Biossólido no estabelecimento de espécies herbáceas e nos atributos químicos e microbiológicos em solo impactado pela mineração de carvão / Biosolids in the establishment of herbaceous species and in chemical and microbiological attributes in soil impacted by coal mining

RESUMO O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de biossólido de lodo de esgoto, submetido a tratamento térmico, no estabelecimento de espécies herbáceas (aveia preta, ervilhaca e azevém) e nos atributos químicos e microbiológicos de um solo degradado pela mineração de carvão. O experimento foi instalado em área degradada pela mineração de carvão, localizada no munícipio de Treviso (SC), sendo os tratamentos compostos pelas concentrações de 0, 6,25, 100, 250 e 500 Mg ha-1 de biossólido, em parcelas de 2×2 m. Foram cultivadas espécies de aveia preta, ervilhaca e azevém de maneira consorciada, avaliando-se os parâmetros das plantas e os atributos químicos do solo nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. O biossólido proporcionou a elevação do pH do solo e o aumento dos teores disponíveis de P, K e carbono orgânico total e não influenciou na colonização micorrízica, na respiração basal do solo e na nodulação radicular. O uso do resíduo biossólido como substrato em áreas degradadas é uma alternativa para sua disposição final pela economia ao utilizá-lo como fertilizante, além dos benefícios ambientais, associados ao seu uso.

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of sewage sludge biosolid concentrations, submitted to thermal treatment, in the establishment of herbaceous species (black oats, vetches, and ryegrass) and in the chemical and microbiological attributes of a soil degraded by coal mining. The experiment was installed in an area degraded by coal mining, in Treviso/SC, with treatments composed of concentrations of 0; 6.25; 100; 250; and 500 Mg ha-1 of biosolids, in 2×2 m plots. Species of black oat, vetch, and ryegrass were grown in a consortium manner, evaluating the plant parameters and chemical attributes of the soil at depths 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. The biosolids provided improvements in soil fertility, such as pH elevation, increased levels available of P, K, and total organic carbon, in addition to not influencing mycorrhizal colonization, basal soil respiration, and root nodulation. The use of biosolid waste as a substrate in degraded areas is an alternative to its final disposal due to the economy when using it as a fertilizer, in addition to the environmental benefits associated with its use.

Evaluation of phytoaccumulation potential of toxic metals from sewage sludge by high- value aromatic plant geranium

Aim: The present study aimed to assess the phytoextraction potential of plant geranium (CIM BIO-171) to remove metals from sewage sludge and to investigate the growth, yield and quality of essential oil of this aromatic plant grown in contaminated sludge.Methodology: The experiment was conducted at research farm of CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow during 2017-18 in vertical cemented column pots dug into soil. Six treatment groups of sewage sludge and soil were taken with four replication, i.e., T1-100% sewage sludge, T2-80% sewage sludge + 20% soil, T3-60% sewage sludge + 40% soil, T4-40% sewage sludge + 60% soil, T5-20% sewage sludge + 80% soil and T6-soil (only soil). Experimental soil was analysed at pre-harvest and post-harvest stage for soil characters. All plant attributes were recorded at the time of harvesting. Results: Result of the present study showed reduction in the heavy metals in the soil at harvest in comparison to the contents observed in soil at initial stage. All the parameters of growth, yield, biomass and essential oil were found to increase with the application rate of sewage sludge in geranium (CIM BIO-171). Interpretation: The results of the present study clearly indicate the phytoextraction capability of geranium plant (CIM BIO-171). Furthermore, the plants grown in contaminated sludge has all the beneficial impact on growth, yield and quality of essential oil.

Caracterização de biossólido e potencial de uso na produção de mudas de Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi / Characterization of biosolids and potential use in the production of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar técnica, química e biologicamente o biossólido proveniente da estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) de Alegria, Rio de Janeiro, e inferir sobre sua aptidão como componente do substrato para produção de mudas de Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (aroeira pimenteira). Foram coletadas amostras significativas do biossólido, submetidas às análises química e biológica em um laboratório especializado, atendendo às especificações da legislação vigente (Resolução CONAMA nº 375/2006). No viveiro, foram testadas quatro diferentes formulações de substrato, compostas de diferentes proporções volumétricas de substrato comercial (SC) e biossólido (BIO), consistindo nos seguintes tratamentos: T1 (100% SC + 0% BIO); T2 (75% SC + 25% BIO); T3 (50% SC + 50% BIO); e T4 (0% SC + 100% BIO). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos, 4 repetições de 18 mudas. O biossólido atendeu às especificações da legislação quanto à sua composição. Aos 120 dias após a semeadura foram mensuradas a altura da parte aérea e o diâmetro do coleto, observando que o crescimento das mudas foi diretamente proporcional à concentração de biossólido no substrato. O biossólido da ETE Alegria atende à legislação de uso agrícola e mostrou ser viável tecnicamente para a produção de mudas de aroeira pimenteira.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to technically, chemically and biologically characterize the biosolids from the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of Alegria, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and infer about their aptitude as a substrate component for the seedlings production of Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan. Significant samples of biosolid were collected and submitted to chemical and biological analysis in a specialized laboratory, according to the specifications of the current Brazilian law (CONAMA Resolution nº 375/2006). In the forest nursery, four different formulations of substrate, composed by different volumetric proportions of commercial substrate (CS) and biosolids (BIO) were tested, consisting of the following treatments: T1 (100% SC + 0% BIO); T2: (75% SC + 25% BIO); T3: (50% SC + 50% BIO); e T4: (0% SC + 100% BIO). The experimental design was CRD, each of the four treatments having four replications of eighteen seedlings. The biosolid met the legal specifications concerning its composition. Fifty days after sowing, shoot height and stem diameter were measured. It was observed, for both characteristics, that seedling growth was directly proportional to the concentration of sewage sludge in the substrate. Finally, the Alegria ETE's biosolid attends the legislation and shows a technically viable alternative for the production of angico vermelho seedlings.

