Higroma quístico retronucal como marcador de anomalías cromosómicas en el primer trimestre de la gestación - Actualización

Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación del higroma quístico retronucal (HQR) y anomalías cromosómicas fetales. Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo de 323 fetos del primer trimestre con riesgo para anomalías cromosómicas diagnosticados por ecografía entre las 11 y 13,6 semanas. Resultados. De 323 fetos con riesgo para anomalías cromosómicas, se encontró 132 casos de anomalías cromosómicas (40,9%). Se identificaron 145 casos de HQR; en 64 (56,6%) se realizó biopsia de vellosidades coriales y en 81 (43,5%) amniocentesis, hallándose cariotipo anómalo en 82 (56,6%). De 88 fetos con HQR aislado, 33 casos (37,5%) tuvieron alguna anomalía cromosómica; en 58 fetos con HQR asociado a otros hallazgos anormales, se encontró que en 43 fetos (74,1%) hubo anomalías cromosómicas, y de ellos 24 (41,4%) tenían onda de flujo (OVF) anormal del ductus venoso, 17 (29,3%) tenían edema generalizado, 8 casos (13,8%) con cardiopatía, 7 (12,1%) ausencia del hueso nasal. Los valores predictivos del HQR fueron: sensibilidad (S) 62,1%, especificidad (E) 67%, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) 56,6%, valor predictivo negativo (VPN) 71,9%, p<0,001, OR: 3,3. El HQR asociado a otros hallazgos anormales, tuvo los siguientes valores predictivos: S 52,4%, E 76,2%, VPP 76,2%, OR: 3,5, LR+: 2,2, p<0,000. El edema generalizado y el ductus venoso anormal tuvieron los valores predictivos más altos: VPP 88,2% y 83,3%, respectivamente. Las anomalías cromosómicas encontradas con mayor frecuencia fueron: T21 (53,7%), monosomía X (18,3%), T18 (15,9%), T13 (6,1%). Conclusiones. El higroma quístico retronucal es un marcador de riesgo con alto valor predictivo para anomalías cromosómicas, siendo mayor cuando está asociado a otros hallazgos ecográficos anormales. La identificación ecográfica del HQR en el tamizaje prenatal del primer trimestre debería ser indicación para recomendar una prueba diagnóstica para anomalías cromosómicas.

Objective: To evaluate the association of retronucal cystic hygroma (RCH) and fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Methods: Retrospective observational study of 323 first trimester fetuses at risk for chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed by ultrasound between 11 and 13.6 weeks. Results: Of 323 fetuses at risk for chromosomal abnormalities, 132 cases of chromosomal abnormalities were found (40.9%). A total of 145 cases of RCH were identified; chorionic villus biopsy was performed in 64 (56.6%) and amniocentesis in 81 (43.5%); an abnormal karyotype was found in 82 (56.6%). Of 88 fetuses with isolated RCH, 33 (37.5%) had some chromosomal abnormality. In 58 fetuses with RCH associated with other abnormal findings, chromosomal abnormalities were found in 43 fetuses (74.1%) and of these 24 (41.4%) had abnormal ductus venosus flow wave (DVF), 17 (29.3%) had generalized edema, 8 cases (13.8%) with cardiopathy, 7 (12,1%) with absent nasal bone. The predictive values of RCH were sensitivity (S) 62.1%, specificity (Sp) 67%, positive predictive value (PPV) 56.6%, negative predictive value (NPV) 71.9%, p<0.001, OR: 3.3. RCH associated with other abnormal findings were S 52.4%, Sp 76.2%, PPV 76.2%, OR: 3.5, LR+: 2.2, p<0.000. Generalized edema and abnormal ductus venosus had the highest predictive values: PPV 88.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The most frequently found chromosomal abnormalities were T21 (53.7%), monosomy X (18.3%), T18 (15.9%), T13 (6.1%). Conclusions: Retronucal cystic hygroma is a risk marker with high predictive value for chromosomal abnormalities, being higher when associated with other abnormal ultrasound findings. Ultrasonographic identification of RCH in first trimester prenatal screening should be an indication to recommend diagnostic testing for chromosomal abnormalities.

Septate gall bladder: a surgical surprise with review of literature

Septate gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly, which can present a challenge for the surgeon who performs laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The common first line modality for screening in symptomatic gallbladder pathology is still ultrasonography. Preoperative diagnosis of this anomaly is not common. Pre- operative diagnosis and being acquainted with this anomaly decreases the possibility of injury to the biliary tract, the number of postoperative complications and the possible need for further surgical procedures. We present a case of septate gallbladder, which was diagnosed during the operative procedure. Despite the finding of a septate gallbladder, the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was uneventful.

