Dermatite atópica grave: guia prático de tratamento da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Severe atopic dermatitis: a practical treatment guide from the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology and the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics

A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença cutânea inflamatória, crônica, comum, complexa e de etiologia multifatorial, que se manifesta clinicamente com prurido muitas vezes incapacitante, lesões recorrentes do tipo eczema, xerose e que pode evoluir para liquenificação. Embora o conhecimento sobre a sua fisiopatologia venham crescendo nos últimos anos, ainda as formas graves são frequentes e representam um desafio para o clínico. Para o presente guia realizou-se revisão não sistemática da literatura relacionada à DA grave refratária aos tratamentos habituais com o objetivo de elaborar um documento prático e que auxilie na compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na DA, assim como dos possíveis fatores de risco associados à sua apresentação. A integridade da barreira cutânea é um dos pontos fundamentais para a manutenção da homeostase da pele. Além dos cuidados gerais: evitação dos agentes desencadeantes e/ou irritantes, o uso de hidratantes, suporte emocional, entre outros, o uso de agentes anti-inflamatórios/imunossupressores de uso tópico e/ou sistêmico também foi revisado. A aquisição de novos agentes, os imunobiológicos e as pequenas moléculas, melhorou a terapêutica para os pacientes com formas graves de DA, sobretudo as refratárias aos tratamentos convencionais.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, common, and complex inflammatory skin disease with a multifactorial etiology. It manifests clinically with often disabling pruritus, recurrent eczema-like lesions, and xerosis, and can progress to lichenification. Although understanding of the disease's pathophysiology has been growing in recent years, severe forms are still frequent and represent a challenge for clinicians. A non-systematic review of the literature on severe atopic dermatitis refractory to conventional treatment was conducted to develop the present guide, whose purpose is to help clarify the mechanisms involved in the disease and possible risk factors. The integrity of the skin barrier is fundamental for maintaining skin homeostasis. In addition to general care, patients should avoid triggering and/or irritating agents and moisturizers and seek emotional support, etc.; the use of topical and/or systemic anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents was also reviewed. New agents, immunobiologicals, and small molecules have led to a broader range of therapies for patients with severe forms of the disease, especially cases refractory to conventional treatment.

Efficacy of soluble hyaluronic acid microneedle on removing suborbital wrinkles / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of soluble hyaluronic acid microneedle eye patch on infraorbital wrinkles.@*Methods@#Seventy-five female subjects in Beijing and Shanghai were recruited and treated with soluble hyaluronic acid microneedle patch two days a week at the left lower eyelid (experimental side) and at least 30 minutes each time for 12 weeks. Investigator visual assessment, instrumentation measurement for skin moisture, elasticity, wrinkle area and depth were performed at week 0 (pre-treatment) and week 4 and week 12 and compared to the right (control side). The safety was assessed by documenting adverse reactions occurring during the study. Subject satisfaction was assessed at week 12.@*Results@#After 12 weeks of treatment, the visual assessment of skin wrinkles on experimental side (n=41, 54.67%) was significantly improved as comparied with that on control side (n=14, 18.67%). The skin hydration of treatment side skin increased with treatment time (t=-0.488 at week4, t=-3.054 at week 12, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, skin elasticity of the experimental side improved significantly. The improvement rate of the experimental side was more than that of the control side (t=2.724, P<0.05). The wrinkle area was significantly decreased in 4 and 12 weeks compared with pre-treatment (t=4.442 at week 4 and t=3.802 at week 12, P<0.001). The depth of wrinkles of the experimental side shallowed with the treatment (t=-2.435 at week 4 and t=-3.433 at week 12, P<0.05). Only 8% (n=6) of the subjects had temporary slight pruritus or acupuncture sensation on the treatment side, and no other adverse reactions occurred. The overall subject satisfaction rate was 88%(n=66).@*Conclusions@#Soluble hyaluronic acid microneedle eye patch is effective in improving wrinkles, skin elasticity and hydrating, and has no obvious adverse reaction.

