bipolar individuals. CONCLUSION: SPD expressed in either hypo/hyper sensitivity may serve to clinically characterize subjects with major affective and anxiety disorders.

Processamento sensorial e desenvolvimento cognitivo de lactentes nascidos pré-termo e a termo / Sensory processing and cognitive development of preterm and full term infants

Introdução: Estudos atuais apontam para as repercussões que as alterações de processamento sensorial trazem para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor infantil. Pouco se conhece sobre a influência dessas alterações no desenvolvimento cognitivo de lactentes, porém sabe-se que estas interferem negativamente no desempenho das atividades cotidianas e trazem prejuízos ao longo da vida do indivíduo. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o processamento sensorial e o desenvolvimento cognitivo de lactentes, e a associação entre a prematuridade e o processamento sensorial dessa população. Método: Estudo de corte transversal realizado no Ambulatório de Puericultura do Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE, no período de dezembro de 2009 a agosto de 2010. A amostra consistiu de 182 lactentes de oito a 15 meses de idade, dos quais 54 (29,7%) nasceram prematuros, sendo feita a correção da prematuridade para 40 semanas de idade gestacional. Utilizou-se o Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI), para avaliar o processamento sensorial, e a Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III, na avaliação do desenvolvimento cognitivo. Resultados: Verificou-se uma frequência significantemente maior de processamento sensorial em risco e deficiente entre os lactentes nascidos pré-termo (37%) quando comparado ao processo sensorial dos nascidos a termo (21,9%). O atraso cognitivo foi significantemente maior (8,3%) entre os lactentes com processamento sensorial em risco e deficiente em relação aos com processamento sensorial normal (1,5%). Conclusão: A prematuridade foi considerada um fator de risco para distúrbio do processamento sensorial e os lactentes diagnosticados com este distúrbio apresentaram atraso cognitivo mais frequentemente. A prematuridade, isoladamente, não esteve associada ao atraso cognitivo.

Introduction: Current studies show the repercussion of sensory processing disorder in infant neurodevelopment. Little is known about the influence of these disorders in the infant's cognitive development, however, it is known that they negatively interfere on daily life activities and remain during life course. Objective:To evaluate the relationship between sensory processing and cognitive development in infants and the association between prematurity and sensory processing in this population. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Childcare Outpatient Department of the Hospital das Clínicas, Federal Universidade de Pernambuco, from December 2009 to August 2010. The sample consisted of 182 infants from 8 to 15 months, of which 54 (29.7%) were born preterm with the prematurity age correction made to 40 weeks of gestational age. We used the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI) to evaluate the sensory processing and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III to assess cognitive development. Results: There was a significantly higher frequency of at risk and deficient sensory processing among preterm infants (37%) when compared to term infants (21.9%). Cognitive delay was significantly higher (8.3%) in infants with at risk and deficient sensory processing when compared to those with normal sensory processing (1.5%). Conclusion: Prematurity was a risk factor for sensory processing disorder, and infants diagnosed with this disorder showed cognitive delay more frequently. Prematurity alone was not associated with cognitive delay.

Sensory processing patterns, coping strategies, and quality of life among patients with unipolar and bipolar disorders

Objective: To compare sensory processing, coping strategies, and quality of life (QoL) in unipolar and bipolar patients; to examine correlations between sensory processing and QoL; and to investigate the relative contribution of sociodemographic characteristics, sensory processing, and coping strategies to the prediction of QoL. Methods: Two hundred sixty-seven participants, aged 16-85 years (53.6±15.7), of whom 157 had a diagnosis of unipolar major depressive disorder and 110 had bipolar disorder type I and type II, completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile, Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced, and 12-item Short-Form Health Survey version 2. The two groups were compared with multivariate analyses. Results: The unipolar and bipolar groups did not differ concerning sensory processing, coping strategies, or QoL. Sensory processing patterns correlated with QoL independently of mediation by coping strategies. Correlations between low registration, sensory sensitivity, sensation avoidance, and reduced QoL were found more frequently in unipolar patients than bipolar patients. Higher physical QoL was mainly predicted by lower age and lower sensory sensitivity, whereas higher mental QoL was mainly predicted by coping strategies. Conclusion: While age may predict physical QoL, coping strategies predict mental QoL. Future studies should further investigate the impact of sensory processing and coping strategies on patients’ QoL in order to enhance adaptive and functional behaviors related to affective disturbances.

Cuestionario de proceso sensorial en adultos: comparación de resultados entre población de USA y de Chile: resultados preliminares / Sensory proccesing questionaire in adults: comparation of results between USA and Chile population: preliminary results

Existen escasos estudios sobre la forma de evaluar el proceso sensorial en adultos; una de estas formas es el uso de perfil sensorial desarrollado por Brown y Dunn en el año 2002, aplicable tanto para la población infantil como adulta de habla inglesa. Hasta el momento no existe una evaluación de procesamiento sensorial del adulto validada en castellano. En base a estos antecedentes, el principal objetivo de este estudio es validar la construcción interna de una escala de procesamiento sensorial en el adulto a través del Cuestionario del Proceso Sensorial del Adulto (CPSA) con una población de habla hispana, para luego comparar los resultados con la misma prueba anteriormente valorada en una población de habla inglesa. Los pasos en la elaboración de esta prueba fueron los siguientes: 1) traducción de la prueba al castellano; 2) instalación de la prueba en Internet e invitación a responderla; 3) análisis de los resultados usando estadísticas descriptivas y análisis de factores para observar diferencias con los factores desarrollados con las personas de habla inglesa y 4) comparación entre los factores obtenidos en la prueba con población hispana y con población de habla inglesa. Se dieron 11 factores que representan hipo o hiper respuesta en los sistemas sensoriales analizados. Estos factores se asemejan a los factores obtenidos con la población de habla inglesa. Esta prueba puede utilizarse para pesquisar dificultades de procesamiento sensorial de adultos en base a los resultados obtenidos.

There are many ways to evaluate sensory processing in children, but less so in adults. One of these evaluations is the Sensory Profile initially developed in children (Dunn, 1999; 2014) and also in adults (Brown & Dunn, 2002). These tests were developed in English and until this point, there are no assessments of sensory processing validated with Spanish – speaking adults. The main objective of this study is to validate the internal construction of the Adult Sensory Processing Questionnaire Adult Sensory Processing (ASPS) with a Spanish-speaking population, and compare the results with the same test previously validated with an English-speaking (Blanche, Parham, Chang & Mallinson, 2014). The steps in the development of this test were as follows: 1) translation of original version to Spanish; 2) test upload and invitations to potential responders; 3) analysis of the results using descriptive statistics and factor analysis to evaluate the factor differences between the English and Spanish answers; and 4) comparison between the factors obtained in the test with Spanish and English speaking population. The factor analysis yielded 11 factors representing hypo or hyper response in sensory systems. These factors are similar to the factors obtained with the English-speaking population. This test may be used in order to screen sensory processing difficulties adult based on the results.