El papel de los medios de comunicación en la fabricación de recuerdos, emociones y creencias sobre el enemigo que facilitan la polarización política y legitiman la violencia / The role of mass media in the fabrication of memories, emotions, and beliefs about the enemy, which make political polarization easy and legitimize violence

Resumen El presente artículo profundiza en la forma como los medios de comunicación tienen agencia en la construcción de creencias sociales, narrativas del pasado y orientaciones emocionales colectivas sobre el enemigo que agudizan la polarización política y legitiman las salidas armadas al conflicto social y político que existe en Colombia desde hace más de cinco décadas. En los resultados se evidencia un discurso lineal, hegemónico y homogéneo que está claramente inducido desde los medios de comunicación, según la voz de los participantes, que constituye un enemigo absoluto en las guerrillas, particularmente en las FARC, estigma que se extiende a manifestaciones políticas de izquierda o favorables a una solución política negociada del conflicto armado. De otro lado, un actor referido como poco conocido, confundido con las guerrillas o considerado un mal menor o legitimado, son los paramilitares y una narrativa del héroe que se sacrifica, nos cuida y nos protege, en las Fuerzas Militares, de quienes se minimizan sus acciones violatorias de los derechos humanos. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de poner en discusión el papel de los medios de comunicación masiva y las redes sociales, contrastando críticamente la información que ofrecen.

Abstract This article delves into how mass media have agency in building social beliefs, narratives of the past, and collective emotional orientations about the enemy, which sharpen political polarization and legitimize the armed exits to the social and political conflict, which has existed in Colombia for more than five decades. The results show a linear, hegemonic, and homogeneous discourse, which is induced clearly from the media, according to participants' voice, which constitutes an absolute enemy in guerrillas, particularly in the FARC, a stigma that extends to left-wing political demonstrations or to a pro-political settlement of the armed conflict. On the other hand, an actor referred to as little known, confused with guerrillas or considered a minor or legitimized evil, are the paramilitaries and a narrative of the hero who sacrifices, cares for us, and protects us, in the Military Forces, from those who minimize their violated human rights actions. It concludes on the need to discuss the role of mass media and social media, critically by contrasting the information they offer.

Barreras psicosociales para la paz y la reconciliación / Psychosocial Barriers for Peace and Reconciliation

Resumen En medio de situaciones de conflicto armado degradado y de violencia política prolongada como la vivida en Colombia durante más de 70 años, ciertos sectores sociales despliegan procesos de ideologización mediante una serie de mecanismos discursivos y retóricos, comunicativos, mediáticos y educativos, que dan lugar a la configuración de barreras psicosociales para la construcción de la paz y la reconciliación. Dichas barreras refieren un entramado de narrativas del pasado como memorias colectivas victimistas, creencias sociales rígidas y emociones políticas de odio, ira, miedo, asco y humillación; que deshumanizan al adversario, polarizan la sociedad y legitiman la violencia. De esta manera, los procesos de ideologización atraviesan la subjetividad y configuran una cultura bélica, que constituye la base cultural y psicosocial de la violencia; cuya trasformación resulta imperativa de cara a construir paz, reconciliación y democracia.

Abstract Amidst the situations of degraded armed conflict and prolonged political violence, such as that experienced in Colombia for more than 70 years, certain social sectors unfold processes of ideological standpoint through a series of discursive and rhetorical, communicative, media, and educational mechanisms, which give rise to the configuration of psychosocial barriers to the construction of peace and reconciliation. These barriers refer to a network of narratives of the past as victimized collective memories, rigid social beliefs, and political emotions of hatred, anger, fear, disgust, and humiliation, which dehumanize the adversary, polarize so ciety, and legitimize violence. In this way, ideological standpoint proces ses traverse subjectivity and shape a warlike culture, which constitutes the cultural and psychosocial foundation of violence, whose transforma tion is imperative in order to build peace, reconciliation, and democracy.

Food taboos and social beliefs among pregnant women in the rural population of Varanasi District

Food taboos are commonly found among around all societies of the world. In every society, culture and beliefs influence the women eating patterns during pregnancy. In Indian society, most food practices and beliefs have emerged from deeply rooted traditions and customs of particular geographical area or culture. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were- 1. To study the prevalence of food taboos and social beliefs among pregnant women. 2. To find out the avoided certain food and reason behind it during the pregnancy. 3. To study the association between the demographic characteristic of pregnant women and food taboos. Methods & Materials: Participants of the study were pregnant 105 women aged 18 to 35 years of Harahua Primary Health Centre, in Varanasi District. The cross-sectional study design was used to obtain the objective of the study. The finding of the study revealed that most of the pregnant women (70.47%) use to avoid some foods during pregnancy. Papaya was the most common food, which was avoided by the pregnant women, and reasons for not consuming the papaya, is it cause were abortion and it is a hot food. The findings of the present study also revealed no association between food taboos and pregnant women demographic characteristics such as age, category, type of family, educational status, socio-economic status, number of pregnancy etc. It means in every type of family, educated women, as well as of high socio-economic backgrounds women use to belief on food taboos.

