Effect of applications of 1-MCP and ethylene on the ripening and degreening process of banana fruits cv. Barranquillo

The banana cv. Barranquillo (Musa acuminata, AAA, 'Gros Michel') is a highly desired fruit because of its productive potential and organoleptic quality but various aspects of the ripening process are unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of applications of 1-MCP and ethylene on the ripening and degreening process. Two experiments were carried out at room temperature with fruits harvested at commercial maturity. The first four treatments evaluated maturation: control, ethylene, 1-MCP, and 1-MCP + ethylene. In the second experiment, different concentrations of ethylene based on ethephon (0, 100, 500 and 1000 µL L-1) were evaluated. The fruits treated with 1-MCP decreased the ripening process, and 1-MCP was a good alternative for conserving the fruits; the ethylene had opposite results. The color index of the skin, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and maturity ratio had changes associated with the presence of ethylene. In the second experiment, the ethylene applications between 100 and 500 µL L-1 sufficiently stimulated degreening but accelerated the ripening process.

El banano cv. Barranquillo (Musa acuminata, AAA, 'Gros Michel') es un fruto muy apetecido por su potencial productivo y calidad organoléptica, pero se desconocen varios aspectos del proceso de maduración. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de 1-MCP y etileno en la maduración y en el proceso de desverdizado. Se realizaron dos experimentos a temperatura ambiente y con frutos cosechados en madurez comercial; en el primero, se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos, para entender la regulación de la maduración, estos fueron: testigo, etileno, 1-MCP y 1-MCP+etileno. En el segundo experimento, se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de etileno, a base de etefon (0, 100, 500 y 1000 µL L-1). Los frutos tratados con 1- MCP presentaron una disminución en el proceso de maduración, por tanto, el 1-MCP, se convierte en una buena alternativa de conservación, mientras que con etileno, el proceso fue opuesto. Se evidenció que el índice de color de la epidermis, la pérdida de peso, la firmeza, los sólidos solubles totales y la relación de madurez se consideran cambios asociados a la presencia de etileno. En el segundo experimento se encontró que, aplicaciones de etileno entre 100 y 500µL L-1, se consideran suficientes para estimular el desverdizado, pero aceleran el proceso de maduración.

Desigualdades socioeconómicas y étnico-raciales en la mortalidad de un hijo durante su niñez en México. ¿Qué tanto importa el color de la piel? / Desigualdades socioeconômicas e étnico-raciais na mortalidade infantil dos filhos no México: quanto importa a cor da pele? / Socioeconomic and ethnic-racial inequalities in childhood mortality in Mexico: how much does skin color matter?

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de las características socioeconómicas y étnico-raciales en México respecto a la probabilidad de mortalidad de un hijo antes de sus cinco años con datos de la encuesta ESRU de Movilidad Social de México de 2017 (del Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias). Se documenta que las mujeres con tono de piel más oscura tienen una probabilidad de perder un hijo antes de que cumpla cinco años de 2,82 (1,39-5,74 IC) veces más alta que las de con de piel más claro. Estos resultados están controlados por diferentes cohortes de nacimiento, características sociodemográficas, territoriales y socioeconómicas. En un escenario contrafactual se estimó que la probabilidad de perder un hijo se explica hasta en un 28,7% por las características étnico-raciales y, por las características socioeconómicas, hasta en un 58,5%. En conclusión, la pérdida de un hijo es un evento demográfico distribuido de manera desigual en la población y está determinado no solo por las características socioeconómicas, sino también por las características étnico-raciales. La idea de mestizaje en México que propone una igualdad étnico-racial en la población demuestra ser errónea y evita salvar vidas.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma análise das características socioeconômicas e étnico-raciais na probabilidade de mortalidade de um filho no México antes dos cinco anos de idade. São utilizados dados da Pesquisa ESRU de Mobilidade Social México 2017 do Centro de Estudos Espinosa Yglesias. Controlando por diferentes coortes de nascimento, características sociodemográficas, territoriais e econômicas, observa-se que mulheres com tom mais escuro de pele são 2,82 (1,39, 5,74) vezes mais propensas a perderem um filho antes do seu quinto aniversário do que aquelas com tom branco de pele. Em um cenário contrafactual, estimou-se que a probabilidade de perder um filho é explicada por características étnico-raciais em até 28,7% e por características socioeconômicas em até 58,5%. A perda de um filho é um evento demográfico desigualmente distribuído na população e está determinado não apenas por características socioeconômicas, mas também por aspectos étnico-raciais. A ideia de miscigenação no México que propõe igualdade étnica-racial na população se mostra equivocada e evita salvar vidas.

Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze the impact of socio-economic and ethnic-racial characteristics in the likelihood of the death of a child before their fifth birthday. Using data from the Survey of Social Mobility in México ESRU-EMOVI 2017 of the Epinosa Yglesis Center for Studies, our results suggest that women with darker skin tone are 2.82 (1.39, 5.74) times more likely to have lost a child before their fifth birthday than women with white skin tone. These are the results after controlling for different birth cohorts, sociodemographic, territorial and socio-economic characteristics. In a counterfactual scenario, the probability of losing a child is explained by ethnic-racial characteristics up to 28.7%, and by socio-economic characteristics up to 58.5%. The loss of a child is a demographic event unequally distributed in the population, and determined not only by socio-economic characteristics, but also by ethnic and racial characteristics. The idea of miscegenation that proposes racial equality in the population in Mexico proves inaccurate and prevents the saving of lives.

