A novel polyherbal formulation containing thymoquinone attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatorenal injury in a rat model

Objective: To evaluate a novel polyherbal formulation (BSVT) containing the standardized extracts from the leaves of Boerhavia diffusa, Solidago virgaurea, Vitex negundo, and thymoquinone in CCl4 induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Methods: A total of 36 rats were divided into six groups including normal control, CCl4 (2 mL/kg, i.p.), CCl4 (2 mL/kg, i.p.) + Cystone? (750 mg/kg p.o.), CCl4 (2 mL/kg, i.p.) + BSVT (25 mg/kg, p.o.), CCl4 (2 mL/kg, i.p.) + BSVT (50 mg/kg, p.o.), and CCl4 (2 mL/kg, i.p.) + BSVT (100 mg/kg, p.o.). All treatments were given for four weeks. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, total protein, serum urea, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were assessed. Superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in tissue homogenate. The histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues was also done. Results: Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, serum urea, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly elevated (P<0.001) while total protein was considerably reduced in the CCl4 group as compared to the normal control (P<0.001), which indicated hepatorenal toxicity. In addition, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly decreased (P<0.001) while malondialdehyde levels were increased markedly (P<0.001). Treatment with BSVT formulation recovered these parameters towards a normal level in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: BSVT formulation ameliorates the hepatorenal toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, clinical studies are required to confirm its efficacy.

A novel polyherbal formulation containing thymoquinone attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatorenal injury in a rat model

Objective: To evaluate a novel polyherbal formulation (BSVT) containing the standardized extracts from the leaves of Boerhavia diffusa, Solidago virgaurea, Vitex negundo, and thymoquinone in CCl

Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae), a medicinal plant from South America: a comprehensive review: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and bioactivity / Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae), una planta medicinal de América del Sur: una revisión integral: usos etnomedicinales, fitoquímica y bioactividad

Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) is a medicinal and aromatic herb widely distributed in South America. From 2000 to the present numerous articles on this species have been published, mainly in the last decade where the pharmacological studies and articles on its secondary metabolites have risen sharply. S. chilensis has potential beneficial effects on human health, particularly as an anti- inflammatory because of its high flavonoid content. This work describes the research carried out on this species with emphasis on biological and phytochemical studies.

Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) es una hierba aromática y medicinal, ampliamente difundida en Sudamérica. A partir del año 2000 se publicaron numerosos estudios sobre esta planta, particularmente en la última década donde se incrementó sensiblemente el estudio de sus propiedades farmacológicas y de la química de sus metabolitos secundarios. Es una planta con propiedades potencialmente beneficiosas para la salud humana, destacándose particularmente por su actividad antiinflamatoria que puede ser atribuida al elevado contenido en flavonoides. En este trabajo revisamos exhaustivamente los antecedentes de esta planta desde un enfoque cronológico, con énfasis en los estudios biológicos y fitoquímicos.

Actividad antioxidante en infusiones, tinturas y aceites esenciales de especies nativas de la Patagonia Argentina / Antioxidant activity in teas, tinctures and essential oils of native species from Patagonia Argentina

Introducción: las plantas aromáticas y medicinales son una fuente potencial de componentes antioxidantes. La Patagonia Argentina presenta un ambiente diverso en especies nativas, las cuales deberían ser estudiadas en mayor profundidad debido a su potencial farmacéutico, así como para contribuir a fomentar su conservación. Objetivos: estudiar la actividad antioxidante de infusiones, tinturas y aceites esenciales de las siguientes especies nativas de la Patagonia Argentina: Acantholippia seriphioides (A. Gray) Moldenke, Adesmia boronioides Hook. f., Buddleja globosa Hope, Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav., Solidago chilensis Meyen. Identificar los componentes volátiles presentes en los aceites esenciales. Métodos: se obtuvieron infusiones y tinturas por la guía de las normas de la Farmacopea Argentina VI edición. Los aceites esenciales se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación con un aparato tipo Clevenger. El análisis de los componentes volátiles se realizó mediante cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. Los ensayos de actividad antioxidante se realizaron por el método del difenil-picrilhidrazilo. Resultados: las especies presentaron el siguiente orden de actividad antioxidante: B. globosa > S. chilensis ≥ F. imbricata ≥ A . seriphioides > A. boronioides. Las infusiones de B. globosa, S. chilensis y A. seriphioides, presentaron una actividad antioxidante similar a Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze ("té verde") y superior a Ginkgo biloba (L.) Mant (especies reconocidas por su alto contenido de antioxidantes). La actividad encontrada para el aceite esencial de A. seriphioides se deba a sus contenidos en timol y carvacrol. En cuanto a la actividad de S. chilensis podría adjudicarse a su alto porcentaje de limoneno. Conclusiones: este trabajo es el primero que estudia la actividad antioxidante de plantas medicinales y aromáticas en la región noroeste de la Patagonia Argentina; los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las especies estudiadas de dicha región son una fuente rica en compuestos antioxidantes y de potencial valor como suplemento dietario(AU)