Reflective student narratives: honing professionalism and empathy

The affective domain is not explicitly targeted during medical studies and poor skills in this domain may lead to conflict when dealing with patients. Reflective narratives are said to promote humanitarianism and professional development. We aimed to examine reflective narratives written by medical students in our institution for content relating to ethical and professional Attitude and Behaviour, Communication, respect for Diversity and Disability, and Empathy (the ABCDE paradigm). We were also interested in understanding how far the students enjoyed learning through the writing of narratives and in determining their perceived learning from the exercise. Volunteer medical students were introduced to Gibbs’ reflective cycle during a half-day workshop. After giving written informed consent, they submitted anonymous reflective narratives (online), based on an interaction that they witnessed between a patient and a doctor/student. The authors performed directed content analysis of the submissions, using predetermined codes pertaining to ABCDE. At the end of the study, the participants sent in their feedback through a questionnaire on the process and the learning acquired, if any. Twenty-six students volunteered and 15 narratives were submitted. The issues that had been identified were discussed with the students. Feedback was submitted by 12 students, who strongly felt that the writing of narratives enhanced learning about ethics, professionalism, communication, diversity and empathy. We conclude that reflective student narratives are a useful and enjoyable way of teaching students about issues in the affective domain that are not conventionally taught

"Foi normal, não foi forçado!" versus "Fui abusada sexualmente": uma interpretação dos discursos de agressores sexuais, das suas vítimas e de testemunhas / "It was normal, it was not forced!" versus "I was sexually abused": an interpretation of the discourses of sex offenders, their victims and witnesses

Os crimes sexuais contra crianças e adolescentes são uma forma de violência física que constitui uma preocupação no campo da Saúde Pública. Compreender estes crimes torna-se crucial para se poder intervir na sua prevenção e fundamentar o seu conhecimento para as políticas de saúde. Oartigo analisa as versões do crime sexual, comparando o discurso dos agressores com os depoimentos das vítimas e dos familiares registados em documento judicial. Estudo de natureza qualitativa, utilizando como técnicas de formação do corpus da pesquisa a entrevista individual com réus condenados ao regime de perda de liberdade e a análise documental das sentenças dos agressores sexuais de crianças e adolescentes. A reconstrução do delito sexual por parte dos reclusos, das vítimas e das testemunhas difere muito. Alguns dos agressores admitem o ato sexual criminoso, mas suas justificativas vão no sentido de eximir-se da responsabilidade alegando o consentimento da vítima; outros consideram seu crime uma acusação mentirosa elaborada por terceiros com o propósito de prejudicá-lo. As crenças partilhadas entre eles fazem com que minimizem seus comportamentos delituosos, declarando que o abuso sexual não tenha sido forçado, ou realizado mediante ameaças, nem traga sequelas físicas e psicológicas às vítimas. Os argumentos apresentados frequentemente pelos agressores expõem uma troca de papéis, passando do lugar de agressor ao da vítima. Esses agressores igualmente não reconhecem o fato de as vítimas ficarem com sequelas resultantes da violência sexual que poderão colocar seu futuro em causa.

Sexual crimes against children are a form of physical violence that is a concern in the field of Public Health. Understanding these crimes becomes crucial to be able to intervene in their prevention and foster knowledge on which to ground health policies. The article analyzes versions of sexual crime, comparing the speech of the attackers with the testimonies of victims and family members recorded in court document. It is a qualitative study, using techniques such as individual interviews with defendants sentenced to prison, as well as court documents pertaining to the sex crime against children and adolescents. The reconstruction of the sexual offense on the part of inmates, victims and witnesses differ much. Some of the attackers admit the sex offense, but their justifications go towards shirk responsibility by claiming the victim's consent; others consider his crime an elaborated lie concocted by third parties in order to cause harm. The shared beliefs between them make them minimize their criminal conduct, declaring that sexual abuse has not been forced under threats or that it brought physical and psychological effects on victims. The arguments presented by the sexual offenders often expose an exchange of roles; the attacker becomes the victim. These sexual offenders also do not recognize the fact that the victims are left with injuries resulting from sexual violence that may put their future in question.