Sanitation and Drying of Sewage Sludge on Radiant Floors Using Solar Energy and Biogas: Comparison between Different Thicknesses of Deposited Mass

ABSTRACT Sewage sludge is a solid waste composed of water, rich in organic matter and nutrients, but concentrator of pathogenic microorganisms. Its use as agricultural fertilizer in the state of Paraná, Brazil is common. However, it is necessary to eliminate or significantly reduce microorganisms by means of a hygiene process. This can be obtained thermally, requiring a source of energy for heat generation. In this sense, a pilot system was constructed consisting of a stainless steel radiant floor, capable of transferring heat to the sewage sludge from coils coupled in base, through which the heated water circulates. The energy comes from solar radiation and is complemented by biogas from the anaerobic sewage treatment. Aiming to investigate the system's ability to transfer heat and, consequently, to sanitize and dry the sludge, a layer of 0.10 m was deposited on the radiant floor, the temperature being monitored at two different heights, obtaining averages of 328.95 K (55.8 ° C) and 336.95 K (63.8 ° C), respectively. The sludge was still submitted to a drying process, where a 68.68% increase in the total solids content was verified. Finally, the energy consumption was measured where a demand of 29.22 Nm³ of methane per m³ of treated sludge had been estimated.

Descripción de la microbiota bacteriana residente en el biosólido generado en la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales San Fernando. Itagüí, Colombia / Description of bacterial microbiota in biosolids generated in the San Fernando wastewater treatment plant. Itagüí, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar la microbiota bacteriana presente en los biosólidos generados en una de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales más grande de Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se utilizó la plataforma de secuenciamiento 454 de la compañía Roche para secuenciar las regiones variables V1-V3 y V6-V9 del marcador molecular 16S rRNA y caracterizar la microbiota. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron estrategias filogenéticas para la identificación de especies bacterianas de importancia. Resultados Nuestros análisis muestran que los Phyla más abundantes son Chloro-flexi, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria y Firmicutes. Los géneros clasificados más abundantes fueron Pseudomonas, Dysgonomonas y Proteiniphilum. Sin embargo, el grupo dominante según la región variable V1-V3 es una Anaerolineaceae que no se ajusta a las especies descritas para esta familia. Conclusiones En las muestras de biosólido analizadas predominan bacterias ambientales que participan en los procesos de estabilización de la materia orgánica durante los tratamientos biológicos de tipo secundario y la digestión anaerobia. Se detectaron secuencias de especies dentro de la familia Anaerolineaceae, los análisis filogenéticos muestran que probablemente se trata de especies no descritas. En el momento del estudio, se encontró que en el sistema de digestión anaerobia se genera biosolido con una baja carga de bacterias potencialmente patógenas.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe bacterial microbiota in the biosolids generated in one of the largest wastewater treatment plants of Colombia. Materials and Methods Using NGS technology, 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon libraries were amplified and sequenced. The Roche 454 FLX Titanium platform was used, while the V1-V3 and V6-V9 hypervariable regions were amplified and analyzed independently. Amplicon processing and bacterial classification were performed using the AmpliconNoise pipeline and the RDP Classifier tool. Results The analysis showed that the most dominant Phyla in the biosolids were Chlo-roflexi, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Dysgonomonas and Proteiniphilum; however, the dominant group according in the V1-V3 variable region was Anaerolineaceae, which does not conform to the species described for this family. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli/Shigella were not detected in the studied biosolid sample. Conclusions In the biosolids samples analyzed, environmental bacteria involved in organic matter stabilization processes during secondary biological treatments and anaerobic digestion were predominant. One of the dominant species in this sludge is a novel species of the Anaerolineaceae group. At the time of the study, it was found that the anaerobic digester system was able to maintain pathogenic bacteria at very low concentrations.(AU)

