Association of Soybean Food Intake and Cardiometabolic Syndrome in Korean Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 to 2011)

BACKGROUND: Soybean food consumption has been considered as a possible way to lower incidence of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) among Asians. However, results from studies investigating its efficacy on CMS in Asians have been inconsistent.METHODS: We analyzed the association between soybean intake frequency and prevalence of CMS based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to 2011. Data of 9,287 women aged 20 to 64 years were analyzed. Food frequency questionnaire was used to assess soybean food consumption frequency. General linear model and multivariable logistic regression model were used to examine the association of soybean intake quintile with CMS and its risk factors. Least square means of metabolic factors mostly showed no significant relevance except liver indexes.RESULTS: Compared to participants in the 1st quintile (<2 times/week of soybean food), odds ratios (OR) for CMS and abdominal obesity (AO) in the 4th quintile (8.5 times/week<soybean food≤17 times/week) were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.95) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.90), respectively. After excluding Tofu products, ORs of CMS, AO, high blood pressure, and hypertriglyceridemia were lower than those without excluding Tofu products. However, results still did not show significant inverse linear trend across frequency quintiles.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that soybean intake of 8.5 to 17 times/week was inversely associated with CMS in Korean women. The relation between soybean intake >17 times/week and CMS varied depending on soybean food items.

Prospective cohort study on the relationship between dietary intake of soy food and total cancer mortality risk in urban Shanghai / 肿瘤

Objective: To investigate the relationship between soy food intake and total cancer mortality risk. Methods: In the Shanghai Men's Health Study (2002-2013) and the Shanghai Women's Health Study (1997-2013), the food frequency questionnaires were used to collect information concerning soy food intake. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association of soy food intake and total cancer mortality risk were derived using the COX proportional hazards model with adjustment of potential confounders. Results: During average 9.2 years for men and 14.7 years for women of follow-up, 2 122 cancer deaths were identified from 59 857 male participants, while 2 580 cancer deaths were identified from 73 044 female participants. Compared with the lowest quartile of soy food consumption, the HR s of the highest quartile intake group were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.87-1.12) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.85-1.08) for the risk of total cancer mortality in men and women, respectively. It suggested that the association of soy food intake with total cancer mortality risk was not statistically significant. The further analyses showed the relationship between dietary soy isoflavones intake and total cancer mortality risk was not statistically significant in both men and women, the corresponding HR s were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.93-1.19) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.88-1.10). Conclusion: Dietary intake of soy food may be not associated with the decreased risk of total cancer mortality.

Effects of Soy Product Intake and Interleukin Genetic Polymorphisms on Early Gastric Cancer Risk in Korea: A Case-Control Study / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The current study investigated whether the combined effects of soy intake and genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL) genes modify gastric cancer risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 377 cases and 754 controls of Korean origin were included in the analysis. Soy consumption was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Seven variants of IL10 (rs1800871), IL2 (rs2069763 and rs2069762), IL13 (rs6596090 and rs20541), and IL4R (rs7205663 and rs1805010) were genetically analyzed. To analyze the combined effect of soy intake and genetic polymorphisms, a low-intake group and high-intake group of each type of soy were categorized based on the intake level of the control group. Interactions between soy products and these genetic variants were analyzed by a likelihood ratio test, in which a multiplicative interaction term was added to the logistic regression model. RESULTS: A higher intake of nonfermented soy products was associated with a reduced cancer risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 0.90), and the reduced risk was only apparent in males (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.71). None of the IL genetic polymorphisms examined were independently associated with gastric cancer risk. Individuals with a minor allele of IL2 rs2069762 and a higher intake of nonfermented soy food had a decreased risk of gastric cancer (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.68) compared to those with a lower intake (p(interaction)=0.039). CONCLUSION: Based on the genetic characteristics of the studied individuals, the interaction between IL2 rs2069762 and nonfermented soy intake may modify the risk of gastric cancer.