Stability and in vivo efficiency of natural cosmetic emulsion systems with the addition of vegetable oils

The aim of the paper is to test stability and biophysical properties of hydrophilic and lipophilic emulsions with selected vegetable seed oils: Limnanthes alba, Prunus amygdalus dulcis, Cannabis sativa, Rosa rubiginosa and Hellianthus annuus. Biophysical properties of emulsions are investigated in vivo using non-invasive instrumental methods (corneometry, tewametry and pH) in a group of 12 healthy women volunteers. Their stability profiles (colour, phase separation and centrifugation) under various temperatures (9, 25, 37 and 57 °C) and storage time (24 hours, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) were monitored. The moisturising activities of the emulsions supplemented with various oils were comparable. The lipophilic emulsions showed a better ability to improve the condition of the skin barrier due to formation of a surface lipid film. The tested formulations regulated the pH of the skin towards neutral values. Lipophilic emulsions showed earlier phase separation and changes in colour. The greatest resistance to thermal stress during storage was observed for the emulsion bases. Emulsions containing oils, except for those with rosehip and hempseed oils, were stable up to the temperature of 37 °C. The studied emulsion systems are excellent vehicles of vegetable oils and exhibit relatively good stability, benefiting the natural properties of skin.

Influence of Repeated Senna Laxative Use on Skin Barrier Function in Mice

BACKGROUND: Senna, one of the major stimulant laxatives, is widely used for treating constipation. Chronic senna use has been reported to be associated with colonic disorders such as melanosis coli and/or epithelial hyperplasia. However, there is no obvious information on the influence of chronic senna use on organs except for the intestine. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the influence of senna laxative use on skin barrier function by repeated senna administration. METHODS: Eight-week-old male hairless mice received senna (10 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. After administration, we evaluated transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and investigated the biomarkers in plasma and skin using protein analysis methods. RESULTS: Fecal water content on day seven was significantly increased; however, on day 21, it was significantly decreased after repeated senna administration. In the senna-administered group, TEWL was significantly higher compared to the control on days seven and 21. Plasma acetylcholine concentration and NO2 −/NO3 − were increased on days seven and 21, respectively. In skin, tryptase-positive mast cells and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive cells were increased on days seven and 21, respectively. The increase of TEWL on days seven and 21 was suppressed by the administration of atropine and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, respectively. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that diarrhea or constipation induced by repeated senna administration caused the impairment of skin barrier function. There is a possibility that this impaired skin barrier function occurred due to degranulation of mast cells via cholinergic signals or oxidative stress derived from iNOS.

Physical stability and clinical efficacy of Crocodylus niloticus oil lotion

ABSTRACT The stability and the anti-ageing, skin hydrating and anti-erythema effects of a commercialized Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768, Crocodylidae, oil lotion was determined. The lotion was stored at controlled conditions over six months during which several stability tests were performed. For the clinical efficacy studies lotion was applied on volar forearm skin (female volunteers) and compared to a liquid paraffin-containing reference product. Skin hydrating and anti-ageing effects were determined with a Corneometer®, Cutometer® and Visioscan®, following single (3 h) and multiple applications (12 weeks). The Vapometer® and Mexameter® were utilized to determine this lotion's anti-erythema effects on sodium lauryl sulfate irritated skin. The lotion demonstrated good stability over 6 months. The reference product increased skin hydration and decreased skin wrinkles to a larger extent than the C. niloticus lotion after a single application, whereas the C. niloticus lotion decreased skin scaliness better than the reference product. During the long-term study, the reference product overall increased skin hydration more than the C. niloticus lotion, whereas C. niloticus lotion increased skin elasticity to a larger extent than the reference product. C. niloticus lotion increased skin wrinkles and decreased skin scaliness over 12 weeks. Compared to non-treated, irritated skin, C. niloticus lotion demonstrated some potential anti-inflammatory characteristics.

The Correlation Analysis of Fluid Intake, Skin Hydration and Skin pH of College Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation analysis between fluid intake on skin hydration and pH of college students. METHODS: The subjects were 129 female nursing students in D city. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire, using a skin moisture checker and skin pH meter on faces, hands, and feet. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis, using SPSS WIN, 20. RESULTS: The daily fluid intake was composed of 57% pure water, 21% caffeinated beverages, 22% non-caffeinated beverages. There were significant differences in average skin hydration on the three body parts according to pure water, caffeinated beverages, and non-caffeinated beverages; however, there was no significant difference measured by fluid intake. There was a significant positive correlation between fluid intake and skin hydration: between pure water and skin hydration. There was significant negative correlation between caffeinated beverages and skin hydration: between non-caffeinated beverages and skin hydration. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fluid intake, pure water, caffeinated beverages, and non-caffeinated beverages have an effect on skin hydration and pH. Therefore, it is good to increase the amount of fluid intake but, it is recommended to increase the amount of intake of pure water rather than beverages to improve skin status.