Efeito da secagem em leito nas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas de lodo de reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente usado no tratamento de esgoto sanitário / Effect of bed drying on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of sludge from upflow anaerobic blanket reactor used in sewage treatment

RESUMO Os processos de tratamento de lodo de esgoto visam reduzir o teor de material orgânico biodegradável, a concentração de organismos patogênicos e a umidade a fim de se obter um material que não constitui risco à saúde ambiental e que possa ser utilizado para fins agrícolas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da secagem em leito nas características microbiológicas e físico-químicas de lodo de esgoto doméstico de reator anaeróbico de fluxo ascendente (UASB). As amostras de lodo foram retiradas a 4,8 m de profundidade (lodo A) e a 3,1 m (lodo B) do reator UASB, totalizando 3 coletas, com intervalo de 1 mês. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas ao processo de secagem em células de leitos de secagem (1,00 x 2,00 x 0,50 m). De cada célula foram coletadas 6 amostras nos tempos 0, 7, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias. Foram determinados os parâmetros: sólidos totais, sólidos voláteis, temperatura, pH, umidade, carbono orgânico total, N, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, lipídios, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Salmonella e ovos viáveis de helmintos. Não houve diferença físico-química, microbiológica e parasitológica entre o lodo A e o B após o período de secagem. As concentrações finais dos nutrientes, metais pesados e a relação C/N conferem aos lodos um potencial agronômico. Entretanto, a baixa inativação dos microrganismos permite concluir que o processo de secagem em leito é ineficiente para redução de patógenos. Os biossólidos gerados em ambos os tratamentos são classificados como tipo B (CONAMA 375/06).

ABSTRACT The sludge treatment process intended to reduce the content of biodegradable organic material, the concentration of pathogens and moisture in order to obtain a solid and stable material, which is not hazardous to the environment health and useful for agricultural purposes. This study aims to evaluate the effects of bed drying on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of domestic sewage sludge samples taken from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Sludge samples were collected at 4.8 m from the bottom (sludge A) and 3.1 m (sludge B) of an UASB reactor, totaling 3 collections, with an interval of 1 month. Each collected sample was subjected to the sludge drying process in cells of drying beds (1.00 x 2.00 x 0.50 m). In each cell, 6 samples were collected at 0, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. The following parameters were evaluated: total solids, volatile solids, temperature, pH, moisture content, total organic carbon, N, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, lipids, total and fecal coliforms, Salmonella and viable helminth eggs. No physical-chemical, microbiological and parasitological differences between sludge A and sludge B were detected after the period of bed drying. The final concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals as well as the C/N ratio were considered adequate for agricultural purposes. However, the low inactivation of microorganisms indicated the inefficiency of drying beds regarding the removal of pathogen microorganisms. The generated biosolids in both treatments are classified as type B (CONAMA 375/06).

Effects of Tetracycline Son Soil Enzyme Activities in an Alluvial Soil.

Aims: To study the effect of various doses of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) on the enzymatic (DHA, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase) activity in sewage amended and un-amended alluvial soil. Methodology: A laboratory incubation study was conducted during 2012-2013 on an Aligarh farm alluvial soil. The enzymatic activity was studied in presence of various doses of three tetracycline antibiotics in soil; soil amended with sewage sludge; and mixture of sewage sludge and tetracyclines at different time intervals [(0 (4h), 7, 14, 21, 35, 56, 70,91d]. Results: Activity of all the studied enzymes was significantly inhibited for up to 14-21 days of incubation (14 d for DHA and acid phosphatase, 21 d for alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase) and thereafter inhibition got weaker. The activity of all the studied enzymes decreased with increase in the doses of tetracyclines. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in sewage sludge amended soil than in the un-amended soil. Tetracyclines in presence of sewage sludge were found to have no appreciable effect on enzymatic activities. Conclusions: Dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase activity in tetracycline free soil was superior to soil containing antibiotics in the period of 2-3 weeks of incubation. The inhibition of soil enzyme activity was directly proportional to tetracycline concentration. In presence of sewage sludge, the studied enzymes activity initially increased up to 3 weeks and decreased thereafter. In presence of sewage sludge and antibiotics, the activity of enzymes remains almost unchanged. The activity of studied enzymes in soil was positively correlated to soil organic content.

Effects of Liquid Fertilizer Produced from Sewage Sludge by the Hydrothermal Process on the Growth of Komatsuna.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the possibility of recycling the liquid product obtained from sewage sludge by the hydrothermal treatment as a kind of organic fertilizer and its effect on the plant growth. A small scale hydrothermal treatment experiment was performed and proved that the liquid product contains high content of nitrogen and low content of micronutrients. Therefore, the liquid product has the potential to be used as a kind of liquid fertilizer. In a seed germination test, the liquid product indicated low phytotoxicity. Moreover, in a Komatsuna cultivation experiment, the liquid product showed accelerate effect to the crop yield which is not lower than the chemical fertilizer. Through the low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, the sewage sludge was converted into liquid organic material that could be used as a delayed-release nitrogen fertilizer for the growth of Komatsuna. These results indicated the possibility of establishing a comprehensive system for recycling sewage sludge into a kind of organic fertilizer.