Sex- and age group-specific associations between intakes of dairy foods and pulses and bone health in Koreans aged 50 years and older: Based on 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to examine associations of intakes of milk and dairy products, pulses, and soy foods with bone health in Koreans aged 50 yr and older. METHODS: A total of 3,201 men and 3,581 women aged 50 yr and older who participated in the 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were grouped by sex and age groups of 50~64 yr and 65 yr and older. Subjects within each sex and age group were divided into three bone health groups: normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on bone mineral density. Intakes of nutrients and foods derived from 24-hour recall data were compared among three bone health groups. Associations between intake frequencies of foods, including milk, yogurt, tofu, or soy milk, and osteoporosis risk were evaluated based on confounding risk factor-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: Calcium intake was in the order of normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in men (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05) aged 50~64 yr as well as in men aged 65 yr and older (p < 0.001). In women aged 50~64 yr, intake of milk and dairy products was lower in the osteoporosis group (p < 0.01) as compared with the osteopenia group. Intake of pulses or tofu was not significantly different among bone health groups. Odds ratio (OR) for milk intake frequency (≥ 2 times/week) compared to intake frequency less than 1 time/month was 0.45 (95% CI 0.24~0.85, p for trend = 0.022) in men aged 65 yr and older. The OR for yogurt intake frequency (1 time/month~1 time/week) was 0.47 (95% CI 0.30~0.73, p for trend = 0.019) in women aged 50~64 yr. Intake frequency of tofu or soy milk was not associated with reduced risk of osteoporosis in all groups. CONCLUSION: Dairy food intake was significantly associated with bone health, and its effect was sex- and age group-specific, whereas soy food intake was not. Dietary intervention to prevent osteoporosis would be effective for women aged 50~64 yr old and for men aged 65 yr and older.

Efeitos das isoflavonas de soja sobre os sintomas climatérios / Effects of soy isoflavones on climacteric symptoms

Pertencente à família das leguminosas, a soja é a única fonte de proteína de origem vegetal que possui todos os aminoácidos essenciais, sendo considerada de alto valor biológico. Assim, destaca-se por ser um composto químico não hormonal, com organização estrutural análoga a dos hormônios estrogênicos humanos, que exercem, além de propriedades antioxidantes, função de moduladores seletivos nos receptores de estrógenos. Contudo, dentre as várias modificações que acontecem no corpo da mulher, salientam-se as sucedidas pela menopausa, que é uma fase naturalmente ocorrida nas mulheres decorrente da falência gonodal, ou seja, impossibilidade dos ovários em realizar suas funções de maneira satisfatória. Assim, esses metabólitos secundários, as isoflavonas, podem atenuar os fenômenos sintomáticos do climatério, que compreende a transição do período reprodutivo para o não reprodutivo, e diminuir os riscos de câncer hormônio-dependentes. Avaliando a importância da soja e das isoflavonas para a saúde, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo levantar dados na literatura sobre o uso das isoflavonas da soja para o alivio dos sintomas climatéricos. Esta revisão sugere que a ingestão regular de isoflavonas de soja em quantidades significativas pode reduzir, dentre outros sintomas, a frequência e a severidade das ondas de calor e desordens vasomotores. Entretanto, ainda não há evidências suficientes para recomendar, confiavelmente, o uso dos fitoestrogênios como substituto da Terapia Hormonal convencional. Portanto, são indispensáveis estudos complementares para comprovar o valor desta terapêutica alternativa como eficaz e segura na etapa da menopausa.

Soybeans belong to the legume family, and are the only source of vegetable protein containing all the essential amino acids, being considered of high biological value. Soybeans stand out as being a non-hormonal chemical compound, with structural organization analogous to the human estrogen hormones, being selective modulators of estrogen receptors besides its antioxidant properties. Among the various changes in women?s body, the menopause is a naturally occurring phase due to gonadal failure, i.e the failure of the ovaries to perform their role satisfactorily. The secondary metabolites, such as isoflavones, may relieve the symptoms of menopause phenomena, comprising the transition from the reproductive to non-reproductive period, including the risks of hormone-dependent cancer. Due to the importance of soy isoflavones on human health, the present study aims to collect data in the literature about the effect of soy isoflavones on the relief of climacteric symptoms. The review suggests that a regular intake of soy isoflavones, may reduce the frequency and severity of hot flashes and vasomotor disorders. However, there is not yet enough evidence of reliable use of phytoestrogens as a replacement for conventional Hormone Therapy. Therefore, additional studies are needed to prove the effectiveness and safety of this alternative therapy during the menopause stage.

Extrato de soja no tratamento dos sintomas vasomotores no período menopausal / Soybean extract in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in menopausal period

Os sintomas vasomotores, tais como fogachos e sudorese noturna, são comuns no período menopausal. A terapia hormonal permanece como a mais efetiva no alívio desses sintomas. No entanto, desperta preocupações sob o risco de aumentar a ocorrência de doenças diretamente relacionadas ao trato genital e mamas, sendo ainda contraindicada em algumas doenças crônicas. Assim, alguns tratamentos alternativos, baseados em alimentos ou suplementos enriquecidos com fitoestrogênios, produtos químicos presentes em algumas plantas, têm sido utilizados. No entanto, existem divergências quanto a sua eficácia. Assim, realizamos esta revisão a partir de artigos recuperados da base de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line (MEDLINE), com o objetivo de tentar esclarecer se o uso das isoflavonas está relacionado à redução dos sintomas vasomotores na menopausa. A partir dos artigos recuperados, pudemos observar que não existem evidências de que o uso de fitoestrogênios por mulheres na pós-menopausa reduzem os sintomas vasomotores. Por outro lado, nenhum dos trabalhos analisados mencionou efeitos prejudiciais no uso dessas substâncias. Entretanto, estudos experimentais em animais evidenciaram, quando administradas em altas doses, a ocorrência de metaplasia endometrial.