Robert’s uterus: a rare mullerian anomaly mystery unfolded

Anomalies of female genital tract may not be detected until after menarche when they present a cyclical pain due to outlet obstruction. Mullerian anomalies represent a vast array of structural abnormalities resulting from improper development and fusion of embryological mullerian ducts. 19-year-old girl attained menarche at the age of 14, had progressive dysmenorrhoea and diagnosed as right haemotosalphinx and ovarian endometrioma which were removed in 2008. As pain progressed, she underwent laparoscopic adhesiolysis in 2013. Since, pain persisted, diagnosed as right haematometra, and drainage done by laparotomy. Left adnexa were normal. She was given depot provera till she completed schooling. She developed recurrent dysmenorrhoea after stopping depot provera. USG and MRI revealed recurrent haematometra on right side with normal left horn. The possibility of atypical septum was thought about and hystero laparoscopy was done. It showed right side haemetometra with absent right adnexa. Left adnexa normal. Hysteroscopy showed normal left horn with septum with a bulge towards the left side. Hence, proceeded with hysteroscopic septostomy and haemetometra was drained to the left horn. Later patient was free from dysmenorrhea and repeat hysteroscopy was found to be normal. This case highlighting mullerian anomalies have to be considered when young girls present with severe progressive dysmenorrhoea and diagnosis remains a challenge most of the clinicians. This rare entity has to be kept in mind while evaluating such patients. Prompt diagnosis and early surgical correction are essential to avoid future morbidity in the form of repeated unnecessary surgeries.

A case of successful conception after Jone's metroplasty in woman with recurrent pregnancy loss with septate uterus

Anomalies of the reproductive tract are common and are seen in approximately 3-5% of the general population. These are usually asymptomatic, but are sometimes associated with recurrent pregnancy loss or infertility. Among these anomalies, septate uterus is the most common anomaly to be associated with obstetric complications and infertility. A 27 years old female patient P0A2L0 with first spontaneous abortion at 3 months and second spontaneous abortion at 4 months came to OPD with complaint of recurrent pregnancy loss. She was advised USG of pelvic region which shows septate uterus with normal cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Patient prepared for DHL complete septum present normal B/L ostium and Jone's metroplasty done in which wedge shaped incision kept on uterine fundus, common cavity created by un roofing septum myometrium closed and AT the end Copper T 375 placed in intrauterine cavity for 6 months. 1 year after surgery patient came with UPT positive for antenatal visit at sola civil. Patient is now with 30 weeks of pregnancy with normal single intrauterine live cephalic fetus, metroplasty is an accepted method of treatment in women with recurrent abortions and septate uterus and it significantly improves the subsequent reproductive outcome. combined data from several published series and reported that the incidence of spontaneous abortion and preterm delivery rate decreases significantly after metroplasty, whereas, the incidence of term delivery rate increases.

Study of mullerian anomalies over 5 years in a tertiary care centre

Background: Mullerian anomalies-developmental anomalies of the mullerian system might involve the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and vagina of which anomalies of the uterus are the most common. They are often regarded as a treatable form of infertility and have a prevalence of 0.5% in the general population. Though most of them remain asymptomatic, they contribute a good proportion of recurrent pregnancy losses, obstetric complications and infertility. Their timely diagnosis, management and evaluation of associated anomalies proves to be necessary.Methods: A prospective observational study was undertaken at KIMS, Hubli from 2014 to 2018. The study involved those women who were admitted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at KIMS, Hubli for various reasons and were detected to have a mullerian anomaly. Their mode of presentation, method of detection, associated anomalies were analysed and statistical conclusions drawn from the same.Results: During the study period of 5 years, a total of 85 cases of mullerian anomalies were detected amounting to an incidence of 0.15%. 35% of them were asymptomatic, infertility (24%) being the next common mode of presentation. Septate/sub-septate uterus was found to have the poorest obstetric outcome. Mullerian anomalies were seen in combination in 14% of the cases and had an association with other anomalies like renal anomalies in 10% of the cases. Surgical correction was done for most of the cases of vaginal septum and septate/sub-septate uterus.Conclusions: Mullerian anomalies are often regarded as an uncommon but treatable form of infertility. Their timely detection, treatment and watchful obstetric management is in need.