A solid-phase extraction approach for the identification of pharmaceutical-sludge adsorption mechanisms / 药物分析学报

It is important to understand the adsorption mechanism of chemicals and active pharmaceu-tical ingredients (API) on sewage sludge since wastewater treatment plants are the last barrier before the release of these compounds to the environment. Adsorption models were developed considering mostly hydrophobic API-sludge interaction. They have poor predictive ability, especially with ionisable compounds. This work proposes a solid-phase extraction (SPE) approach to estimate rapidly the API-sludge interaction. Sludge-filled SPE cartridges could not be percolated with API spiked mobile phases so different powders were tested as SPE sludge supports. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was selected and tested at different PTFE/sludge ratios under eight different adsorption conditions with three API ionisable compounds. The PTFE/sludge mixtures with 50% or less sludge could be used in SPE mode for API sorption studies with methanol/water liquid phases. The results gave insights into API-sludge interactions. It was found that π-π, hydrogen-bonding and charge-charge interactions were as important as hydrophobicity in the adsorption mechanism of charged APIs on sludge.

Detection of enteric viruses in activated sludge by feasible concentration methods

Human enteric viruses are responsible to cause several diseases, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis, and can be present in high amounts in sewage sludge. This study compared virus recovery efficiency of two feasible concentration methods used for detecting human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus species A (RV-A), norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in sewage sludge from an activated sludge process. Twelve sewage sludge samples were collected bi-monthly from January to July, 2011. Ultracentrifugation was compared with a simplified protocol based on beef extract elution for recovering enteric viruses. Viruses were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR assays and virus recovery efficiency and limits of detection were determined. Methods showed mean recovery rates lower than 7.5%, presenting critical limits of detection (higher than 102 103 genome copies -GC L-1 for all viruses analyzed). Nevertheless, HAdV were detected in 90% of the analyzed sewage sludge samples (range: 1.8 x 104 to 1.1 x 105 GC L-1), followed by RV-A and NoV (both in 50%) and HAV (8%). Results suggesting that activated sludge is contaminated with high viral loads and HAdV are widely disseminated in these samples. The low virus recovery rates achieved, especially for HAV, indicate that other feasible concentration methods could be developed to improve virus recovery efficiency in these environmental matrices.

Caracterización de biosólidos generados en la planta de tratamiento de agua residual San Fernando, Itagüí (Antioquia, Colombia) / The characterization of biosolids produced by the San Fernando wastewater treatment plant in Itagui, Antioquia, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar la caracterización físico-química, microbiológica y parasitológica en biosólidos generados en la planta de tratamiento de agua residual San Fernando, Itagüí (Antioquia, Colombia). Métodos Se analizaron 12 muestras de biosólido tomadas cada mes, de enero a diciembre de 2010 a las cuales se les realizó un análisis físico-químico y microbiológico de acuerdo a lo establecido en la Norma Técnica Colombiana 5167. Para la determinación y viabilidad de huevos de helmintos se siguió el protocolo descrito en la Norma Oficial Mexicana 004 con modificaciones. Resultados En las doce muestras analizadas, se encontró una concentración de huevos de Ascarislumbricoides en un rango entre 4 a 22 huevos viables/2g ST. Salmonella estuvo presente en todas las muestras y las Enterobacterias estuvieron en una concentración mínima de 3000 UFC/g. La concentración de los metales pesados estuvo dentro de los valores recomendados por la norma. Los macro y micronutrientes cumplieron con los parámetros establecidos para los materiales orgánicos usados como abonos. No hubo asociación entre la precipitación y el contenido de patógenos en los biosólidos. Conclusión Los biosólidos generados en la planta San Fernando tienen un gran potencial para ser usados como abono orgánico, no obstante, deben ser sometidos a procesos de sanitización con el propósito de cumplir con los parámetros indicados en la Norma NTC 5167.

ABSTRACT Objective This study was aimed at evaluating pertinent physicochemical and microbiological (bacteria and parasites) parameters regarding the biosolids produced by the San Fernando wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Itagui, Antioquia, Colombia. Methods Twelve samples were collected and evaluated every month from January to December during 2010. The chemical, physical and microbiological tests followed the protocol described in Colombian technical guideline 5167. The protocol described in Mexican official Norm 004 (with some modifications) was used for identifying helminth ova and assessing their viability. Results All samples proved positive for Ascarislumbricoides, viable ova count ranging from 4 to 22 eggs/2gTS. Both Salmonella and Enterobacteriawere detected in all samples evaluated, the latter having 3,000 colony forming unit (CFU)/g minimum concentration. Biosolid sample values met the heavy metal concentration requirement established by national guidelines. There was no statistical association between rainfall and the pathogen's presence in the biosolids. Conclusion Our results suggested that the biosolids being produced by the San Fernando wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) could be used as organic fertilizer; however they should be treated/sanitized to meet the stipulations in Colombian technical guideline 5167.