Introduction: medicinal and aromatic plants have potential as sources of antioxidant compounds. There is a great diversity of native species in Patagonia Argentina. It is worthy to study them because of its pharmaceutical potential and to help promote conservation. Objectives: to analyze antioxidant activities of herbal teas, tinctures and essential oils of native species from Patagonia Argentina: Acantholippia seriphioides (A. Gray) Moldenke, Adesmia boronioides Hook. f., Buddleja globosa Hope, Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav., Solidago chilensis Meyen. Identify essential oils compounds. Methods: infusions and tinctures were obtained according to Pharmacopoeia Argentina VIth edition. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. Volatiles compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activity assays were performed by difenil-picrilhidrazilo method. Results: antioxidant activity order was: B. globosa > S. chilensis ≥ F. imbricata ≥ A. seriphioides > A. boronioides. Infusions of B. globosa, S. chilensis and A. seriphioides presented an antioxidant activity similar to Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze ("green tea") and higher than Ginkgo biloba (L.) Mant. The A. seriphioides essential oil activity was probably obeyed to thymol and carvacrol presence. S. chilensis activity could be owing to its high limonene content. Conclusions: this study is the first report about antioxidant activity of medicinal and aromatic plants in the northwest region of Patagonia Argentina. The results showed that analyzed species are a rich source of antioxidant compounds and have potential value as a dietary supplement(AU)

Review on research progress of chemical constituents and bioactivities of Solidago / 中国中药杂志

The species of the Solidago are abundant and possess great value in medicine. Many relevant researches of chemical constituents and bioactivities from the genus Solidago have been further reported by many scientists. The review is to present an overview about studies on chemical constituents and bioactivities of the Solidago since 2011, which will provide some foundations and references for the later study.

Isolamento químico e validação analítica por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de quercitrina em Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) / Chemical isolation and analytical validation by high-performance liquid chromatography of quercitrin in Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae)

RESUMO A espécie Solidago chilensis Meyen, Asteraceae é conhecida como erva-lanceta ou arnica-brasileira, sendo utilizada popularmente como antimicrobiana e para o tratamento de inflamações tópicas. No entanto, estudos fitoquímicos e farmacológicos para as partes aéreas são escassos. Neste trabalho, realizou-se a determinação de flavonoides por espectrofotometria de UV/Vis, prospecção fitoquímica da fração acetato de etila visando o isolamento do constituinte químico majoritário e validação analítica por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). O teor de flavonoides totais foi de 5,42%, representados como hiperosídeo. O fracionamento químico utilizando métodos cromatográficos (cromatografia líquida em coluna gel de sílica; CHCl3:EtOH; 8:2 v/v) e espectroscópicos (1H RMN,13C RMN e ESI-MS) revelou o isolamento de quercetina-3-O-α-L-ramnosídeo(quercitrina). A sensibilidade e a linearidade (r = 0,999) da validação analítica, utilizando a quercitrina isolada do extrato hidroalcoólico da planta, revelaram um rendimento de 5,29% do analito em relação à droga vegetal. Precisão, recuperação e robustez, além dos valores estabelecidos para os limites de detecção (LOD) e de quantificação (LOQ), poderão ser utilizados como parâmetros de qualidade para extratos à base de S. chilensis.

ABSTRACT The species Solidago chilensis Meyen Asteraceae, known as “erva-lanceta” or “Brazilian arnica”, is popularly used as an antimicrobial and topical treatment for inflammations. However, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of its aerial parts are scarce. In this study, flavonoids were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and phytochemical screening of the ethyl acetate fraction with the goal of isolating the major chemical constituent and analytically validating it through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total flavonoid content was 5.42%, represented as hyperoside. Chemical fractionation using chromatographic (liquid chromatography in column of silica gel, CHCl3:EtOH, 8:2 v/v) and spectroscopic methods (1H RMN, 13C RMN, and ESI-MS) revealed the isolation of quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (quercitrin). The sensitivity and linearity (r = 0.999) using the isolated quercitrin of the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant revealed a yield of 5.29% of analyte in relation to the plant. Precision, recovery, and robustness, as well as values set for the limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) can be used as quality parameters for extracts based on S. chilensis.