Moisturizing effect of a cosmetic formulation containing pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense) from the Brazilian cerrado biome

Caryocar brasiliense, popularly known in Brazil as “pequi”, is a species widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado. The seeds are surrounded by a woody endocarp coated with a yellow fleshy mesocarp rich in oil and vitamin A, whose oil has a useful role in the treatment of skin aging and protection of human skin against UV-induced damage and skin hydration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cosmetic formulations containing pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense) on skin hydration, after a single application. Hydration effect assessment was performed by applying the formulations under study (Control – no formulation, vehicle, and vehicle + pequi oil) onto forearm skin of 30 human volunteers. Skin capacitance and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) measurements were analyzed before, and at 1, 2 and 3 hours after, a single application. Evaluation results of a single application of the vehicle containing pequi oil showed an increase in stratum corneum water content, indicating a skin moisturizing effect. Results of the evaluation of immediate effects of TEWL demonstrated that the vehicle containing pequi oil significantly increased skin moisture during the 3 h evaluation period. The formulations containing pequi oil showed clinical efficacy, increasing stratum corneum water content and enhancing skin barrier function.

Caryocar brasiliense, popularmente conhecido como “Pequi”, é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no Cerrado Brasileiro. O fruto é composto por sementes com endocarpo rígido e lenhoso, recoberto pelo mesocarpo carnoso, amarelado, rico em óleos e vitamina A, útil na proteção da pele contra raios UV, no tratamento das marcas senis da pele, bem como na hidratação cutânea. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito cosmético de formulações contendo óleo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) na hidratação cutânea, após uma única aplicação. Este efeito foi avaliado instrumentalmente através de medidas da capacitância da pele e pela perda de água transepidérmica após 1, 2 e 3 horas de uma única aplicação das formulações em estudo (controle, veículo e veículo + óleo de pequi) na pele do antebraço de 30 voluntários. Por meio das avaliações, a formulação contendo óleo de pequi aumentou o conteúdo de água no estrato córneo após 1, 2 e 3 horas, além de diminuir a perda de água transepidérmica, aumentando, significativamente, a hidratação cutânea durante as 3 horas de avaliação. A formulação contendo óleo de pequi apresentou eficácia clínica, aumentando o conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo, bem como promovendo o efeito barreira na pele.

04-3Development of a method for quality assessment of Japanese Biofango mudtherapy protocol by tensiometric approach / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<b>Introduction: </b>The link between the hydration state and the functional effects of formulations and natural systems is been demonstrated by several studies. Measurement of skin hydration has been used to assess barrier function integrity in vivo and stratum corneum (SC), hydration may increase after the topical application of natural or formulate systems. Thermal muds have great hydration properties thanking at its high water contain due to presence of clays minerals¹⁾. Our work was focused on the evaluation of skin’s hydration potentialities of Japanese Biofango^®. <BR><b>Objectives: </b>Mudtherapy increase the hydration state of skin and modify its selective permeability favouring the permeation of therapeutic substances product by maturation process. Our goal was the development of a tensiometric model for assessment and optimisation of Japanese Biofango mudtherapy protocol by the evaluation of skin hydration measuring water contact angles on skin surface²⁾. Our work was performed at Sanraku-en spas centre (Tonami-Japan). <BR><b>Materials and Methods: </b>Biofango was constituted by Kunigel, Kaolinite, and WakuraDiatomite contains montmorillonite. BFM mixture was prepared and collected from Sanraku-en maturation plant. Samples were stored at -25°C. Skin’s hydration state analysis were performed before and after treatment by contact angle method (CA) using DSA 2-Kruss Dynamic Tenskinmeter³⁾ water as liquid test and accordingly to traditional Sanraku-en/Biofango protocol. Four subjects with differents age, sex and weights (KS, YS, MO, and KM) were considered as test. Sanraku-en mudtherapy protocol’s steps were (a) first blood pressure measurement, (b) water’s CA measurements on left and right arm before treatment, (c) thermal bath (8’), (d) water’s CA measurements, (e) BFM mudtherapy (20’), (f) water’s CA measurements on polish skin, (g) shower (3’), (h) water’s CA measurements, and (i) final blood pressure measurement. <BR><b>Results: </b>CA of water on subject KS skin showed elevated levels before (CAt0>89.5 deg) and after (CAtf>89.5 deg) treatment. YS subject showed increases of skin hydration after treatment (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=40.27 deg), MO showed more increase of skin hydration than YS (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=20.12 deg), and KM (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=41.30 deg) showed an hydration state similar to YS. Regarding YS subject, we optimized its mudtherapy by the inversion of bath (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf>89.5 deg) with mudtherapy phases. As results a major increase of hydration state respect normal protocol (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf =30.4 deg) reflecting on skin moisturize after bath phase also (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=87.43 deg).<BR><b>Conclusions: </b>Analyses of hydration state of skin by measurement of water’s contact angles consented to evaluate the capability of Biofango BFM to modify the selective permeability of stratum corneum. Thanking to the method developed was possible to optimise and personalize Sanraku-en protocol.