Determinação de parâmetros cinéticos da inativação térmica de Escherichia coli em lodo de esgoto / Determining kinetic parameters for thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in sewage sludge

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar parâmetros cinéticos da inativação térmica de Escherichia coli em lodo de esgoto. Os ensaios foram realizados em laboratório pelo método do frasco de três bocas nas temperaturas de 45, 50, 55, 60 e 65ºC. Os resultados indicaram que a cinética de inativação térmica deste microrganismo pode ser descrita por um modelo de primeira ordem. A resistência da bactéria é reduzida consideravelmente em temperaturas acima de 55ºC. A energia de inativação encontrada foi 2,48x10(5) J.mol-1. O tempo de redução decimal D55ºC foi de 3,61 minutos e o coeficiente térmico z foi 8,3ºC.

The present study aimed to determine the kinetic parameters of thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in sewage sludge. The tests were performed in the laboratory using the three-neck flask method at temperatures of 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65ºC. The results indicated that the thermal inactivation kinetic of this microorganism can be described by a first order model. The resistance of bacteria is greatly reduced at temperatures above 55ºC. The inactivation energy was found 2.48x10(5) J.mol-1. The decimal reduction time D55ºC was 3.61 minutes and the thermal coefficient z was 8.3ºC.

Aplicação de lodos de estações de tratamento de água e de tratamento de esgoto em solo degradado / Application of sludges from water treatment plant and from sewage treatment plant in degraded soil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) em solo degradado, com presença e ausência de lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), na produtividade do milheto e nas características de fertilidade desse solo. A área experimental foi resultante de depósito de materiais oriundos da construção da ETE Padilha Sul, em Curitiba (PR). Os blocos casualizados foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas e uma testemunha, sendo a parcela principal constituída por ausência e presença de lodo de ETE (77 Mg.ha-1 Sólidos Totais - ST) e a subparcela por doses de lodo de ETA (24, 37 e 61 Mg.ha-1 (ST)). Concluiu-se que a aplicação de lodo de ETA não teve efeito sobre a produtividade de milheto, tampouco sobre os teores dos elementos avaliados no solo. No entanto, na presença do lodo de esgoto, a sua aplicação foi favorável à dinâmica do nitrogênio do solo até à dose de 37 Mg.ha-1 e a aplicação do lodo de ETE neutralizou o alumínio trocável, elevou o pH, o cálcio, carbono, fósforo e a saturação de bases, e reduziu a acidez potencial do solo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sludge Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in degraded soil in the presence and absence of sludge Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), in the millet productivity and in the soil fertility characteristics. The experimental area was due to materials deposit from the construction of ETE Padilha Sul, in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. The randomized blocks were arranged in split plots and a witness, being the main plot, constituted by the absence and presence of STP sludge (77 Mg.ha-1 Total Solids - TS) and subplot by doses of WTS (24, 37 and 61 Mg.ha-1 TS). It was concluded that the application of WTS had no effect on the productivity of millet, nor about the proportion of elements evaluated in the soil. However, in the presence of sewage sludge, its application was favorable to the dynamic of nitrogen until the dose 37 Mg.ha-1 and the application of sludge STP neutralized the exchangeable aluminum, increased the pH, calcium, carbon, phosphorus and base saturation, and reduced the potential soil acidity.

Industrial side-products as possible soil-amendments.

The protection of our environment is a common task. All pollution that expose our soils, plants or in the narrower and wider sense environment will appear sooner or later in the food chain and in human beings who are at the top of the food-chain pyramid. The aim of our work is to give a brief overview about the effects of some industrial wastes on the physiological parameters of plants. Compost, black soot, sewage sludge and lime sludge dust was examined. Sunflower seeds were used in the experiments. The filtrates of examined materials were added to the nutrient solution in different quantities because of different solubility.The contents of sample elements and uptake of the element were measured by ICP, the relative chlorophyll contents by SPAD 502. Disadvantageous and advantageous physiological effects of compost, black soot, sewage sludge and lime sludge were proved. Larger concentrations of aluminium were measured in the roots than in the shoots. The concentrations of chrome were below the control value in the shoots when black soot, compost, lime sludge and sewage sludge were added to the nutrient solution. The concentrations of zinc, phosphorous, magnesium and copper were very low when black soot was used, and it was lower than the control. The dry matter of shoots increased when compost and sewage sludge was used, but the growth of roots remained under the control level.