Hot flushes and night sweats are common vasomotor symptoms during menopausal period. Hormone therapy is believable to be the most effective treatment for relieving these symptoms. However, such treatment concerns us because its use may be directly related to genital tract and breast diseases. It is also contraindicated in some chronic diseases. Thus, some alternative treatments have been used such as consuming foods or supplements enriched with phytoestrogens, which are chemical compounds present in some plants. Whereas there are disagreements regarding its effectiveness, we conducted this review based on articles retrieved from the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line (MEDLINE) data base. Our aim was to try clarifying whether the use of isoflavones are related to reduction of vasomotor symptoms at menopause. From the articles retrieved, we observed that there is no conclusive evidence that the use of isoflavones by postmenopausal women reduces vasomotor symptoms. On the other hand, none of the consulted articles reported harmful effects on the use of such substances. However, experimental studies in animals have shown endometrial metaplasia when they are administered in high doses.

Effects of soybean peptide calcium on bone mineral density in rats / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of soybean peptide calcium on apparent calcium absorption rate and bone mineral density of rats.Methods Totally 50 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups at comparable body weight:the low calcium control group,calcium carbonate control group and 3 groups with low,medium and high dose of soybean peptide calcium(SPC).Rats of each group were fed with designed forage.At the end of the fourth week of the feeding.calcium metabolic experiment was performed for 3 days and the apparent calcium absorption rate was calculated.Three months later,the left and right femurs of the rats were stripped to assay the bone calcium and bone density.Results Apparent calcium absorption rate of the calcium carbonate control group was 69.9 ％,which was lower than medium(82.6 ％) and high doses(77.4％) of soybean peptide calcium groups(F =31.371,P=0.000,0.001).Compared with the low calcium control group,rats with medium and high doses of SPC had obviously increased levels of weights(F =3.150,P =0.010,0.002),bone mass(F =3.195,P =0.015,0.002),calcium content (F=4.506,P =0.004,0.001)and bone mineral density of midpoint (F=6.185,P =0.006,0.000) and far end of femur (F =6.081,P=0.027,0.000).Despite of the weight index (P＞0.05),the high dose of soybean peptide calcium group also had the same results as the calcium carbonate control group (P=0.046,0.024,0.013,0.001).Conclusions Soybean peptide calcium can promote the apparent calcium absorption rate and increase the bone mineral density.

Riscos e controvérsias na construção social do conceito de alimento saudável: o caso da soja / Risks and controversies in the social construction of the concept of healthy food: the case of soy / Riesgos y controversias en la construcción social del concepto de alimento saludable: el caso de la soja

Riscos e controvérsias na construção social do conceito de alimento saudável são discutidos, tendo a soja como objeto de estudo. Estudos dos impactos da soja sobre a saúde e da sojicultura sobre o meio socioambiental foram revisados para analisar as controvérsias científicas da pesquisa na área de soja e saúde humana, bem como seu contexto político e as repercussões socioambientais da sojicultura. Com base na Sociologia do Conhecimento Científico e na Sociologia Ambiental, argumenta-se que a fronteira entre o alimento saudável e o de risco é tênue e vulnerável a diferentes influências construídas reflexivamente. Destaca-se a importância de ampliar o conceito de alimento saudável para o de alimentação saudável, considerando sua dimensão cultural e socioambiental.

Controversies and risks in the social construction of the concept of healthy food are discussed, using soybean as the object of study. Studies concerning the impacts of soy on human health and the effects of its cultivation on the social-environmental domain were reviewed to analyze the political context of the discussion surrounding soy and the socio-environmental repercussions of its cultivation. Based on the sociology of scientific knowledge and the environmental sociology, we identified a thin line between healthy and risky food, which is vulnerable to different reflexively constructed influences. It is important to broaden the concept of healthy food to healthy alimentation and to consider its cultural and social-environmental dimension.