Floral anatomy of the plant Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae)

Loranthaceae hemiparasitic family comprises 76 genera and about 1 050 species distributed in temperate and tropical regions.The subtribe Psittacanthinae contains 14 genera of neotropical mistletoe including Psittacanthus with over 120 species, characterized by large, brightly colored (red, orange, yellow) flowers that are mostly pollinated by hummingbirds. During the 20th century, a number of morphological and embryological studies were conducted mainly on Old World Loranthaceae genera. More recently, attention has been focused on neotropical Psittacanthinae where among the 14 genera, floral anatomy has been examined in only seven.The aim of this study is to describe the floral anatomy of Psittacanthus schiedeanus and compares the results with those derived from related mistletoe, interpreting the variation of the floral characters of the calyculus, nectary, gynoecium and from floral dissections and serial histological sections, detailing the structure of androecium and gynoecium and anthers in the context of the new phylogenetic information. Flowers of P. schiedeanus at different developmental stages were examined using stained serial sections visualized with light microscopy. These flowers have a vascularized, cupular pedicel fused to a bracteole, a non-vascularized calyculus, an annular nectary, a unilocular gynoecium with a single central mamelon and an androecium formed by epipetalous septate stamens. The morphological comparison of pedicel, bracteole and calyculus provides support for the interpretation of the calyculus as a reduced calyx. The annular nectary seems to be a character shared by the entire subtribe Psittacanthinae, which distinguishes it from Ligarinae which has stylar nectary. The unilocular gynoecium formed by a single central structure is a character shared with other genera in Psittacanthinae except Tripodanthus. The androecium is composed of dithecal, tetrasporangiate stamens with septate locules that are here considered an adaptation for pollen releasing over an extended time period rather than previous suggestions that they result from evolutionary pressure to reduce anther size or to facilitate the nutrition of microspores in large anthers.

La familia hemiparásita Loranthaceae comprende 76 géneros y aproximadamente 1 050 especies distribuidas en regiones templadas y tropicales. La subtribu Psittacanthinae contiene 14 géneros de muérdagos neotropicales que incluyen Psittacanthus con más de 120 especies, caracterizadas por presentar flores grandes de colores brillantes (rojo, naranja y amarillo) que son polinizadas principalmente por colibríes. Durante el siglo XX se desarrollaron una serie de estudios morfológicos y embriológicos de géneros de Loranthaceae del Viejo Mundo. Recientemente, la atención se ha centrado en la subfamilia neotropical Psittacanthinae, en donde de los 14 géneros que la conforman, la anatomía floral se ha examinado solamente en siete. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la anatomía floral de Psittacanthus schiedeanus y comparar los resultados con los de otros muérdagos relacionados, interpretando la variación de los caracteres florales del calículo, nectario, gineceo y anteras en el contexto de la nueva información filogenética. Flores de P. schiedeanus en diferentes estados de desarrollo fueron examinadas mediante secciones seriadas teñidas utilizando microscopía óptica. Estas flores tienen un pedículo vascularizado y cupular fusionado con una bracteola, un cáliz no vascularizado, un nectario anular, un gineceo unilocular con un solo mamelón central y un androceo formado por estambres septados epipétalos. La comparación morfológica de pedicelo, bracteola y calículo proporciona apoyo para la interpretación del calículo como un cáliz reducido. El nectario anular parece ser un carácter compartido por toda la subtribu Psittacanthinae, que lo diferencia de la subtribu Ligarinae con nectario estilar. El gineceo unilocular formado por una estructura central única es un carácter compartido con otros géneros de la subtribu Psittacanthinae, con la excepción de Tripodanthus. El androceo está formado por estambres bitecados, tetrasporangiados con lóculos septados que aquí se consideran una adaptación para liberar polen durante un período prolongado de tiempo, en lugar de sugerencias previas que lo explican como resultado de la presión evolutiva para reducir el tamaño de la antera o para facilitar la nutrición de microesporas en anteras grandes.

Tolerance of dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) to 1 agrochemicals in vitro / Tolerancia de hongos endofíticos septados oscuros a agroquímicos in vitro

Abstract Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a heterogeneous group of fungi, mostly belonging to the Phylum Ascomycota, that are involved in a mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of two strains of DSE isolated from wheat roots of two cropping areas in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, against some agrochemicals. Of all the isolates obtained, two strains were identified as Alternaria alternata and Cochliobolus sp. These DSE were found to be tolerant to glyphosate, carbendazim and cypermethrin when evaluated at the recommended agronomic dose (AD), 2 AD and, in some cases, 10 AD. This work contributes to the study of the biology of this group of fungi and their tolerance in the presence of xenobiotics widely used in agriculture.© 2019 Asociaci´on Argentina de Microbiolog´ıa. Published by Elsevier Espa˜na, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).