Contribution of organic bulking materials on chemical quality of sewage sludge vermicompost / Efeito de materiais de volume na qualidade química do vermicomposto de lodo de esgoto

Vermicomposting is at suitable methods for stabilization and converting of sewage sludge into useful products. To investigate the effects of bulking material on vermicompost quality, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design with three replications. In this experiment, the final dried sludge in lagoons was mixed with bulking materials (woodchips, three leaves, and wheat straw) in four mixing proportion with swage sludge (0, 15, 30 and 45 percent, V/V). Chemical properties of bulking materials, sewage sludge, and produced vermicomposts were determined. Vermicomposts had relatively low pH and electrical conductivity (EC). The nutrients content of vermicompost, especially N, P, Fe, and Zn, were high. These properties showed its suitable quality for use in agriculture. Heavy metals concentrations of vermicomposts, except Zn, were lower than recommended values by EPA. Mixing of Bulking materials with sewage sludge decreased pH, N, Pb, Co, and Cd, but increased Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Ni content of produced vermicomposts. In most cases, the concentrations of nutrients were higher in 30 percent mixing proportion. Therefore, 30 percent (v/v) mixing of bulking material with sewage sludge is recommended for vermicompost production.

A vermicompostagem é um métodos adequados para a estabilização e conversão de lodo de esgoto em produtos úteis. Para investigar o efeito de aumentar o volume de material sobre a qualidade do vermicomposto, foi conduzido um experimento em esquema fatorial com três repetições. Neste experimento, o lodo final seco em lagoas foi misturado com materiais de volume (lascas de madeira, três folhas e palha de trigo) em quatro proporções de mistura (0, 15, 30 e 45 por cento V / V) com lodo de esgoto. Propriedades químicas dos materiais de amontoamento, lodo de esgoto e vermicompostos produzidos foram determinados. Vermicomposto apresentaram pH relativamente baixo e CE. O seu teor de nutrientes, especialmente N, P, Fe e Zn foram elevados. Essas propriedades mostrou sua qualidade adequada para utilização na agricultura. Concentrações de metais pesados de vermicompostos, com exceção do zinco, foram menores do que os valores recomendados pela EPA. A mistura de materiais Bulking com lodo de esgoto diminuiu o pH, N, Pb, Co e Cd, mas aumentou a concentração de Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni no vermicomposto produzido. Na maioria dos casos, as concentrações de nutrientes foram maiores na proporção de 30 por cento de mistura Portanto, recomenda-se a mistura de materiais ao lodo na proporção de 30 por cento para a produção de vermicomposto.

Eficiência da compostagem sobre a qualidade do biossólido de esgoto doméstico e resíduos agrícolas, utilizado para cultivo do cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei Murril) / Efficiency of composting biosolids on the quality of domestic sewage and agricultural waste, used for cultivation of the mushroom of the sun (Agaricus blazei Murrill)

A eficácia da compostagem foi estudada para remoção de contaminantes presentes em substratos alternativos contendo lodo de esgoto a serem utilizados para cultivo do cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei Murril). Substratos contendo cinco relações de carbono/nitrogênio: 25, 30, 35,40 e 45 eram compostos por cinco combinações diferentes de resíduos agrícolas. O material foi preparado e submetido ao processo de compostagem. Para avaliar a eficiência da remoção de coliformes fecais e aeróbios mesófilos, realizaram-se análises microbiológicas de amostras de cada ingrediente a ser utilizado para preparo dos compostos, de amostras de cada biossólido referentes aos 5 tratamentos com as cinco diferentes relações C/N, antes e após da pasteurização. Amostras dos frutos cultivados nos diferentes substratos também foram analisadas. Ao serem analisados os resultados, observou- se que houve redução na presençade aeróbios mesófilos como de coliforme, em 80% das amostras analisadas. Essa ocorrência de microorganismos permitiu a classificação como lodo A, sendo de uso irrestrito. Não houve contaminação dos frutos cultivados em nenhum dos substratos avaliados. Concluiu-se que o tratamento adotado promoveu a higienização dos substratos tomando os aptos para aplicação no cultivo do cogumelo do sol e demais hortaliças.

The effectiveness of composting was studied in order to remove the contaminants in alternative substratescontaining sludge, used in the cultivation of Sun Mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murril).Substrates containing five relations of carbon/ nitrogen: 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 were composed of five different agricultural waste combinations. The material was prepared and submitted to the composting process. With the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of the removal of fecal coliforms and aerobic mesophiles, were conducted microbiological analysis of samples of each ingredient used in the compost preparation and samples consisting of each biosolid relating to the five different relations C/N, before and after the pasteurization. Samples of fruit grown on different substrates were also analyzed. According to the results analyzed, it was observed the decrease of aerobic mesophiles and coliforms, in 80% of the samples. The sludge was classified as "A ", because of the occurrence of microorganisms. There was no contaminationof fruits grown in any of the substrates evaluated. It was concluded that the treatment promoted the substrates hygiene, making them suitable for application in the cultivation of Sun Mushroom and other vegetables.