Riesgos y controversias en la construcción social del concepto de alimento saludable son discutidos, teniendo a la soja como objeto de estudio. Estudios de los impactos de la soja sobre la salud y de la sojicultura sobre el medio socioambiental fueron revisados para analizar las controversias científicas de la investigación en el área de soja y salud humana, así como su contexto político y las repercusiones socioambientales de la sojicultura. Con base en la Sociología del Conocimiento Científico y en la Sociología Ambiental, se argumenta que la frontera entre el alimento saludable y el de riesgo es tenue y vulnerable en diferentes influencias construidas reflexivamente. Se destaca la importancia de ampliar el concepto de alimento saludable para el de alimentación saludable, considerando su dimensión cultural y socioambiental.

Short-term effects of soy protein diet in patients with proteinuric glomerulopathies / Efeitos a curto prazo da dieta com proteína da soja em pacientes com glomerulopatias proteinúricas

INTRODUCTION: It has been suggested that soy protein can slow renal disease progression by decreasing plasma cholesterol and proteinuria in patients with nephropathies. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of soy protein on proteinuria and dyslipidemia, in patients with proteinuric glomerulopathies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were divided into three groups: Control Group (n = 9) received diet with 0.8 g/kg/day of animal protein; Study Group 1 (n = 9), 0.8 g/kg/day of soy protein; and Group 2 (n = 9), 0.8 g/kg/day of soy protein plus fibers. The study period corresponded to eight weeks. During the baseline period and by the end of the study, patients were submitted to laboratorial and anthropometric evaluation. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between baseline and post-diet periods among the three groups in anthropometric parameters or body composition, neither in proteinuria levels (Control: 0.7 ± 0.6 versus 0.8 ± 0.6; Group 1: 2.0 ± 1.7 versus 1.9 ± 1.8; Group 2: 2.0 ± 1.4 versus 2.1 ± 2.0). However, a slight decrease in triglycerides (244.8 ± 275.9 versus 200.5 ± 34.0), total (234.0 ± 59.4 versus 181.2 ± 110.3) and LDL (136.0 ± 59.1 versus 104.1 ± 39.4) cholesterol in Group 1 was observed, although not significant. CONCLUSION: We have not observed beneficial effects when using soy protein instead of animal protein with the aim of attenuating proteinuria and hyperlipidemia, but we have shown that soy protein has not caused deleterious changes in body composition, ensuring an adequate nutritional state.

INTRODUÇÃO: Há indícios de que a proteína da soja poderia contribuir para reduzir a velocidade de progressão da doença renal, diminuindo colesterol sérico e proteinúria em pacientes com nefropatias. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o efeito da die>ta com proteína da soja sobre proteinúria e dislipidemia, em pacientes com glomerulopatias proteinúricas. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: o Grupo Controle (n = 9) recebeu dieta com 0,8 g/kg/dia de proteína animal; o Grupo de Estudo 1 (n = 9) recebeu dieta com 0,8 g/kg/dia de proteína da soja e o Grupo 2 (n = 9), dieta com 0,8 g/kg/dia de proteína da soja mais fibras. O período de estudo foi de oito semanas. Durante o período basal e no final do estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação laboratorial e antropométrica. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os períodos pré e pós-intervenção em nenhum dos grupos estudados, nos parâmetros antropométricos ou na composição corporal entre os três grupos, nem nos níveis de proteinúria (Controle: 0.7 ± 0.6 versus 0.8 ± 0.6; Grupo 1: 2.0 ± 1.7 versus 1.9 ± 1.8; Grupo 2: 2.0 ± 1.4 versus 2.1 ± 2.0). No entanto, observou-se discreta diminuição nos níveis triglicérides (244.8+-275.9 versus 200.5+-34.0), colesterol total (234.0+-59.4 versus 181.2+-110.3) e LDL (136.0+-59.1 versus 104.1+-39.4) no Grupo 1, embora sem atingir significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram detectados efeitos benéficos com a substituição da proteína animal pela proteína da soja em relação aos objetivos de reduzir proteinúria e hiperlipidemia; porém, constatou-se que a dieta de proteína da soja não causou alterações deletérias na composição corporal, mantendo um estado nutricional adequado.

Ação das isoflavonas no estresse oxidativo na pós-menopausa da mulher: [revisão] / Effect of isoflavones on oxidative stress in postmenopausal woman: [review]

O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica da ação das isoflavonas como agentes antioxidantes. Refere que a geração de radicais reativos ao oxigênio dentro da célula faz parte do metabolismo celular, o que culmina no desenvolvimento de mecanismos de defesa antioxidantes para a retirada desses radicais. Inúmeros trabalhos referem que os asiáticos apresentam menor índice de tumores mamários, de endométrio e de próstata, o que pode estar correlacionado com o mecanismo da ação das isoflavonas, tanto como moduladores seletivos dos receptores hormonais (SERMs) quanto por sua ação antioxidante. No entanto, procuramos chamar a atenção para sua ação antioxidante.