04-3 Development of a method for quality assessment of Japanese Biofango mudtherapy protocol by tensiometric approach / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Introduction: The link between the hydration state and the functional effects of formulations and natural systems is been demonstrated by several studies. Measurement of skin hydration has been used to assess barrier function integrity in vivo and stratum corneum (SC), hydration may increase after the topical application of natural or formulate systems. Thermal muds have great hydration properties thanking at its high water contain due to presence of clays minerals1). Our work was focused on the evaluation of skin’s hydration potentialities of Japanese Biofango®. Objectives: Mudtherapy increase the hydration state of skin and modify its selective permeability favouring the permeation of therapeutic substances product by maturation process. Our goal was the development of a tensiometric model for assessment and optimisation of Japanese Biofango mudtherapy protocol by the evaluation of skin hydration measuring water contact angles on skin surface2). Our work was performed at Sanraku-en spas centre (Tonami-Japan). Materials and Methods: Biofango was constituted by Kunigel, Kaolinite, and WakuraDiatomite contains montmorillonite. BFM mixture was prepared and collected from Sanraku-en maturation plant. Samples were stored at -25°C. Skin’s hydration state analysis were performed before and after treatment by contact angle method (CA) using DSA 2-Kruss Dynamic Tenskinmeter3) water as liquid test and accordingly to traditional Sanraku-en/Biofango protocol. Four subjects with differents age, sex and weights (KS, YS, MO, and KM) were considered as test. Sanraku-en mudtherapy protocol’s steps were (a) first blood pressure measurement, (b) water’s CA measurements on left and right arm before treatment, (c) thermal bath (8’), (d) water’s CA measurements, (e) BFM mudtherapy (20’), (f) water’s CA measurements on polish skin, (g) shower (3’), (h) water’s CA measurements, and (i) final blood pressure measurement. Results: CA of water on subject KS skin showed elevated levels before (CAt0>89.5 deg) and after (CAtf>89.5 deg) treatment. YS subject showed increases of skin hydration after treatment (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=40.27 deg), MO showed more increase of skin hydration than YS (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=20.12 deg), and KM (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=41.30 deg) showed an hydration state similar to YS. Regarding YS subject, we optimized its mudtherapy by the inversion of bath (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf>89.5 deg) with mudtherapy phases. As results a major increase of hydration state respect normal protocol (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf =30.4 deg) reflecting on skin moisturize after bath phase also (CAt0>89.5 deg, CAtf=87.43 deg). Conclusions: Analyses of hydration state of skin by measurement of water’s contact angles consented to evaluate the capability of Biofango BFM to modify the selective permeability of stratum corneum. Thanking to the method developed was possible to optimise and personalize Sanraku-en protocol.

Evaluation of skin hydration after exposition to the aqueous and hydroalcoholic bases and silicone emulsion.