Producción de ácido giberélico a partir de Gibberella fujikuroi utilizando lodo residual municipal como sustrato / Production of gibberellic acid from Gibberella fujikuroi using municipal sewage sludge as a substrate / Produção de ácido giberélico desde Gibberella fujikuroi usando lodo residual municipal como substrato

Objetivo. Utilizar lodos residuales municipales (LRM) provenientes de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales ubicada en Toluca, Estado de México, para cultivar al hongo Gibberella fujikuroi en fermentación sumergida y producir ácido giberélico (AG3). Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó Gibberella fujikuroi (CDBB:268). Para la obtención de AG3 se verificó la producción empleando como sustrato al medio de cultivo estándar (MCE). La determinación de (AG ) fue por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) con un equipo Varian, 9050,9012. Se obtuvieron 6 muestras de lodos de una planta tratadora de aguas residuales en Toluca, Estado de México y fueron caracterizados. Finalmente ambos sustratos (LRM y MCE) se usaron en fermentación sumergida y por extracción se obtuvo el AG3 cuantificado por HPLC. Resultados. La caracterización del LRM demostró que el contenido de materia orgánica (MO) es de 5.20 % (m/v) y nitrógeno total (N T) de 0.25 % (m/v), dicha composición está dentro del rango como sustrato para la producción del AG3 por Gibberella fujikuroi. El hongo se cultivó durante 3, 8, 13 y 30 días utilizando lodo residual estéril con una humedad del 95.6 %(m/v) y en medio de cultivo estándar (MCE), las muestras se procesaron y analizaron por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), donde la producción de AG3 en el LRM fue de 460.06 mg/L para 30 días en fermentación sumergida a un pH de 4.0 y 1014.46 mg/L para el control. Conclusiones. El contenido nutritivo del LRM es adecuado para el crecimiento del hongo Gibberella fujikuroi y la producción de AG3 empleando como sustrato LRM.

Objective. To use municipal sewage sludge (LRM) from a wastewater treatment plant located in Toluca, State of Mexico, to grow the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi in submerged fermentation and to produce gibberellic acid (AG3). Materials and methods. We used Gibberella fujikuroi (CDBB: 268). To obtain AG3, production was verified using as a substrate the standard culture medium (MCE). Gibberellic acid determination was done with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Varian 9050.9012 equipment. We obtained 6 samples of sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Toluca, State of Mexico, that were then characterized. Finally, both substrates (LRM and MCE) were used in submerged fermentation, and GA3 was obtained by extraction and quantified using HPLC. Results. The LRM characterization showed that the organic matter content (MO) is of 5.20% (w/v) and the total nitrogen content (N T) is of 0.25% (w/v). Such composition is within the range as a substrate for the production of AG3 by Gibberella fujikuroi. The fungus was cultivated for 3, 8, 13 and 30 days in sterile sewage sludge with a moisture content of 95.6% (w/v) and in standard culture medium (MCE). Samples were processed and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Production of AG3 in the LRM was of 460.06 mg/L after 30 days in submerged fermentation at pH 4.0, and of 1,014.46 mg/L in the control. Conclusion. The nutrient content of LRM is suitable for the growth of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and for the production of GA3 when used as a substrate.

Objetivo. Usar lodos residuais municipais (LRM) procedentes de uma estação de tratamento de águas residuais de Toluca, Estado de México, para cultivar o fungo Gibberella fujikuroi em fermentação submersa e produzir ácido giberélico (AG3). Materiais e métodos. Foi utilizado Gibberella fujikuroi (CDBB: 268). Para obter AG3 foi verificada a produção empregando como substrato o meio de cultura padrão (MCE). A determinação de ácido giberélico foi por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com um equipo Varian, 9050,9012. Foram obtidas seis amostras de lodos de uma estação de tratamento de águas residuais em Toluca, Estado de México e foram caracterizadas. Finalmente, ambos os substratos (LRM e MCE) foram utilizados em fermentação submersa e por extração foi obtido o AG3 quantificado por HPLC. Resultados. A caracterização do LRM demonstrou que o teor de matéria orgânica (MO) é 5,20% (m/v) e o nitrogênio total (N T) 0,25% (m/v), esta composição está dentro do intervalo como substrato para a produção de AG3 por Gibberella fujikuroi. O fungo foi cultivado por 3, 8, 13 e 30 dias usando lodo residual estéril com um teor de umidade de 95,6% (m/v) e em meio de cultura padrão (MEC), as amostras foram processadas e analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução (HPLC), onde a produção de AG3 no LRM foi 460,06 mg/L para 30 dias em fermentação submersa em pH 4,0 e 1.014,46 mg/L para o controle. Conclusões. O teor nutritivo do LRM é adequado para o crescimento do fungo Gibberella fujikuroi e a produção de AG3, empregando como substrato o LRM.