Resumen Los endófitos septados oscuros (DSE) son un grupo heterogéneo de hongos que participan de una simbiosis mutualista con raíces de plantas, perteneciendo principalmente al Phylum Ascomycota. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar DSE de raíces de trigo proveniente de dos áreas de cultivo de la provincia de Buenos Aires y evaluar el comportamiento de dos cepas de DSE aisladas de raíces de trigo frente a algunos agroquímicos en dos áreas de cultivo de la provincia de Buenos Aires. De todos los aislamientos obtenidos se seleccionaron dos cepas que se identificaron como Alternaria alternata y Cochliobolus sp. Se encontró que estos DSE son tolerantes al glifosato, el carbendazim y la cipermetrina, evaluados a las dosis agronómicas recomendadas (AD), a 2x AD y, en algunos casos, a 10x AD. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de la biología de este grupo de hongos y su tolerancia a xenobióticos ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura.

Septate uterus with double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum – A report of two cases of rare uterine anomaly

Background: Embryological maldevelopment of the Mullerian or paramesonephric duct results in congenital uterine anomalies. A rare developmental anomaly is a septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum. This anomaly cannot be explained by the classical unidirectional Mullerian developmental theory and does not fit into American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) classification of uterine anomalies. The bidirectional Mullerian developmental theory holds good for this type of anomalies and the new ESHRE/ESGE classification for female urogenital tract anomaly (CONUTA) is more suitable for effective categorization, diagnosis, and treatment.Case Report: Two cases of the complete uterine septum with double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum who presented with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility were diagnosed and managed by hysteroscopy and laparoscopy. The vaginal and the uterine septum were resected. Both the patients had an uneventful post-operative recovery period and were followed up for a period of 1 year. The symptoms such as dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia improved significantly without any effect on the fertility outcome.Conclusion:Very few of such cases are reported in the literature. This rare anomaly is explained by the bidirectional Mullerian developmental theory and the application of the new ESHRE/ESGE classification of the urogenital tract (CONUTA) is more suitable for such anomalies for effective categorization, diagnosis, and treatment.

Successful outcome in a perplexing case of Roberts uterus: a rare uterine anomaly, a rare case report with review of literature

Robert uterus is a rare Mullerian development anomaly with very few cases reports available. It presents with triad of morphologic features of - Blind hemi cavity with or without unilateral hematometra, contralateral unicornuate uterine cavity and normal uterine fundus with or without small external indentation. The major difficulty lies in making the diagnosis of Robert’s uterus. All the reported cases of Robert’s uterus have been managed differently according to patient’s complaints. A 25-year-old married female, resident of Agra presented to gynecology OPD of Dr RML Hospital and associated PGIMER in June 2013, with primary infertility and cyclical left sided dysmenorrhoea since menarche. Patient was consulting at her hometown Agra for 2 years and had an USG and MRI pelvis report of Feb. 2013 with her showing unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn. Infertility investigations were done in our hospital. HSG report was of localized spill on right with left tubal block. Patient was posted for diagnostic hystero-laproscopy which was further followed by laprotomy, after which we could reach to a diagnosis of Robert uterus with non-communicating left cavity and with severe endometriosis. Patient needed a second hysteroscopy for lysis of septum and subsequently conceived with IVF. She delivered a healthy male baby of 2.65 kg by elective LSCS at 37 weeks with associated breech presentation with gestational hypertension with severe IHCP on 20 June 2019. Paediatric surgeons and gynecologists should be aware of this rare atypical obstructive Mullerian malformation and its management to avoid inappropriate management delays in these patients. A timely diagnosis and definite treatment have a great impact on future reproductive and endocrine function.

Operative hysteroscopy-assisted pregnancy termination after failed surgical abortion in missed abortion of woman with complete septate uterus

Root-fungal associations in plants from home gardens of Tripura, Northeast India

Mycorrhizal association is an integral part of terrestrial ecosystems. The present work was focused to examinearbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal colonization, and the composition of AMfungi from two home gardens of Tripura in Northeast India. The results reveal eight plants commonly occurringin two sites belonging to seven families. Of the eight plants, dual colonization of AM and DSE fungi wasobserved in seven plants from two sites. A total of 18 AM fungal species were recovered from both the sites.The study reveals a robust composition of AM fungi in the home garden ecosystem. AM fungi isolated fromthese ecosystems confirm their occurrence and these fungi may be beneficial in improving the cultivationpractices in the home garden systems of the region.