Generational and Gender Differences on the Perception of the Attractiveness of the Darker Skin Complexion by Filipinos in Metro Manila / Diferencias Generacionales y de Género en la Percepción del Atractivo del Color de Piel por Parte de los Filipinos en Metro Manila

Abstract Filipinos are said to have high esteem for the lighter skin complexion, and lower esteem for the darker one. By manipulating the skin colors some digitally created photographs of non-existent models, this paper empirically and quantitatively explored this Filipino attitude by surveying 527 respondents from Metro Manila, the metropolitan capital of the Philippines. This research was able to validate the Filipinos' higher esteem for lighter skin complexion in general. However, generational variation was detected in the sense that Generation x respondents have a higher esteem for the lighter skin complexion, while Generation z respondents no longer have. Furthermore, gender variation was also detected in the sense male respondents have a wider divergence on how they highly esteem the lighter skin complexion against the darker one, compared to their female counterparts. This paper is significant in empirically documenting this Filipino esteem for the lighter skin color, as well as in pointing out that such esteem is shaped by generational and gender variations among the respondents.

Resumen Se dice que los filipinos tienen una mayor estima por la tez de piel más clara y una menor estima por la más oscura. Mediante la manipulación del color de la piel de algunas fotografias de modelos inexistentes (creados digitalmente), este artículo exploró empirica y cuantitativamente la actitud filipina hacia el color de piel. A través de una encuesta a 527 personas de Metro Manila, la capital metropolitana de Filipinas. Esta investigación validó en general una mayor estima de los filipinos por la tez de piel más clara en. Sin embargo, se detectó una variación generacional en el sentido de que los encuestados de la Generación x tienen una mayor estima por la tez de piel más clara, mientras que los encuestados de la Generación z ya no la tienen. También se detectó una variación de género en el sentido de que los encuestados masculinos tienen una divergencia más amplia sobre cómo estiman el atractivo de la piel más clara frente a la más oscura, en comparación con sus contrapartes femeninas. Esta investigación documenta empiricamente la supuesta estima filipina por el color de piel más claro, y sena senala como dicha estima está determinada por las variaciones generacionales y de género entre los encuestados.

Evidencias sobre la salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba. 2010-2020 / Evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba. 2010-2020

Introducción: El tema sobre la salud en la mujer es recurrente en las investigaciones y no siempre entre las variables que influyen en esta situación se incluye el color de la piel, como diferencial relevante. Objetivo: Mostrar evidencias sobre la situación de salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba, en el período 2010-2020. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron 25 publicaciones científicas en las bases de datos Scielo Regional, PubMed, Google Académico y Google. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó artículos originales de autores cubanos a texto completo publicados de enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2020. Se seleccionaron 13 y se eliminaron 12 publicaciones por título o texto no coincidente con el tema o por repeticiones. Desarrollo: Las publicaciones se distribuyeron en dos grupos para su análisis: nueve por coincidir título y texto y cuatro por coincidencia de texto, colocados en tablas, esquema y gráfico. Entre los resultados destacan la diversidad de objetivos y propuestas metodológicas en los textos, aunque en casi todos hubo coincidencia en reconocer la influencia de otros factores más que el color de la piel, en los problemas de salud de las mujeres de razas negra y mestiza. Conclusiones: Las evidencias que se hallaron deben estimular el diseño de investigaciones que amplíen conocimientos sobre los factores determinantes del nivel de salud de las mujeres cubanas no blancas(AU)

Introduction: Women's health is a recurrent topic in research in health sciences and the variables that influence this health situation do not always include the variable "skin color" as a relevant differential. Objective: To show evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba during the period 2010-2020. Material and Methods: A total of 25 scientific publications were reviewed in the SciELO Regional, PubMed, Google Scholar and Google databases. The search strategy included full text versions of orifinal articles published by Cuban authors from January 2010 to December 2020. A total of 13 were selected and 12 of them were eliminated because the title or text did not coincide with the topic or because of repetitions. Development: The publications were divided into two groups for their analysis: nine for coincidences between the title and the text, and four for coincidcences in text ; they were displayed in tables and figures. Among the results, the diversity of objectives and methodological proposals in the texts are highlighted although, in almost all cases, there was a coincidence in recognizing other factors that are more influential on the health problems of black and mixed race women than the skin color. Conclusions: The evidence found should encourage the design of research that expands knowledge about the determining factors for the level of health of non-white Cuban women(AU)

Excess Mortality due to natural causes among whites and blacks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Excess Mortality by all causes considers deaths directly related to COVID-19 and those attributed to conditions caused by the pandemic. When stratified by social dimensions, such as race/color, it allows for the evaluation of more vulnerable populations. The study estimated the excess mortality by natural causes, separating the white and black populations in 2020. METHODS Public civil registration data on deaths observed in 2020, corrected for under registration, were used. The expected number of deaths was estimated based on the mortality rates observed in 2019, applied to the estimated population in 2020. The difference between the values expected and observed and the proportion of excess was considered the excess mortality. RESULTS: The present study found an excess of 270,321 deaths (22.2% above the expected) in 2020. Every state of Brazil reported deaths above the corresponding expected figure. The excess was higher for men (25.2%) than for women (19.0%). Blacks showed an excess of 27.8%, as compared to whites at 17.6%. In both sexes and all age groups, excess was higher in the black population, especially in the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. São Paulo, the largest in population number, had twice as much excess death in the black population (25.1%) than in the white population (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed racial disparities in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The higher excess found for the black suggests an intrinsic relationship with the socioeconomic situation, further exposing the Brazilian reality, in which social and structural inequality is evident.