Determinação da taxa de aplicação máxima anual de lodo de esgoto higienizado por processo alcalino em solos da região metropolitana de Curitiba / Determination of maximum annual rate of application sewage sludge sanitized by alkaline process in soils of the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as curvas de pH de três solos representativos da Região de Metropolitana de Curitiba para determinação das taxas de aplicação máxima anual de lodo de esgoto higienizado pelo processo de estabilização alcalina prolongada (lodo EAP), conforme estabelece a legislação, e para comparação com a metodologia de saturação por bases (V por cento). Os solos foram incubados com seis doses de lodo EAP (pH 9,2) e o pH avaliado em 5 datas até 75 dias. O solo Cambissolo Húmico Distrófico típico, com a capacidade de troca de cátions e teor de carbono mais elevados, atingiu o pH 7 com 49 t ha-1 de sólidos totais (ST); o Latossolo Bruno Distrófico típico com 38 t ha-1 de ST, e o Cambissolo Háplico Distrófico típico, o mais restritivo, indicou que a aplicação anual de lodo EAP não deverá ultrapassar a 31 t ha-1 de ST. Sugeriu-se cautela na seleção do solo representativo. O método V por cento recomendou quantidades de lodo EAP iguais ou ligeiramente superiores às que atingiram pH 6 pelo método de incubação.

The objective of this study was to analyze the pH curves of three representative soils of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba for determining the maximum annual application rates of sewage sludge sanitized by prolonged alkaline stabilization process (EAP sludge), as stated in the legislation, and for comparison with the methodology of base saturation (V percent). The soils were incubated with six doses of sludge EAP (pH 9.2) and pH measured on 5 dates, up to 75 days. The Inceptisol from Piraquara with the cation exchange capacity and higher carbon content reached the pH 7 with 49 t ha-1 of total solids (ST); the Oxisol with 38 t ha-1 of ST, and to Inceptisol from Pinhais, the most restrictive, indicated that the annual application of sludge EAP shall not exceed the 31 t ha-1 of ST. Caution in selecting representative soil was suggested. The method V percent recommended EAP sludge quantities equal or slightly higher than that reached pH 6 by the method of incubation.

Comparative study of two extraction methods for enteric virus recovery from sewage sludge by molecular methods

The aim of this study was to compare two nucleic acid extraction methods for the recovery of enteric viruses from activated sludge. Test samples were inoculated with human adenovirus (AdV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus (PV) and rotavirus (RV) and were then processed by an adsorption-elution-precipitation method. Two extraction methods were used: an organic solvent-based method and a silica method. The organic-based method was able to recoup 20 percent of the AdV, 90 percent of the RV and 100 percent of both the PV and HAV from seeded samples. The silica method was able to recoup 1.8 percent of the AdV and 90 percent of the RV. These results indicate that the organic-based method is more suitable for detecting viruses in sewage sludge.

Development of mint (Mentha piperita L. ) grown on biosolids: evaluation of productivity and essential oil content

Development of Mentha piperita L . on biosolids amended soil with levels equivalent to 0, 28, 56 and 112 t ha-1 was evaluated. In order to measure the productivity and its relation with mint essential oil yield, different indices were determined: leaf area, total and several organ dry matter, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate at 30, 44, 58, 72 and 86 days after planting (DAP), and essential oil yield at 90, 110 and 120 DAP. Physiological indices revealed that biosolids prolonged the vegetative phase of the plants, which adapted themselves to the presence of biosolids with time. Plants showed inverse behaviors in relation to productivity, resulting from the primary metabolism, represented by the shoot dry matter yield, and oil yield, resulting from the secondary metabolism. Adaptation of the mint plants to the growth on biosolids could be due to a phytoremediation function of this species. The intrinsic mechanisms of these processes could be better understood in a further evaluation of residual effects in mint plant shoots.

Níveis de biossólido equivalentes a 0, 28, 56 e 112 t ha-1 foram avaliados no desenvolvimento de Mentha piperita L. Determinaram-se área foliar e matéria seca total e dos diferentes órgãos, os índices fisiológicos razão de área foliar, área foliar específica, taxa assimilatória líquida e taxa de crescimento relativo, aos 30, 44, 58, 72 e 86 dias após plantio (DAP) e o rendimento de óleo essencial aos 90, 110 e 120 DAP. Os índices fisiológicos revelaram que o biossólido prolongou a fase vegetativa das plantas, que se adaptaram com o tempo e apresentaram comportamentos inversos em relação à produtividade, resultado de seu metabolismo primário e representada pela produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e produção de óleo, resultado do metabolismo secundário. A referida adaptação das plantas de menta à presença do biossólido pode ser devido à função fitorremediadora dessa espécie, cujos mecanismos intrínsecos poderão ser melhor compreendidos na avaliação dos efeitos residuais em sua parte aérea.