Colonization investigation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) in roots of Polygonatum kingianum and their correlations with content of main functional components in rhizomes / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) in the roots of Polygonatum kingianum planted at different areas, and explore the correlations between the colonization rate and the main functional components. Methods: Fresh roots of P. kingianum from five plots in Yunnan Province were taken as research objects. The alkali dissociation method was used to investigate the colonization of AMF and DSE in the roots of P. kingianum. Then the morphological structure was photographed. The content of P. sibiricum polysaccharides, diosgenin, total flavonoids and extractum were separately determined by phonel-sulfate method, colorimetry method of vanillin-acetic acid-perchloric acid, spectrophotometry method with rutin standard and hot dipping method with alcohol. The correlations between the colonization rates of AMF or DSE and four main functional components were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient method. Results: The average colonization of AMF and DSE in the five plots were 26.25%-57.54% and 31.67%-45.19%, respectively. The colonization rates of AMF and DSE from HHMZ was higher than the other four others. All of correlations among the colonization rates of AMF, DSE and their typical structure and the four main functional components in the rhizomes were positive correlation, in which the correlations between the content of polysaccharides, diosgenin or total flavonoids and the colonization rates of AMF or DSE were higher, and their correlation coefficient were respectively 0.838/0.887, 0.819/0.703, and 0.785/0.855 (AMF/DSE). Furthermore, the correlations between the content of polysaccharides and the colonization rates of AMF hypha or DSE were significant. In addition, there were high correlations among the colonization rates of AMF, DSE and their typical structures, as well as the content in pairs of four functional components. Conclusion: There were higher colonization rates of AMF and DSE in the fibrous roots of P. kingianum. The correlations between the colonization rates of AMF or DSE and each main functional component were positive. This study provides data support and experimental basis for the implementation of ecological planting of P. kingianum and the use of biological means to increase production and income.rates

Micorriza arbuscular, Mucoromycotina y hongos septados oscuros en helechos y licófitas con distribución en México: una revisión global / Arbuscular mycorrhizal, Mucoromycotina and dark septate fungi in ferns and lycophytes with distribution in Mexico: a global review

ResumenLos helechos y licófitas son un grupo de plantas vasculares de interés para entender la evolución de las interacciones micorrízicas y su preservación es de relevancia por sus múltiples interacciones ecológicas. El registro de los diferentes grupos taxonómicos de hongos asociados a helechos y licófitas se encuentra fragmentado y el criterio para su diagnóstico inconsistente, lo que dificulta el entendimiento y la determinación del estatus micorrízico. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer el porcentaje de especies de helechos y licófitas que tiene distribución en México de las que se tiene información sobre hongos endomicorrízicos. Se integró un listado de la presencia de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA), Mucoromycotina y hongos septados oscuros (HSO) asociados a helechos y licófitas, a través de una búsqueda exhaustiva de información. En este trabajo se consideró una especie micorrízica arbuscular, por los arbúsculos, para diferenciarla de la colonización por hifas, vesículas u ovillos. El estudio generó un listado de ocurrencia de interacciones endomicorrízicas en 27 familias, 61 géneros y 137 especies de helechos y licófitas, que representa el 13.37 % de las especies, 91 % de los géneros y 77 % de las familias registradas para México. El 78.1 % de las especies presentó colonización por hongos, el 56.2 % fueron por HMA, el 8.9 % solo presentó colonización por hifas, vesículas o coils, el 21.8 % fue por HSO y el 1. 4 % por hongos Mucoromycotina. Del total de especies, la mayor presencia de colonización se presentó en especies terrestres 76.59 %, saxícolas 33.33 %, acuáticas 20 % y epífitas con 6.25 %. Las familias de helechos y licófitas con mayor número de especies colonizadas fueron: Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae y Dryopteridaceae. El presente trabajo muestra que la asociación de HMA y HSO es la más ampliamente distribuida en las familias y especies de helechos y licófitas. Surge la necesidad de incluir a los helechos y licófitas en los estudios de interacciones endomicorrízicas ya que únicamente 28 especies (20 %) fueron estudiadas en ecosistemas de México. La mayoría de los estudios se enfocan en la fase esporofítica (80 %). Sin embargo, para entender el papel que juegan las micorrizas en el establecimiento de helechos y licófitas se requiere incluir a la fase gametofítica, así como estudios de ecología, biología molecular, así como trabajos experimentales de fisiología. La información presentada es de relevancia para implementar estrategias alternativas de conservación, debido a que muchas especies de helechos y licófitas requieren de la asociación micorrízica para su crecimiento y supervivencia.