The intersection race/skin color and gender, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: cross sectional analysis of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013 / A interseção entre raça/cor e gênero, tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool: uma análise transversal da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, Brasil, 2013 / La confluencia raza/color de piel y género, ser fumador y consumo excesivo de alcohol: análisis transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña, 2013

Abstract: This study aims to investigate whether the intersectional identities defined by race/skin color and gender are associated with smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol in a representative sample of Brazilian adults. This is a cross-sectional study with 48,234 participants in the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) - 2013. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to estimate the associations of intersectional categories of race/skin color and gender (white woman, brown woman, black woman, white man, brown man, black man) with smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol, based on the combination of weekly "days" and "servings". The prevalence of smoking varied from 10.6% for white women to 23.1% for black men, while the prevalence of elevated consumption of alcohol ranged from 3.3% to 14%, respectively. In comparison to white women, only white, brown, and black men presented greater chances of smoking, reaching the OR of 2.04 (95%CI: 1.66-2.51) in black men. As to excessive consumption of alcohol, all intersectional categories showed greater chances of consumption than white women, with the greatest magnitude in black men (OR = 4.78; 95%CI: 3.66-6.23). These associations maintained statistical significance after adjustments made for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. Results demonstrated differences in smoking habit and excessive consumption of alcohol when the intersectional categories were compared to traditional analyses. These findings reinforce the significance of including intersectionality of race/skin color and gender in epidemiological studies.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo investigar se as interseções de identidades definidas por raça/cor e gênero estão associadas ao tabagismo e ao consumo excessivo de álcool em uma amostra representativa de adultos brasileiros. Este foi um estudo transversal com 48.234 participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. Foram usadas odds ratio (OR) brutas e ajustadas com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) para estimar as associações entre interseções de categorias de raça/cor e gênero (mulher branca, mulher parda, mulher preta, homem branco, homem pardo, homem preto) com tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool, derivados da combinação de "dias" e "doses" semanais. A prevalência de tabagismo variou de 10,6% em mulheres brancas a 23,1% em homens pretos, enquanto a prevalência de consumo elevado de álcool variou de 3,3% a 14%, respectivamente. Em comparação com mulheres brancas, apenas homens brancos, pardos e pretos apresentaram risco maior de tabagismo, chegando a um OR de 2,04 (IC95%: 1,66-2,51) em homens pretos. Quanto ao consumo excessivo de álcool, todas as categorias mostraram maior risco de consumo em comparação com as mulheres brancas, com a maior magnitude em homens pretos (OR = 4,78; IC95%: 3,66-6,23). As associações mantiveram a significância estatística depois de ajustar para fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde. Os resultados revelam diferenças no hábito de fumar e no consumo excessivo de álcool quando as categorias de interseções foram comparadas a análises tradicionais. Os achados reforçam a importância da inclusão de raça/cor e gênero em estudos epidemiológicos.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar si las identidades interseccionales, definidas por raza/color de piel y género, están asociadas con el consumo de tabaco y excesivo consumo de alcohol en una muestra representativa de adultos brasileños. Se trata de un estudio trasversal con 48.234 participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña (PNS) - 2013. Las odds ratio (OR) crudas y ajustadas y los respectivos intervalos de 95% confianza (IC95%) fueron usados para estimar las asociaciones de categorías interseccionales de raza/color de piel y género (mujer blanca, mujer mestiza, mujer negra, hombre blanco, hombre mestizo, hombre negro) con el consumo de tabaco y el excesivo consumo de alcohol, derivado de la combinación semanal de "días" y "cantidades consumidas". La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco varió de 10.6% en mujeres blancas al 23,1% en hombres negros, mientras que la prevalencia de consumo elevado de alcohol fue de un 3,3% al 14%, respectivamente. En comparación con las mujeres blancas, solo blancos, mestizos, y hombres negros presentaron oportunidades mayores de fumar, alcanzando la OR de 2,04 (95%CI: 1,66-2,51) en hombres negros. Así como que, para el excesivo consumo de alcohol, todas las categorías interseccionales mostraron oportunidades mayores de consumo que las mujeres blancas, con una magnitud más grande en hombres negros (OR = 4,78; 95%CI: 3,66-6,23). Estas asociaciones mantuvieron significancia estadística, tras los ajustes realizados para características sociodemográficas, comportamentales, y características de salud. Los resultados demostraron que el hábito de fumar y el excesivo consumo de alcohol mostraron diferencias cuando se compararon las categorías interseccionales con los análisis tradicionales. Estos resultados refuerzan la importancia de incluir la interseccionalidad de raza/color de piel y género en estudios epidemiológicos.

Effect of skin color on the setup of surface optical system in radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To investigate the sensitivity of the Catalyst HD in monitoring different skin colors, and assess the effect of skin color on the setup uncertainties using this system in radiotherapy.Methods:The standard cards guiding skin color and the cylinder model guiding quality control in radiotherapy were utilized to simulate the patients’ positioning. During the first monitoring, Catalyst HD was employed to acquire the image of the phantom as the reference image after conventional positioning (indoor laser+ phantom marking). When it was not the first monitoring, the couch was moved (-5 to 5 mm, step length of 2 mm) and Catalyst HD was adopted to obtain the surface image after conventional positioning. The bed deviation and corresponding setup errors monitored by Catalyst HD for different skin colors were recorded in the anterior-posterior (AP), superior-inferior (SI) and left-right (LR) direction, respectively.Results:During Catalyst HD monitoring, the integration time and gain were increased with the darker color. The logarithm of integration time and gain was significantly linearly negatively correlated with the same color ( R2>0.9). When the color difference with 1Y01SP was ΔE≤189, there was a significant correlation between the bed deviation and corresponding setup errors monitored by Catalyst HD in the SI and LR directions (R SI>0.5, R LR>0.5, R AP>0.9). The Catalyst HD monitoring was rapid and stable. When 218≤ΔE≤253, the correlation coefficients of them in the LR were R LR<0.3 and the Catalyst HD monitoring was stable. When 254≤ΔE≤285, the Catalyst HD failed to monitor stably. When ΔE>318, it failed to monitor this skin color. Conclusions:Gain, integration time and color have a certain correlation. The Catalyst HD can accurately monitor the setup errors within a specific range of skin color.