HPLC Determination of Chlorogenic Acid, Rutin and Kaempferide in Solidago decurrens Lour / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to establish an HPLC method for the determination of chlorogenic acid, rutin and kaempferide in Solidago decurrens Lour. A Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm í 200 mm, 5 μm) was adopted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was at 25℃. The wavelength of detection was set at 282 nm. The results showed that the calibration curve was linear over the range of 63.2~442.4 μg for chlorogenic acid (r = 0.999 3), 8.1~56.8 μg for rutin (r = 0.999 4) and 10.8~75.7μg for kaempferide (r = 0.999 8). The average recovery of chlorogenic acid was 98.6% (RSD = 1.4%), that of rutin was 99.2% (RSD = 0.8%) and that of kaempferide was 100.3% (RSD = 1.0%). It was concluded that the method was simple, economical and accurate with good reproducibility.

Chemical constituents of Solidago virgaurea and their anti-inflammatory activities / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Solidago virgaurea and their pharmacological activities. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified from the plant with chromatography techniques and the chemical structures were identified on the basis of spectrascopic analyses and physicochemical properties, and the anti-inflammatory effects of obtained benzyl benzoate compounds were evaluated by ELISA. Results: Nine compounds were isolated from 90% ethanol extract of S. virgaurea and their structures were identified as 2'-methoxybenzyl-2-methoxy-6-hydroxybenzoate (1), 2'-methoxybenzyl-2, 6-dimethoxybenzoate (2), solidagobenzofuran (3), hexadecanoic acid (4), salicylic acid (5), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (6), solidago virgaurea glycoside (7), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-rutinoside (8), and rutin (9). Conclusion: Compounds 3 and 7 are new compounds; Compounds 4 and 6 are obtained from the plants of Solidago L. for the first time; Compounds 1 and 2 are isolated from this species for the first time. Anti-inflammatory studies show that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit the TNF-α and IL-6 release of LPS-induced RAW264.7 murine monocytes, while compound 7 shows no significant inhibitory effect.

Efeitos farmacológicos do extrato aquoso de Solidago chilensis Meyen em camundongos / Pharmacological effect of aqueous extract from Solidago chilensis Meyen on mice

Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) é uma espécie nativa da América do Sul (Brasil) encontrada principalmente na região Sul do Brasil onde é conhecida popularmente como arnica-do-mato. Na medicina popular, ela é utilizada como diurética, cicatrizante, e anti-inflamatória. No presente trabalho, os efeitos farmacológicos do extrato aquoso das raízes de S. chilensis foram avaliados em modelos experimentais in vivo de atividade tipo-antidepressiva, antiinflamatória, antinociceptiva, e locomotora. O extrato (25, 100 e 250 mg kg-1) foi administrado por via oral 30 min antes dos experimentos comportamentais. Os resultados mostram que, nas doses utilizadas, o extrato aquoso de S. chilensis não apresentou atividade tipo-antidepressiva apesar de induzir efeitos analgésico e antiinflamatório significativos. Uma redução da atividade locomotora foi observada com a maior dose (250 mg kg-1) administrada, sugerindo efeito sobre o sistema nervoso central. Em conclusão, os resultados estão de acordo com a literatura acerca dos efeitos analgésicos e antiinflamatórios da planta, sugerindo também uma atividade do extrato de S. chilensis sobre o sistema nervoso central. Essas observações, porém, não excluem um possível efeito relaxante muscular periférico do extrato.

Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) is a species native to South America (Brazil), found especially in the south region of Brazil, where it is commonly known as "arnica-do-mato". In folk medicine, it has been used as diuretic, healing and anti-inûammatory. In the present study, the pharmacological effects of aqueous extracts from roots of S. chilensis were assessed in vivo in experimental models for antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and locomotor-type activity. The extract (25, 50 and 250 mg kg-1) was administered by the oral route 30 minutes prior to behavioral tests. Results indicate that, at the employed levels, aqueous extract from S. chilensis did not show antidepressant-type activity although it induced significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. A reduction in the locomotor activity was noted at the highest administered level (250 mg kg-1), suggesting an effect on the central nervous system. In conclusion, results agree with the literature about analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of this plant, also suggesting an activity of S. chilensis extract on the central nervous system. These remarks, however, do not exclude a possible peripheral muscular relaxing effect of the extract.