AbstractFerns and lycophytes are a group of vascular plants of interest to understand the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions; their preservation is of relevance for their multiple ecological relations. The record of different taxonomic groups of fungi associated with ferns and lycophytes is fragmentary, and the criteria for it identification is inconsistent, which hinders the understanding and determination of mycorrhizal status. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the species of ferns and lycophytes with distribution in Mexico, and with information of fungal interactions. A checklist of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Mucoromycotina and dark septate fungi (DSF) associated with ferns and lycophytes was integrated through an exhaustive global literature search. In this study, mycorrhizal species was considered by the presence of arbuscules to differentiate with hyphal, vesicular and coils colonization. The study gathered a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrences of 27 families, 61 genus and 137 species of ferns and lycophytes, which covers 13.4 % of the species, 91 % of the genus and 77 % of the families distributed in Mexico. The 78.1 % of the species showed colonization, 56.2 % by AMF, 29.9 % by DSF and 0.72 % by Mucoromycotina fungi. From the total of the species, the higher presences of colonization were in terrestrial, epiphytic, saxicolous, and aquatic plants with 76.6 %, 33.3 %, 20 %, and 6.3 %, respectively. The families of ferns and lycophytes with the higher number of species colonized were Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The present study showed the widespread associations of AMF and DSF in ferns and lycophytes of Mexico. It is urgently needed to include ferns and lycophytes in studies focused on endomycorhizal interactions, since only 28 species (28 %) were studied in Mexican ecosystems. The majority of studies were focused on sporophytic face (80 %). Nonetheless, to understand the role that plays the mycorrhiza in the establishment of ferns and lycophytes, it is necessary to include the gametophytic face in ecological, molecular and physiological experimental studies. This information is important to implement conservation strategies, because a considerable number of ferns and lycophytes species, depend on these mycorrhizal associations for their growth and survival. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1062-1081. Epub 2017 September 01.

A discussion of diagnostic value and diagnostic indicator in distinguishing arcuate uterus from septate uterus by three dimensional sonography / 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

Objective To discuss the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus and septate uterus and propose a quantitative indicator in distinguishing arcuate uterus and septate uterus.Methods Ninety-six patients with suspected congenital uterine malformation underwent 3D sonography to assess uterine anomalies at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from August 2011 to March 2013.Uterine coronal section was reconstructed and measured in onmi view imaging mode of 3D sonography.Then qualitative diagnosis and categorization was done.The results were compared with diagnosis of hysteroscopy,hysteroscopy combined with laparoscope to determine the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive values,negative predictive values and total accuracy of 3D sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus,partial and complete septate uterus respectively.The variable was created in coronal section of uterus constructed through 3D imaging mode to differentiate arcuate uterus from septate uterus.Results There were 33 cases (34.4％,33/96) of arcuate uterus,54 cases (56.2％,54/96) of partial septate uterus and 9 cases (9.4％,9/96) of complete uterus in 96 cases diagnosed by 3D sonography.The accuracy of 3D sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus and septate uterus was 86.5％.We concluded that 3D sonography had 100％ sensitivity,82.9％ specificity,60.6％ positive predictive value and 100％negative predictive value in the diagnosis of arcuate uterus.The sensitivity of 3D sonography for diagnosis of partial septate uterus was 80.6％,the specificity was 100％,the positive predictive value was 100％,and the negative predictive value was 69.1％.The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive values of 3D sonography for detecting complete septate uterus were all 100％.The ratio of depth of uterine internal indentation and depth from uterine fundus to the top of intemal indentation was more than 50％ for septate uterus,while less than 50％ for most of the arcuate uterus.Conclusions The diagnostic efficiency of 3D sonography in specific uterine malformation is different.The new quantitative indicator maybe helpful in improving the accuracy of 3D sonography in diagnosing arcuate uterus and septate uterus.

Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from five medicinal plants species of orchidaceae / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate extensively the cultural endophytic fungal community colonized mainly in the roots of five orchid medicinal plants species. METHODS: Cultural endophytic fungi were identified using the morphological methods and molecular sequences. RESULTS: A total of 241 strains of fungi were isolated and identified into at least 52 genera. Among them, Fusarium (14.9%), Colletotrichum(12.9%), Xylaria(5.4%) and Alternaria(3.7%) were dominated. Ten interested fungal strains were identified, including Dark septate endophyte (DSE) and Orchid mycorrhizal fungi(e. g. Tulasnella and Sebacina). CONCLUSION: Fungal taxa and richness are related to host plant species and its geological distribution. This study provides important fungal resources for cultivation of orchid medicinal plants and screening of bioactive compounds in the future.