El color de la piel importa en Cuba y el género también / Both Skin Color and Gender Matter in Cuba

Esta comunicación breve pretende aportar argumentos acerca de la importancia de considerar al color de la piel y al género como categorías que se intersecan en los análisis sobre determinación social en la salud. Para ello se ofrecen ejemplos de resultados investigativos previos, que ilustran el panorama contemporáneo en la Cuba de hoy. A la vez se problematiza sobre el pensamiento hegemónico en salud y se pondera aquel que caracteriza a la medicina social, con el fin de ubicar el enfoque socio-antropológico que reclaman estos temas(AU)

This brief communication is aimed at providing supporting ideas about the importance of considering skin color and gender as categories that are relevant for the analysis of social determinants of health. In view of that, we offer examples of previous research outcomes that show the contemporary situation in Cuba. At the same time, we approached the problem of hegemonic thinking in health, focusing on thinking as an aspect inherent in social medical care, in order to highlight the socio-anthropologic approach required for treating these topics(AU)

Homicídios dolosos, tráfico de drogas e indicadores sociais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Intentional homicide, drug trafficking and social indicators in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a associação entre homicídio doloso, tráfico de drogas e indicadores sociais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no ano de 2010. Trata-se de estudo ecológico a partir dos casos de homicídios dolosos e de tráfico de drogas registrados pela Polícia Civil da Bahia com indicadores sociais. A análise entre o coeficiente de homicídio doloso, tráfico de drogas e proporção de homens negros de 15 a 49 anos foi feita através do modelo de regressão binomial negativa, com software R versão 2.13.0. Foram registrados 1.391 homicídios dolosos em 2010, gerando coeficiente de 108,5 homicídios por 100mil habitantes. Na associação foi observado que nos bairros com proporção de homens negros de 15 a 49 anos acima de 60%, esse coeficiente aumentou 89% (≥ 60% e ≤ 80%) e 87% (> 80%), comparado com bairros com proporção menor que 60%. Quanto ao tráfico de drogas, houve aumento médio de 40% estatisticamente significante nesse coeficiente nos bairros com 5 ou mais casos, comparado com bairros com menos de 5. As evidências empíricas observadas poderão contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o fenômeno dos óbitos por homicídios dolosos nas grandes cidades e poderá auxiliar gestores, segurança pública e sociedade civil organizada no enfrentamento desse problema.

Abstract To study the association between intentional homicide, drug trafficking and social indicators in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. This is an ecological study, based on cases of intentional homicides and drug trafficking registered by the Civil Police of Bahia, as well as social indicators. A negative binomial regression model, utilizing R software (version 2.13.0), was used to verify the association between the homicide rate, drug trafficking and the proportion of black males aged 15 - 49. There were 1391 homicides in 2010, giving a rate of 108.5 homicides per 100,000 people. It was observed that in neighborhoods with a proportion of black males aged 15 - 49 over 60%, this rate increased by 89% (≥ 60% and ≤ 80%) and 87% (> 80%), compared to neighborhoods with less than 60% of black males aged 15 - 49. Regarding the factor of drug trafficking, there was a statistically significant average increase of 40% in terms of this coefficient in neighborhoods with five or more cases of drug trafficking, compared to neighborhoods with less than five of such cases. The empirical evidence that was observed can help to contribute to the existing knowledge about the phenomenon of deaths due to homicide in large cities, and it will also help managers, public security and organized civil society to face this problem.

Perception of facial profile attractiveness of a brown subject displaying different degrees of lip projection or retrusion, in the city of Salvador/Bahia

ABSTRACT Introduction: The attractiveness and facial aesthetics are commonly defined by the media in modern society and the number of patients seeking for changes in the facial appearance is progressively increasing. Augmented face convexity is believed to be non aesthetic and among the treatments available for its correction, the extraction of premolars followed by anterior teeth retraction produces a significant effect. However, it is questionable whether the procedure is reasonable in brown and black patients, since dental protrusion is considered a common morphological feature in these groups. Methods: A photograph of a brown female subject was manipulated with image-editing program to generate a set of images with different degrees of labial retraction/protrusion. Two hundred individuals, randomly selected, were asked to rate each photograph and select which one showed the best aesthetic appearance. The survey was carried out in Salvador / Bahia (Brazil), which is a city with strong African slavery background and high proportion of brown and black population. Results: Regardless of color, sex or income, the interviewees chose primarily the straight facial profile and secondarily the slightly concave or convex as more pleasant for a brown female individual (p< 0.05). The moderate and extreme convexity had the lowest scores (p< 0.05). Conclusions: It is suggested that among the accessed population, straight and slightly convex or concave profiles were preferred for a brown subject and moderate or excessive facial protrusion were not well accepted. It is expected that these data can guide orthodontists about the need for extraction to reduce dental protrusion in brown patients.