Several dermocosmetic bases even without active substances, can increase the cutaneous hydration, resulting in a beneficial effect to the skin. The evidence and interpretation of possible hydration effect of formulations in the skin can be carried through by means of histopathological and histomorphometrical evaluation, a time that allows the analysis of the epithelial tissue, of dermis and also of the cellular characteristics. The objective of this research was to evaluate the skin hydration after exposition to the aqueous and hydroalcoholic bases and silicone emulsion. Swines had areas submitted to treatments during 15 days with three different formulations (F1 - aqueous gel, F2 - hydroalcoholic gel and F3 - silicone emulsion). By means of histometric and histopathological techniques were gotten the thickness of the epidermis and stratum corneum. Comparison of means was done using ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. The F1 provoked significant increase in the thickness of the epidermis. The formulaton F2 provoked significant reduction in the thickness of the epidermis and stratum corneum. F3 not presented significant difference in this structures. According to the study, the type of base chosen intervenes with the skin hydration.

Determination of the critical hydrophile-lipophile balance of licuri oil from Syagrus coronata: application for topical emulsions and evaluation of its hydrating function

The aims of this study were to determine the critical hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of licuri oil, and to perform a clinical assay to evaluate its hydrating effects. For the determination of the HLB, serial emulsions were prepared with the oil. Regarding the clinical study, 13 human subjects were recruited to evaluate the hydrating power of the emulsified preparation containing licuri oil, and comparing it with the same preparation containing sweet almond oil (SAO). The critical HLB of licuri oil was represented by the zones within the concentrations of 10% for the oil and 15% for the pair of tensoactive agents, with a value of 11.8. Both preparations showed similar hydrating power. We propose that licuri oil can be considered a new lipophilic adjuvant with hydrating characteristics, which can be used in cosmetic preparations, replacing consecrated oils, such as SAO.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o EHL crítico do óleo licuri e realizar um ensaio clínico para avaliar os seus efeitos hidratantes. Para a determinação do EHL foram preparadas emulsões seriadas contendo esse óleo. Em relação ao estudo clínico, avaliamos o poder hidratante de preparação emulsionada com óleo de licuri, comparando-a com a mesma preparação contendo óleo de amêndoas doces (OAD), em 13 voluntários. O EHL crítico do óleo de licuri foi representado pelas zonas dentro das concentrações de 10% para o óleo e 15% para o par de tensoativos, com um valor de 11,8 e ambas as preparações mostraram poder hidratante similar. Desta forma, o óleo de licuri pode ser considerado um novo adjuvante lipofílico com função hidratante, o qual pode ser usado em preparações cosméticas, substituindo óleos de consagrado uso, tais como o OAD.

Skin Hydration, Transepidermal Water Loss and Relation with Tinea Pedis in Patients with Primary Hyperhidrosis / 대한의진균학회지

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperhidrosis (PHH) is the disease of production of excessive sweat mainly localized in palm, sole, and craniofacial area. The characteristics of the lesional skin and the relationship with fungal infection in patients with PHH are still not known in Korean literature. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in patients with PHH with those in control group and to determine the relation of PPH to tinea pedis. METHODS: A prospective case-control study of patients with PHH was conducted. We have measured the skin hydration and TEWL on the skin of palm, sole and forehead in patients with PPH and those in control group. A total of 67 patients with PHH and 50 volunteers of control group were examined for the presence of tinea pedis. Information on the treatment history of tinea pedis were provided by means of reviewing the medical records. RESULTS: Of 67 patients with PHH included, mean age was 28.1 years. Distributional patterns of PHH were palmoplantar (50.7%), isolated palmar (19.4%), isolated plantar (7.5%), and craniofacial (22.4%). Age at onset for palmoplantar HH (12.9+/-7.5 years) was significantly younger than that of craniofacial HH (26.8+/-10.5 years) (p < 0.05). Compared with the skin of those in control group, the values of the skin hydration and TEWL were significantly higher in the skin of patients with PHH. The risk of tinea pedis were increased in patients with primary palmoplantar hyperhidrosis compared with controls (Odds ratio: 2.44). CONCLUSION: Skin physiological parameters of patients with PHH and normal subjects were evaluated by non-invasive skin bioengineering methods which show quantitative modifications in physiological conditions. On the basis of current data, we can expect great advances in the curative value for treatment in patients with PHH.