Fertilidad posterior a la septoplastia histeroscópica de consultorio. Una propuesta de clasificación del septo uterino / Fertility after hysteroscopic septoplasty surgery. A proposed classification for the septum uterine

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las malformaciones müllerianas son anomalías del desarrollo de los genitales internos femeninos. La incidencia mundial es de 0.16 a 10%. La más común es el útero septado, consecuencia de una falla en la reabsorción del tabique útero-vaginal. OBJETIVO: Evaluar, en la población estudiada, la repercusión de la septoplastia histeroscópica en la fertilidad de mujeres con útero septado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio abierto, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de pacientes de la Clínica de Histeroscopia del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, con diagnóstico de infertilidad establecido con auxilio de la técnica de acceso por vaginoscopia, según Betocchi, siguiendo el concepto de "ver y tratar". RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 508 expedientes y de estos se seleccionaron 313 de pacientes a quienes se practicó histeroscopia diagnóstica de las que 32 resultaron con septo uterino. Se efectuaron 27 septoplastias histeroscópicas en consultorio y 5 programadas en quirófano. En 27 (84.3%) se logró el embarazo y de éstos 5 mediante fertilización asistida; hubo 8 nacimientos prematuros y 17 a término y 2 abortos diferidos. CONCLUSIÓN: Hoy día la septoplastia histeroscópica es la alternativa de tratamiento del septo uterino debido a su facilidad de realización en el consultorio por personal adiestrado, baja morbilidad, menores costos, rápida recuperación y excelente resultado reproductivo. Se propone una clasificación de acuerdo con el componente del septo.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Müllerian malformations are defined as anomalies development of female internal genitalia. Its incidence worldwide is 0.16% to 10%. The most common of these is the septate uterus which is due to a failure in the reabsorption of uterovaginal septum. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on fertility hysteroscopic septoplasty in women with uterine septum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an open, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study. 508 cases of which 313 patients underwent diagnostic office hysteroscopy hysteroscopy clinic were reviewed Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, diagnosed with infertility, you access using the technique vaginoscopic according Betocchi, following the concept of" see and treat ", proceed to perform septoplasty with bipolar energy at that moment. RESULTS: 32 patients were diagnosed with uterine septum. 27 hysteroscopic septoplasty were performed in office and five scheduled in the operating room. 27 of them achieving pregnancy (84.38%) spontaneously regarding perinatal outcomes of those 27 patients who achieved pregnancy 2 had missed abortion, premature 8 were 17 were concluded; 5 required assisted fertilization. CONCLUSION: The hysteroscopic septoplasty is now recommended for the treatment of uterine septum due to ease of performance by trained personnel, low morbidity, the feasibility of its implementation in practice, reduced cost, speedy recovery of patients and excellent reproductive outcome alternative. Classification according to the component of the septum is proposed.

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi of Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To examine the diversity and antimicrobial activities of the endophytic fungi of Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng. METHODS: The identification of the fungi was carried out by rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated endophytic fungi were determined by agar block test. RESULTS: Nineteen strains of various endophytes were obtained from the roots, stems and leaves of D. versipellis, which were molecularly identified to belong to eight catalogues and thirteen genuses. The DV04 had remarkable antimicrobial activities to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Morphological and molecular identification demonstrated that DV04 represented Leptodontidium sp.. CONCLUSION: The endophytic fungi in Dysosma versipellis are diverse and rich. Some strains such as DV04 deserve further research as an alternative antimicrobial resource.

Complete septate uterus, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral adnexal and renal agenesis in pregnancy

Most cases of double uterus with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis were diagnosed at adolescents after menarche. This is the first reported case of complete septate uterus with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis in addition to ipsilateral agenesis of fallopian tube and ovary in which the diagnosis was delayed until pregnancy. The pregnancy was uneventful in spite of intermittent vaginal spotting. During the cesarean section, the septum of the uterus was resected and about a 3-cmx3-cm window was made on the vaginal septum to allow an opening for the obstructed vaginal discharge. We followed the patient up for one and half years, and she has not had symptoms such as dysmenorrhea or abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Asteraceae from white sand savannas, in Pinar del Rio, Cuba / Colonizacion micorrizica arbuscular en Asteraceae de las sabanas de arenas blancas, de Pinar del Rio, Cuba

Asteraceae family shows a great diversity in Cuba and presents threatened taxons in high number. Pinar del Río has 19 threatened species belonging to this family and three of them are characteristic of a sandy (quartzitic) soil at the Reserva Florística Manejada San Ubaldo-Sabanalamar (Floristic Reserve San Ubaldo-Sabanalamar). The arbuscular mycorrhizal status and colonization rate in Aster grisebachii, Erigeron bellidiastroides, Erigeron cuneifolius, Pectis juniperina and Sachsia polycephala (Asteraceae) from this Reserve was determined in October 2009 and April 2010, during hydrologic rainy and dry period, respectively. All species were mycotrophic in both periods with a high percentage of colonization rates, between 66 and 100% in rainy period and between 84 and 100% in dry period. Vesicles, arbuscules, spores, hyphal and arbuscular coils of arbuscular mycorrhizae were observed. Paris -type and Arum -type morphologies (both) were observed indistinctly in all the species, and Intermediate type was observed only in Aster grisebachii and Erigeron bellidiastroides, which could be a hint that these species are colonized by more than one fungal species, and therefore enhancing the relevance of fungal identity as a considerable character in the morphology association. Also, septate hyphae and microsclerotium of dark septate endophytes were identifyed inside the roots of all the species.