RESUMO Introdução: a atratividade e a estética facial são comumente definidas pela mídia, na sociedade moderna, e o número de pacientes buscando mudar seu aspecto facial tem aumentado progressivamente. Acredita-se que a convexidade facial aumentada seja considerada não estética. Entre os tratamentos disponíveis para sua correção, figura, com destaque, a extração de pré-molares seguida da retração dos dentes anteriores. No entanto, é questionável se esse procedimento estaria indicado para indivíduos negros e pardos, visto que a protrusão dentária é considerada um achado morfológico comum nesses grupos. Métodos: a fotografia de um indivíduo pardo do sexo feminino foi manipulada em programa de edição de imagens, de forma a gerar um grupo de imagens com diferentes graus de protrusão ou retrusão labial. Duzentos indivíduos, selecionados aleatoriamente, avaliaram e foram solicitados a escolher a fotografia que melhor se apresentava esteticamente. Essa pesquisa foi executada em Salvador / Bahia (Brasil), que é uma cidade com marcante histórico de escravidão africana, apresentando elevada proporção de negros e pardos. Resultados: independentemente da cor, sexo ou renda, os entrevistados escolheram como mais estético, para um indivíduo pardo, o perfil reto, seguido do perfil levemente côncavo ou convexo (p< 0,05). Conclusões: dentro da amostra entrevistada, o perfil reto foi considerado mais estético para um indivíduo pardo, seguido do perfil levemente côncavo ou convexo. Os perfis moderadamente e excessivamente convexos foram considerados menos atraentes. Espera-se que esses achados possam guiar os ortodontistas no que diz respeito à necessidade de extrações dentárias, com intuito de reduzir a protrusão dentária/labial em pacientes pardos.

Desenvolvimento e validação do instrumento Percepção sobre Discriminação Racial Interpessoal nos Serviços de Saúde (DRISS) / Development and validity of the instrument Perception on Interpersonal Racial Discrimination in Healthcare Facilities (DRISS)

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver e validar um instrumento de medida das percepções sobre discriminação racial interpessoal no contexto dos serviços de saúde brasileiros. METODOLOGIA: Estudo do tipo metodológico conduzido com base na Teoria Clássica dos Testes para elaboração e validação psicométrica de instrumento. Para o desenvolvimento do pool de itens inicial, três fontes foram utilizadas: revisão de literatura sobre escalas já existentes; estudo qualitativo; e, sugestões de especialistas sobre racismo/desigualdades em saúde. O instrumento inicialmente proposto (versão 1) constava de 50 itens. Buscou-se verificar as evidências de validade de conteúdo e constructo e, para isso, a coleta de dados foi dividida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na avaliação do instrumento proposto junto ao comitê de especialistas e a segunda etapa consistiu no preenchimento do instrumento pela população-alvo. A análise dos dados foi realizada no R e Stata 14.2. RESULTADOS: Na validação de face e conteúdo, a versão 1 foi submetida à avaliação por comitê de especialistas composto por um metodologista, um profissional de língua portuguesa, três especialistas em relações étnico-raciais e três membros da população-alvo. Dos 50 itens elaborados originalmente, foram excluídos 28 e restaram 22 (versão 2). O CVR (razão de validade de conteúdo) médio dos itens que restaram foi 0,74. Com relação à concordância entre os especialistas, o PABAK foi 0,30, considerado razoável. Entretanto, dos 22 itens que compuseram a versão 2, dois foram desmembrados, o que gerou a versão 3, com 24 itens. A versão 3 foi construída na plataforma digital Research Eletronic Data Capture (REDCap) e foi divulgada entre setembro e dezembro de 2017 por meio de um link (via redes sociais como Facebook e Whatsapp) que direcionou os respondentes para o instrumento. Ao todo, 480 pessoas acessaram o link, mas apenas 158 finalizaram o preenchimento do instrumento. A maior parte dos respondentes foi do sexo feminino (87,0%), autoclassificada como de raça/cor preta ou parda (97,5%) e pertencente ao grupo econômico A e B (61,4%). Prosseguiu-se com a avaliação da validade de constructo por meio da análise fatorial exploratória. KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Okin) foi 0,736; o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett foi p<0,001; todas as cargas fatorias estiveram entre 0,3 e 0,9; e as comunalidades abaixo de 0,4. A avaliação do índice de confiabilidade Ômega de Mcdonald total foi 0,87, valor considerado bom. Dessa forma, produziu-se a versão 4, denominada DRISS, com 19 itens no total e seis dimensões, que são: sintomas somáticos, preparo, expressão emocional, percepção social, reação, consequências emocionais. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa nas médias dos escores em relação à idade, escolaridade, grupo econômico e outras variáveis sociodemográficas. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo produziu uma escala que mede a percepção sobre discriminação racial interpessoal no contexto dos serviços de saúde, denominada DRISS, que apresenta adequadas propriedades psicométricas. O DRISS é direcionado especificamente às/aos usuárias/os dos serviços de saúde. Em nível populacional, produzirá dados relevantes para a tomada de decisões programáticas com foco na redução da discriminação racial nos serviços de saúde e consequente diminuição das iniquidades raciais em saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an instrument to measure perceptions about interpersonal racial discrimination in Brazilian healthcare facilities context. METHODOLOGY: This is a methodological study based on Classical Theory of Tests. For the development of the initial items pool, three sources were used: literature review on existing scales; qualitative study; and, expert on racism health inequalities suggestions. Initially, the version 1 was composed by 50 items. In order to test content and construct validity evidence, data collection was divided into two steps. The first step consisted of the analysis of version 1 instrument to an expert committee and the second step consisted of the submission of the instrument to the target population. Data analysis was performed with R and Stata 14.2. RESULTS: Face and content validation of version 1 was performed by expert committee composed by a psychometrist, a Portuguese language expert, three experts in ethnic-racial relations and three members of the target population. From the 50 originally drafted items, 28 were excluded and 22 remained (version 2). The average CVR (content validity ratio) of the items was 0.74. Regarding the agreement among the experts, PABAK was 0.30, considered reasonable. Two items from version 2 were dismembered, which generated version 3, with 24 items. Version 3 was included on the Research Eletronic Data Capture (REDCap) digital platform and was released between September and December 2017 in a link (via social networks like Facebook and Whatsapp). Altogether, 480 people accessed the link, but only 158 completed the instrument. Most respondents were female (87.0%), self-classified as black or brown (97.5%) and were at economic group A and B (61.4%). We proceeded with the evaluation of construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis. KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Okin) was 0.736; Bartlett Sphericity Test was p <0.001; all factor loads were between 0.3 and 0.9; and commonalities below 0.4. The McDonalds Omega Total reliability rating was 0.87, which is considered good. In this way, version 4, named DRISS, was produced with a total of 19 items and six dimensions, that are: somatic symptoms, preparation, emotional expression, social perception, reaction, and emotional consequences. No statistically significant difference was observed in the means of the DRISS scores in relation to age, schooling, economic group and other sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: This study produced a scale that measures the 'perception about interpersonal racial discrimination in the healthcare facilities context, called DRISS, with adequate psychometric properties. DRISS is specifically targeted to the health services users. At the population level, it may produce relevant data for programmatic decision-making focused on reducing racial discrimination in healthcare facilities, and as a consequence, racial inequities in health.