A Study on Tests of Skin Safety and Inhibition of Atopic Dermatitis Using a StoneTouch(R) Infrared Scanner in a Mouse Model / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is caused by immunological abnormalities, abnormalities of the skin barrier, environmental factors and genetic factors. Atopic dermatitis destroys the skin barrier and passes through the skin, triggering an immune response. To treat atopic dermatitis, we anticipate use of hypoallergenic cures to hydrate skin that has been dried by destruction of the skin barrier. OBJECTIVE: We did a preclinical trial to identify inhibitory effects of the StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner on atopic dermatitis. We conducted skin safety tests, comparing the use of infrared energy to drug treatment. We then confirmed the effects of the StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner through animal tests using Nc/Nga mice as a model of atopic dermatitis in order to identify any inhibition of the immune response in atopic dermatitis. METHODS: We irradiated Nc/Nga mice using a StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner under a variety of conditions. During skin safety tests of the StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner on hairless mice, we assessed immune response and burn risk in irradiated mouse skin. We identified any inhibitory effects on atopic dermatitis using Dermoscope assessments, measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and IgE levels, measurements of pro-inflammatory cytokines, H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining (IF) of substance P and CGRP as neurotransmitters on the backs and ears of Nc/Nga mice irradiated by the StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner. RESULTS: We did not observe any skin abnormalities after using the StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner on Nc/Nga mice. We confirmed the inhibitory effect of the StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner irradiation on atopic dermatitis. We found that irradiated epidermis was thinner than that of the epidermis in Nc/Nga mice in which atopic dermatitis was induced. We observed no significant between groups differences in expression level of substance P. The expression of CGRP in mice with atopic dermatitis was decreased, but, the increased irradiation led to greater expression of CGRP in irradiated skin. CONCLUSION: The StoneTouch(R) infrared scanner does not as a function of irradiation dosage. It inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis.

Effect of Anti-inflammation and Skin Hydration of AF-343 on Macrophage Raw 264.7 Cells and NC/Nga Mice with Atopic Dermatitis / 대한의진균학회지

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory response on LPS and IFN-gamma induced Macrophage Raw 264.7 cells was secreted NO (nitric oxide) and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) though expression of iNOS and COX-2. And many pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 etc.) was secreted on LPS and IFN-gamma induced Macrophage Raw 264.7 cells, too. Atopy dermatitis was inflammatory skin disease with pruritus, xeroderma and specific eczema. OBJECTIVE: We sought to effect of anti-inflammation and skin hydration of AF-343 on Macrophage Raw 264.7 cells and NC/Nga mice with Atopic Dermatitis. METHODS: The immune response of Raw 264.7 cells were induced by LPS and IFN-gamma. Then LPS and IFN-gamma induced Raw 264.7 cells was measured NO, PGE2 production after treatment of different concentrations for AF-343. The related genes (iNOS, COX-2) for NO, PGE2 production were detected using Western blot in LPS and IFN-gamma induced Raw 264.7 cells after treatment of different concentrations for AF-343. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected, too. NC/Nga mice as Atopy dermatitis model was induced atopy dermatitis. Then NC/Nga mice with atopy dermatitis were performed oral administration of AF-343 for 1weeks. After oral administration of AF-343, TEWL was measured on skin tissues of NC/Nga mice with atopy dermatitis according to whether were performed oral administration of AF-343 or not. And pro-inflammatory cytokines and IgE was measured in serum, protein of skin tissues of NC/Nga mice. Skin tissues of NC/Nga mice were performed H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining for PCNA, Involucrin and filaggrin. RESULTS: LPS and IFN-gamma induced Raw 264.7 cells was decreased NO, PGE2 production in dose-dependent after treatment of different concentrations for AF-343. The expression level of iNOS, COX-2 protein was decreased in dose-dependent, too. The related pro-inflammatory cytokines in media with LPS and IFN-gamma induced Raw 264.7 cells were decreased after treatment of different concentrations for AF-343. TEWL level of NC/Nga mice skin (back, ear) with atopy dermatitis according to whether were performed oral administration of AF-343 or not was decreased in NC/Nga mice with atopy dermatitis group was performed oral administration by AF-343. When NC/Nga mice group with atopy dermatitis was performed oral administration by AF-343, induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and IgE expression in serum, protein of back, ear skin tissues of each NC/Nga mice group was decreased. H&E stained Skin tissues of NC/Nga mice was confirmed that thickness of epidermis, dermis were decreased in NC/Nga mice group with atopy dermatitis was performed oral administration by AF-343 than NC/Nga mice group with atopy dermatitis. The expression of PCNA, involucrin and filaggrin were decreased in NC/Nga mice group with atopy dermatitis was performed oral administration by AF-343 than NC/Nga mice group with atopy dermatitis as results of immunihistochemical staining using specific antibodies such as PCNA as cell proliferation marker, involucrin and filaggrin as keratinocytes differentiation markers for skin tissues (back, ear) of NC/Nga mice. CONCLUSION: We confirmed effect of anti-inflammation and skin hydration of AF-343 on Macrophage Raw 264.7 cells and NC/Nga mice with Atopic Dermatitis. In conclusion, AF-343 is expecting as therapeutics for atopic dermatitis.