Cytotoxic effects of infusions (tea) of Solidago microglossa DC. (Asteraceae) on the cell cycle of Allium cepa / Efeitos citotóxicos das infusões (chá) de Solidago microglossa DC. (Asteraceae) no ciclo celular de Allium cepa

The medicinal specie Solidago microglossa DC., which is native from South America, is used as infusion (tea) for stomach disorders in popular medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic effect of these infusions on the cell cycle of Allium cepa. In natura leaves of three populations of this species were used in preparing infusions at two concentrations: 1.75 mg/mL and 14 mg/mL. Onion (Allium cepa) root-tip cells were used as test system in in vivo assays. Slides were done through smashing technique. Cells were analyzed in all cell cycles of A. cepa, totalizing 6000 cells for each group of bulbs. The mitotic index (MI) was calculated, and the statistical analysis was carried out through the Chi-square test (χ2 = 0.05). The results show that the infusions of S. microglossa at a highest concentration (14 mg/mL) caused a significant reduction in the MI compared with control in the studied populations. In concentrations commonly used by people there was a significant increase of MI in relation to controlled populations 1 and 3 and a decrease in population 2. In conclusion, infusions of S. microglossa presented antiproliferative effect at a highest concentration.

A espécie medicinal Solidago micrglossa DC., a qual é nativa da América do Sul, é usada como infusão (chá) para desordens estomacais na medicina popular. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial efeito citotóxico dessas infusões no ciclo celular de Allium cepa. Folhas in natura de três populações dessa espécie foram utilizadas no preparo das infusões em duas concentrações: 1,75 mg/mL e 14 mg/mL. Células de raízes de cebola (Allium cepa) foram usadas como sistema teste nos ensaios in vivo. As lâminas foram feitas através da técnica de esmagamento. As células foram analisadas em todos os ciclos celulares de A. cepa, totalizando 6000 células para cada grupo de bulbos. O índice mitótico (IM) foi calculado e a análise estatística foi realizada através do teste Qui-quadrado (χ2 = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que as infusões de S. microglossa na maior concentração (14 mg/mL) causou uma redução no IM comparado com os controles nas populações estudadas. Nas concentrações comumente usadas pelas pessoas houve um aumento significativo do IM em relação ao controle nas populações 1 e 3 e foi reduzido na população 2. Em conclusão, infusões de S. microglossa apresentam efeito antiproliferativo na maior concentração testada.

Contribuição ao conhecimento analítico de três compostas medicinais / Analytical knowledge of the medicinal Compositae

Esse trabalho estuda três espécies medicinais de Compositae, descrevendo características morfo-histológicas e relacionando as características físico e fito-químicas com as variações sazonais. Os teores de umidade e de cinzas parecem não sofrer alterações expressivas em função da estação do ano. Bacharis trimera DC (carqueja) não mostrou diferenças qualitativas em seus princípios ativos, que foram detectados tanto na primavera, como no verão e no inverno: saponinas e flavonóides. Solidago microglossa DC (arnica) apresentou alcalóides no verão e no inverno, na primavera não. Flavonóides e taninos, contudo, não apresentaram essa variação. Achillea millefolium L. revelou presença de alcalóides, heterósides cianogéticos, taninos e flavonóides durante o ano todo. A fração saponínica, contudo, falta no verão, justamente quando aparecem os fenóis, ausentes na primavera e no inverno.

This work deals with three medicinal species of Compositae in relation to the botanic-diagnostic, physical-chemistry and phytoterapic aspects, considering the seazonal variations. The level of humidity and ashes seems to have no seazonal variations. Bacharis trimera DC did not shows qualitative variations in its composition of saponins and flavonoids. Solidago microglossa DC presented alkaloids only at the summer and winter. Its flavonoidic and tanninic compositions, however, did not shows qualitative variations. Achillea millefolium L. has alkaloids, cianogenic heterosides, tannins and flavonoids all the year long. The saponinic fraction lacks at the summer however, just when the phenols show up, after disappearance at the spring and in the winter.