Raça/cor da pele e transtornos mentais no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática / Race/skin color and mental health disorders in Brazil: a systematic review of the literature

Resumo Transtornos mentais contribuem para uma grande carga de incapacidade. Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo resumir a literatura sobre raça/cor da pele e transtornos mentais no Brasil. PubMed e Lilacs foram pesquisados com o uso de descritores sobre transtornos mentais (depressão, ansiedade, etc.) e raça/cor da pele. Estudos sobre grupos não populacionais, que não analisaram raça/cor da pele, ou em que o transtorno mental não foi o objeto de estudo não foram incluídos. Depois da avaliação de qualidade, 14 estudos foram selecionados para inclusão. A tendência foi uma prevalência maior de transtornos mentais nas pessoas não brancas. Das seis análises multivariadas que acharam resultados estatisticamente significantes, cinco mostraram uma maior prevalência ou chance de transtornos mentais nas pessoas não brancas em comparação com pessoas brancas (medida de associação entre 1,18 e 1,85). Essa revisão contribuiu para identificar a tendência na literatura em relação à associação entre raça/cor da pele e transtornos mentais, mas há importantes dificuldades com relação à comparabilidade dos estudos, principalmente, em função das diferenças em relação aos transtornos mentais estudados, as formas de categorizar raça/cor da pele e nos instrumentos utilizados nos estudos analisados.

Abstract Mental health disorders contribute a significant burden to society. This systematic literature review aims to summarize the current state of the literature on race/skin color and mental health disorders in Brazil. Methods: PubMed and Lilacs were searched using descriptors for mental health disorders (depression, anxiety, Common Mental Disorders, psychiatric morbidity, etc.) and race to find studies conducted in Brazil. Studies of non-population groups, that did not analyze race/skin color, or for which the mental disorder was not the object of study were excluded. After evaluation of quality, 14 articles were selected for inclusion. There was an overall higher prevalence of mental health disorders in non-Whites. Of the six multivariate analyses that found statistically significant results, five indicated a greater prevalence or odds of mental health disorder in non-Whites compared to Whites (measure of association between 1.18-1.85). This review identified the trend in the literature regarding the association between race and mental health disorders. However, important difficulties complicate the comparability of the studies, principally in function of the differences in the mental health disorders studied, the method of categorizing race/skin color, and the screening tools used in the studies analyzed.

Paradojas del color en dermatología / Paradoxes of color in dermatology

La lógica dermatológica, ha encontrado el rompimiento de los paradigmas semiológicos, desde la incorporación de la imagen digital al estudio de las lesiones de piel, características como: forma, límites, contraste, estructura y profundidad están ligadas al color. Su percepción puede objetivarse, con la ayuda de instrumentos como el dermato-colorímetro, el derma-espectrofotómetro e inclusive el dermatoscopio digital, que permiten corregir los errores de metamerismo. En esta disertación pretendemos abrir nuevas ideas, sobre la importancia de estudiar el color de la piel más allá del fototipo cutáneo, así como, reconocer el color estructurado como una variante de la semiología pigmentaria y la incorporación del estudio heurístico, en el diseño de modelos enseñanza-aprendizaje para los programas de Dermatología.

The dermatological logic study has found breaking out paradigms since the introduction of digital imaging for the study of skin disease, features like shape, boundaries, contrast, depth and structure are related to color, color perception can be objectified through instruments such as derm-colorimeter, derm-spectrophotometer and even digital dermatoscopy, which can correct the metamerism phenomenon. In this dissertation, we intend to open mind and give new ideas about the importance of studying the skin color beyond the skin phototype, recognize the structured color as a variant of the semiology of color, as well as the incorporation of models of study design teaching-learning heuristic for dermatology programs.