Effects of Alcohol Intake on the Skin Physiology / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Alcohol intake induces complex changes in the human body. However, there has not been much investigation on the interaction between alcohol and human skin. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of alcohol intake on the skin's physiology. METHODS: A total 16 Korean males was enrolled in this study and they were divided into two groups (group A and group B). Each group included 8 people. Group A drank alcohol (20.1%, 360 ml) for 90 min and Group B drank 360 ml of normal saline. The body temperature, the skin erythema index, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the skin hydration, the skin pH and skin sebum were measured before and 30 min and 120 min after alcohol intake. RESULTS: In group A, the skin erythema index, TEWL, skin hydration and skin pH significantly increased 30 min after alcohol intake, while the body temperature and sebum decreased. All the measurements except sebum recovered 120 min after alcohol intake. However, in group B, all the measurements were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: Alcohol intake affects thermoregulation, the skin barrier function and the skin pH. This study showing that physiologic changes are induced by alcohol intake may help investigate the interaction between alcohol and skin disease.

Analysis of transepidermal water loss and skin hydration in patients with facial steroid dermatitis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To analyze the skin barrier function in patients with facial steroid dermatitis.Methods Ninety-five patients with facial steroid dermatitis were enrolled into this study along with 25 healthy volunteers as controls.Transepidermal water loss(TEWL)and skin hydration were measured in 8 facial regions.including lesional skin in forehead,nasal tip,submaxilla,both cheeks and angulus oris,and non-lesional skin in the left posteior ear.Results Compared with the healthy group,the patients with steroid dermatitis had a significant higher value of TEWL on lower mandible,both angulus oris and cheeks(t:4.90,2.60,2.57,2.54,3.77,respectively,P＜0.01),while a significant lower level of skin hydration was noted on both angulus otis,right cheek and forehead(t=3.27,3.81,2.02,2.78,respectively,P＜0.05).Among the 8 test sites in both patients and controls,TEWL value decreased in the following order:submaxilla and both angulus oris＞both cheeks and forehead＞non lesional skin on the posteroir ear,and the decrease in skin water content was highest in submaxilla and both angnlus oris,followed by cheeks and forehead,and finally by left posterior ear.Conclusions In patients with facial steroid dermatitis,skin barrier function is disturbed on submaxilla,both angnlus oris and cheeks,and TEWL value is found to be higher in perioral area,while cheeks have a lower level of skin hydration.

Estudo da hidratação da pele por emulsões cosméticas para xerose e sua estabilidade por reologia / Study of hydration skin by the cosmetics emulsions for xerosis and their stability by rheology