La familia Asteraceae muestra una gran diversidad en Cuba y presenta un elevado número de taxones amenazados. Pinar del Río cuenta con 19 especies amenazadas pertenecientes a esta familia, de las cuales tres son características de los suelos arenosos cuarcíticos de la Reserva Florística Manejada San Ubaldo-Sabanalamar. Se determinó el estatus micorrízico arbuscular y la tasa de colonización de Aster grisebachii, Erigeron bellidiastroides, Erigeron cuneifolius, Pectis juniperina y Sachsia polycephala (Asteraceae) presentes en esta Reserva, en octubre del 2009 y abril del 2010, durante los períodos hidrológicos húmedo y seco, respectivamente. Todas las especies estaban micorrizadas en ambos períodos con elevados porcentaje de colonización micorrízica, entre 66 y 100% en el período lluvioso y entre 84 y 100% en el período seco. Se identificaron vesículas, arbúsculos, esporas, enrollados hifales y arbusculares característicos de las micorrizas arbusculares. Los tipos morfológicos Paris y Arum (ambos) fueron observados indistintamente en todas las especies, y el tipo Intermedio solo se observó en Aster grisebachii y Erigeron bellidiastroides, lo cual sugiere la colonización de estas especies por más de una especie fúngica y con ello la importancia de la identidad fúngica en la determinación de la morfología de la asociación. Se identificaron además, hifas septadas y microesclerosios de endófitos oscuros septados en el interior de las raíces de todas las especies estudiadas.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in two morphological root types of Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch / Infección por micorrizas arbusculares en dos tipos de raíces de Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch

Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch is a conifer distributed in the Andean-Patagonian forests in the south of Argentina and Chile. The main objective of this work was to relate the different root classes appearing in A. araucana to mycorrhizal behavior. Samples were collected in three different sites in the Lanín National Park (NW Patagonia, Argentina). Two different root classes were present in A. araucana: longitudinal fine roots (LFR) and globular short roots (GSR). Both had extensive mycorrhizal arbuscular symbiosis (AM) and presented abundant hyphae and coils in root cells, a characteristic of the anatomical Paris-type. Dark septate fungal endophytes were also observed. Values of total AM colonization were high, with similar partial AM% values for each root class. Seasonal differences were found for total and partial colonization, with higher values in spring compared to autumn. Regarding the percentage of fungal structures between root classes, values were similar for vesicles and arbuscules, but higher coil percentages were observed in GSR compared to LFR. The percentages of vesicles increased in autumn, whereas the arbuscule percentages increased in spring, coinciding with the plant growth peak. Results show that both root classes of A. araucana in Andean-Patagonian forests are associated with AM fungi, which may have ecological relevance in terms of the importance of this symbiosis, in response to soil nutrient-deficiencies, especially high P-retention.

La conífera Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch se encuentra distribuida en los bosques Andino-Patagónicos de Argentina y Chile. En este trabajo se relacionaron las diferentes clases morfológicas de raíces presentes en la especie con el comportamiento micorrícico. Las muestras fueron tomadas en tres sitios del Parque Nacional Lanín (NO de Patagonia, Argentina). Se observaron dos clases diferentes de raíces: raíces finas longitudinales (RFL) y raíces cortas globulares (RCG). Ambas clases presentaron una importante simbiosis micorrícico-arbuscular (MA), con abundante desarrollo de hifas intracelulares y rulos, característico del tipo anatómico Paris. También se observaron hifas marrones septadas. Los valores totales de colonización MA fueron altos, con porcentajes parciales similares en cada clase radicular. Se encontraron diferencias estacionales en los porcentajes de infección (totales y parciales), con valores mayores en primavera comparados con los de otoño. Los porcentajes de estructuras fúngicas presentes en cada clase radicular fueron similares para vesículas y arbúsculos, pero se observaron mayores valores de rulos en las RCG que en las RFL. Los porcentajes de vesículas aumentaron en otoño, mientras que los de arbúsculos lo hicieron en primavera, en coincidencia con el pico de crecimiento vegetativo de los árboles. Los resultados muestran una fuerte asociación simbiótica MA con A. araucana y su relevancia en términos ecológicos en respuesta a la deficiencia de nutrientes en el suelo, en especial, a la alta retención de fósforo.