<b>A Study on the Association Between Skin Color and Health Condition</b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In Japanese traditional medicine, “<i>ganmenshin</i>” (facial diagnosis), which means assessment of a patient's health based on the color of his/her face, is frequently used in a clinical setting. However, little scientific evidence is available to substantiate such diagnoses. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between skin color and patient's health status to ascertain the clinical usefulness of the “<i>ganmenshin</i>” technique. We evaluated the color of the cheeks and forearms of 30 healthy study participants and also administered questionnaires to determine their health. A correlation was observed between skin color and work efficiency and the <i>inkyo </i>(yin-fluid deficiency) scores in all subjects. In male subjects, skin color was correlated with their bodymass index (BMI), self-rated health status, work efficiency, and <i>suitai </i>(fluid stagnation) scores. In female subjects, skin color was correlated with the patient's age, work efficiency, and <i>inkyo </i>scores. These results suggest that “<i>ganmenshin</i>” may be clinically useful because of the correlation between skin color and the health of patients.

Occurrence of severe dengue in Rio de Janeiro: an ecological study

Introduction This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the incidence of severe dengue during the 2008 epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and socioeconomic indicators, as well as indicators of health service availability and previous circulation of the dengue virus serotype-3 (DENV-3). Methods In this ecological study, the units of analysis were the districts of Rio de Janeiro. The data were incorporated into generalized linear models, and the incidence of severe dengue in each district was the outcome variable. Results The districts with more cases of dengue fever in the 2001 epidemic and a higher percentage of residents who declared their skin color or race as black had higher incidence rates of severe dengue in the 2008 epidemic [incidence rate ratio (IRR)= 1.21; 95% confidence interval (95%CI)= 1.05-1.40 and IRR= 1.34; 95%CI= 1.16-1.54, respectively]. In contrast, the districts with Family Health Strategy (FHS) clinics were more likely to have lower incidence rates of severe dengue in the 2008 epidemic (IRR= 0.81; 95%CI= 0.70-0.93). Conclusions At the ecological level, our findings suggest the persistence of health inequalities in this region of Brazil that are possibly due to greater social vulnerability among the self-declared black population. ...

Skin complexion and pigmentary disorders in facial skin of 1204 women in 4 Indian cities.

Background: The color of Indian skin shows great diversity and pigmentary disorders are a major concern of Indian women. Despite great variations in climate, diet, and social parameters within India, studies of the range of skin types have been rather scarce. Aims: This study was aimed at characterizing the color of Indian skin in various geographical locations, its characteristics in terms of overall skin complexion and pigmentary disorders, and the impact of age on these features. Methods: An extensive descriptive study, including skin color parameters (objective measurements and evaluations by dermatologists, clinically or from photographs) was carried out involving 1,204 female volunteers of different ages living in four different Indian cities. Results: Important differences in skin complexion according to the geographical location were observed. Age seemed to have little impact on complexion. Hyperpigmented spots were frequent and were noted at early stages and many lentigines were found. Melasma affected about 30% of middle-aged women, but many other ill defined, pigmented macules were also observed. Additionally, we found pigmented lip corners associated with marionette lines, and linear nasal pigmentation. Conclusions: Indian skin color is diverse and pigmentary disorders are common. Skin complexion is not greatly affected by age. Some hyperpigmented disorders occur at early stages and increase with age, contributing to overall unevenness of facial color.

Investigation of the beautification effects of acupuncture and acupressure / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objective]It was recently accepted that skin problems are aggravated in women who are stressed or neglect their health. For such conditions, acupuncture for the purpose of beautification and health improvement attracts attention, thus expanding the science of acupuncture into an entirely new field called "Beauty (Cosmetic) Acupuncture."<BR>Here, we investigated the beauty efficacy of acupuncture and acupressure on healthy women.<BR>[Methods]Fourteen healthy women (mean age, 43.0 ± 8.1 years) who had noticeable skin roughness were randomly divided into 2 groups:acupuncture group (n = 7) and acupressure group (n = 7). Both groups received their respective treatments twice a week for 4 weeks.<BR>Measurements for the subjective evaluation were based on self-rated health (SRH) and subjective physical and mental fatigue, which were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Nowlis mood checklist, and a questionnaire about skin condition. Measurements for the objective evaluation were the melanin index of the skin;the Hb index;the HbO2 index; 3D measurement of the face, determined from range images;wrinkle-area ratio, determined from replicas, corneocyte surface area, and skin color (L*, a*, b*);and facial impression rating.<BR>[Results]The acupuncture group showed a significant improvement in subjective measurement of skin condition (wrinkle, slack, and total condition) in addition to a slight decrease in wrinkle-area ratio, as determined by image analysis. The acupressure group showed a significant improvement in subjective measurement of skin condition (quantity of sebum secretion) and Nowlis mood checklist score, in addition to marginally significant improvement in skin color (L*, b*), HbO2 index, and amount of melanin in the skin.<BR>[Conclusion]Acupuncture and acupressure may bring about morphological changes in facial skin and improvement in skin color, respectively. We conclude that acupuncture and acupressure have different effects on skin condition.

Dados epidemiológicos da enxaqueca e sua associação com manifestações alérgicas / Epidemiologic data of migraine and its relationship with allergic episodes

Objetivo. Verificar a existência de associação entre enxaqueca e manifestações alérgicas. Método. Este estudo retrospectivo, do tipo caso-controle, foi conduzido por meio de entrevistas com 200 pacientesconsecutivos aleatórios, com idades de 25 a 59 anos, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo 1 (n = 100) com pessoas sem relato de enxaqueca e grupo 2 (n = 100) com pessoas com relato de enxaqueca. Os entrevistados foram identificados de acordo com idade, sexo, cor de pele, existência de alergia e suas características. Odiagnóstico de enxaqueca foi confirmado por médico especialista. Os pacientes tiveram seu quadro clínico classificado conforme o Headache Classification Subcommitee of International Headache Society e foram investigados sobre alergia. Foram excluídos os casos que não preencheram os critérios deste trabalho e quando houve dúvida em relação às respostas. Foram utilizados os testes t de Student, qui ao quadrado e exato de Fisher para avaliação dos resultados.Calculou-se também o odds ratio e o intervalo de confiança. A significância foi considerada como p < 0,05. Resultados. Houve maior incidência de enxaqueca em mulheres e em pessoas melanodérmicas. Os pacientes com enxaqueca apresentaram maior incidência de alergia quando comparados ao grupo-controle (p = 0,000001). A crise alérgica de via respiratória teve relação com o início da enxaqueca (p = 0,000004).Conclusão. De acordo com o presente estudo, as mulheres apresentam enxaqueca com maior frequência que os homens e há relação entre manifestações alérgicas e enxaqueca.