Foram desenvolvidas as emulsões NI (não-iônica) e CL (cristal líquido) e avaliados os parâmetros reológicos, assim como o efeito hidratante das emulsões NI e CL em mulheres, com faixa etária de 20 ± 2 anos e da emulsão NI em mulheres com faixa etária de 70 ± 7 anos. Os resultados demonstraram adequada estabilidade das emulsões e comportamento pseudoplástico, além de tixotropia aparente. Para a emulsão NI, foi alcançado o melhor perfil reológico com menor ponto de fluidez (13,57 ± 3,19 Pa) e maior espalhabilidade (4,99 ± 0,54 mm²/g). Não houve diferença significativa de hidratação dos produtos em mulheres com faixa etária de 20 ± 2 anos da emulsão NI e CL (16,0 ± 5,1 por cento, 14,2 ± 5,5 por cento). No entanto, a hidratação do grupo de mulheres com faixa etária de 70 ± 7 anos foi de 13,1 ± 5,6 por cento para a emulsão NI. Esse resultado demonstra hidratação significativamente menor nesse grupo, quando comparada ao grupo com menor faixa etária. Dessa forma, foi comprovada para esse estudo a importância da avaliação reológica como fator de seleção entre formulações cosméticas semelhantes. Além disso, observou-se a relevância da seleção etária para a avaliação da hidratação cutânea de cosméticos.

NI (nonionic) and LC (liquid crystal) emulsions were developed, and their rheological parameters were evaluated. Also, the hydrating effect of NI and LC emulsions was tested among women with 20 ± 2 years, as well as NI emulsions among women with 70 ± 7 years of age. The results showed that the emulsions were stable and they had a pseudoplastic behavior and apparent thixotropy. The data revealed the best rheological profile of the NI emulsion with the lowest pour point (13.57 ± 3.19 Pa) and the highest spreadability (4.99 ± 0.54 mm²/g). There was no significant difference in hydration between NI and LC emulsions (16.0 ± 5.1 percent; 14.2 ± 5.5 percent) among younger women. However, hydration among elderly women was of 13.1 ± 5.6 percent for NI emulsion, revealing that it was significantly lower in this group when compared to the younger one. These data revealed the importance of rheological evaluation as a factor of choice among similar cosmetic formulations. Age bracket selection also proved to be very important in the assessment of skin hydration by cosmetic products.

Assessment of Hydration on the Stratum Corneum and the Influencing Factors in Neonates / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The study was conducted to investigate the skin hydration level in various body sites and identify the influencing factors in neonates. METHODS: An exploratory comparison study was designed to measure the stratum corneum hydration, using a National DM-R2 on the forehead, abdomen, buttocks, and the back of the hands and feet of 198 neonates including 92 premature infants. RESULTS: The results showed 32.7%-36.5% of stratum corneum hydration for all sites. Premature infants revealed a higher hydration level on the peripheral sites (dorsal hand and feet) than those of the full-term infants, possibly resulting from therapeutic regimens including an incubator or radiant warmer. Infants in an incubator showed a higher hydration level than those in radiant warmers, suggesting more attention to fluid management for infants in the open environment. In addition, all stratum corneum hydration measurements except one, from the forehead, showed a positive correlation with postnatal age in full-term infants while showing no relation to any measurements in premature infants. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the very low skin hydration levels in hospitalized neonates, particularly in premature neonates with more susceptible skin hydration instability despite therapeutic interventions for fluid balance. More vigilant fluid management is imperative in neonates, particularly those in the open environment.

Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Antioxidant Status in Female College Students by Skin Types / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether nutrient intakes and serum biochemical indices are associated with the skin condition of humans. Anthropometric data, skin surface hydration, ceramide content, dietary intake of nutrients and serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, TG, MDA: malondialdehyde, TAS: total antioxidant status) were obtained from 36 healthy young women. Subjects were classified into 2 groups {LM: Low Moisture Group (n = 20), HM: High Moisture Group (n = 16)} by forehead skin hydration. The results of this study were as follows: The average age, BMI, total body water, LBM, body fat%, WHR, forehead hydration, ceramide content were 20.2 yrs, 20.7, 28.8 l, 39.2 kg, 28.0%, 0.8, 44.3%, and 1.05 microgram/microgram protein, repectively. The intakes of SFA (saturated fatty acid), MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) in the HM group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the LM group, but zinc intakes in the LM group were higher than in the HM group. Serum levels of TAS in the LM group (1.27 mmol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of in the HM group (1.20 mmol/l). Whereas other lipid levels were not significantly different, intakes of vitamin B6 and folate showed significant positive correlation with the forehead hydration (r = 0.447, r = 0.377). Intakes of calcium and phosphorus showed significant negative correlation with forearm ceramide content (r = -0.496, r = -0.485). Several associations between nutrient intakes and skin conditions were observed, indicating that changes in baseline nutritional status may affect skin health.