Objective. To verify the relation between migraine and allergic episodes.Method. This retrospective case-control study was carried out by mean of interviews with 200 consecutive people randomily selected, of ages from 25 through 59 years old of both genders, distributed into two groups: group 1 (n = 100) had people with migraine and group 2 (n = 100) had people without migraine. All of them were identified by age, gender, skin color and stressing episodes of allergy and their characteristics. The diagnosis of migraine was confirmed by specialists. The clinical manifestations were classified according to Headache Classification Subcommitee of International Headache Society. The relationship between migraine and allergy was investigated. Doubts related to the studied parameters or to the responses obtained at the interviews were criteria of exclusion. The results were compared using Student´s t test, chi-square test and Fisher´s exact test. Odds ratio and confidence intervals werecalculated as well. The significance was considered for values corresponding to p < 0.05. Results. Women and black skin people presented a higher incidence of migraine. The patients with migrainehad a higher incidence of allergy in comparison with the control group (p = 0.000001). Relation between respiratory allergic episode and the beginning of a migraine crisis was verified (p = 0.000004).Conclusions. According to the present study women and black skin people present higher frequency of migraine, and migraine is related to allergy.

Factores de riesgos asociados a la infección por dengue en San Mateo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela / Dengue infection associated-risk factors with in San Mateo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela

INTRODUCCIÓN: El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección por dengue en la localidad, permite al médico de familia diseñar y ejecutar estrategias de intervención comunitaria eficaces, ya que parten de un diagnóstico integral que es diferente en cada región. OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores de riesgos asociados a la infección por dengue en San Mateo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela. MÉTODOS: El universo estuvo constituido por 15 000 habitantes de la localidad de San Mateo, municipio Libertad, Anzoátegui en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el periodo comprendido entre mayo de 2007 y mayo de 2008. Se realizó un análisis bivariado de los factores de riesgo asociados, para estimar el riesgo relativo, y una regresión logística multivariada para estimar el valor del Odds Ratio. RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con los resultados en el análisis bivariado y multivariado de factores de riesgo, asociados en los casos de infección reciente por dengue inmunoglobulina M positivo y los casos dengue, no se encontró asociación en ninguna de las variables en estudio, de acuerdo con la hipótesis planteada; con excepción del bajo nivel de conocimiento en la población acerca de la enfermedad, particularmente en cuanto a los síntomas, mecanismos de transmisión, agente causal, y medidas de prevención. CONCLUSIONES: La alta prevalencia de dengue en esta localidad, es el resultado del desconocimiento acerca de la enfermedad y de la existencia del vector; esta última constituye la condición básica para su transmisión. Su presencia es un indicador indirecto de las malas condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de la población y de la existencia de criaderos en los hogares

INTRODUCTION: The knowledge of dengue infection associated-risk factors in place, allows that family physician may to design and to perform effective community intervention strategies, since it is from an integral diagnosis which is different in each region. OBJECTIVE: To determine the dengue infection associated-risk factors in San Mateo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela. METHODS: Universe included 15 000 inhabitants of San Mateo, Libertad municipality, Anzoátegui in Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from May, 2007 to May, 2008. A bi-varied analysis was made related to associated risk factors to estimate the relative risk and a multivariate logistic regression analysis to estimate the Odds Ratio value. RESULTS: According the results from the bi-varied and multi-varied analysis of dengue infection risk factors associated with cases of recent infection due to positive M-immunoglobulin dengue and the dengue cases, there was not any study variable, according to proposed hypothesis except that of the low level of knowledge in population on the disease, particularly as regards the symptoms, transmission mechanisms, causal agent and prevention measures. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of dengue in this place is the result of lack of knowledge on disease and the existence of the vector; this latter is the basic condition for its transmission. Its presence is an indirect indicator of the poor hygienic-health conditions of population and also of the existence of the home breeding places

Research of the origin of a particular Tunisian group using a physical marker and Alu insertion polymorphisms

The aim of this study was to show how, in some particular circumstances, a physical marker can be used along with molecular markers in the research of an ancient people movement. A set of five Alu insertions was analysed in 42 subjects from a particular Tunisian group (El Hamma) that has, unlike most of the Tunisian population, a very dark skin, similar to that of sub-Saharans, and in 114 Tunisian subjects (Gabes sample) from the same governorate, but outside the group. Our results showed that the El Hamma group is genetically midway between sub-Saharan populations and North Africans, whereas the Gabes sample is clustered among North Africans. In addition, The A25 Alu insertion, considered characteristic to sub-Saharan Africans, was present in the El Hamma group at a relatively high frequency. This frequency was similar to that found in sub-Saharans from Nigeria, but significantly different from those found in the Gabes sample and in other North African populations. Our molecular results, consistent with the skin color status, suggest a sub-Saharan origin of this particular Tunisian group.