This paper presents a brief review of the action of isoflavones as antioxidants. Being the generation of free radicals within the cell a part of the cell metabolism, evolution predictably developed efficient antioxidant defense mechanisms to remove these radicals. Numerous studies report that Asians have lower rates of breast tumors, endometrial and prostate, a fact which could be postulated to correlate with the moderate to high daily intake of isoflavones-containing foods by these human groups. The effects of isoflavones significantly lowering cancer rates can be accounted for not only by their antioxidant action but by their action as selective hormone receptor modulators (SERMs) as well. This review focuses on the antioxidantaction of isoflavones.

Papel da ingestão de soja na nefropatia diabética / Role of soy intake in diabetic nephropathy

O papel específico das modificações da dieta no tratamento da nefropatia diabética (ND) ainda não está elucidado. A substituição de proteína de origem animal por soja em pacientes com Diabete Melito (DM) poderia ser benéfica para a função renal. O objetivo do presente manuscrito foi revisar criticamente as evidências acerca do papel da soja na ND. Foram selecionados seis ensaios clínicos randomizados conduzidos em pacientes com DM, dentre os quais cinco demonstraram melhora de pelo menos um marcador de função renal com a dieta com soja. Os mecanismos através dos quais essas dietas promoveriam melhora da ND não foram elucidados, assim como não está estabelecido ainda se há distinção no efeito benéfico aos rins dos diferentes produtos à base de soja disponíveis no mercado. Novos estudos são necessários para que tais questões possam ser elucidadas e para que os benefícios da soja na ND possam ser confirmados.

The specific role of dietary changes in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has not yet been elucidated. The animal source protein replacement for soy in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) may provide potential benefits for renal function. The aim of the present manuscript was to perform a critical review of evidence about the role of soy in DN. Six randomized clinical trials conducted in patients with DM were selected, and five of them showed improvement of at least one marker of renal function with the soy diet. However, the mechanisms by which these diets promote improvement in DN have not been elucidated. It is not yet known whether there are distinguishable renal benefits ensured by different soy-based products available on the market. Further studies are needed to clarify theses aspects and to confirm the benefits of soy in DN.

Estimated dietary isoflavone intake among Korean adults

This study estimated the isoflavone intake level in Koreans using Food Frequency Questionnaire and analyzed related variables. The results showed that the average daily intake of isoflavone in adults was shown as 23.1 mg. The isoflavone intake level at 50 percentile was 16.9 mg (0~190 mg), and 10% of adults took almost 50 mg of isoflavone a day and 10% took about 5 mg a day. The major food sources for isoflavone in Koreans were in the order of soybean, soybean paste, soy milk, soybean curd (tofu), and bean sprouts; the intake was different depending on age, educational background, occupation, economic standard, and family type. The result showed higher isoflavone intake levels in the group over 30 years old and the highest isoflavone intake in subjects working in farming/fishery, followed by housemakers. According to the differences by families the families with elderly members showed 50% higher isoflavone intake than young families with friends or siblings. Depending on related ecological variables, therefore, various nutrition education programs should be developed for a variety of intakes of soybean foods, along with easy and simple cooking methods as parts of continuous research.

A Study on Isoflavones Intake From Soy Foods and Perimenstrual Symptoms / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore the relationship between isoflavones intake from soy foods and perimenstrual symptoms among women. METHODS: The research design was a cross sectional study. Subjects consisted of 245 women living in Korea, aged 19-49 years. The measurement tools were MDQ and FFQ. RESULTS: Frequently consumed soy isoflavones foods were rice with soybeans, soybean paste stew, and soy paste with tofu. The amounts of soy isoflavones foods consumed in order from highest to lowest were rice with soybeans, soybean paste stew, seasoned soybean sprouts, and soy paste with tofu. Subjects were divided into three groups by isoflavones intake levels; the small intake group, moderate intake group, and large intake group. There were significant differences in some menstrual symptoms, and postmenstrual symptoms by isoflavones intake levels. In general, the moderate isoflavones intake group showed lower scores in some menstrual symptoms and postmenstrual periods compared to the small and large intake groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest some positive health effects of isoflavones from soy foods on perimenstrual symptoms. More accurate, objective measurement needs to be applied and more investigation of soy isoflavones effects on many aspects of women's health need to be done in a future study.

Avaliação nutricional e sensorial do extrato hidrossolúvel de soja / Nutritional and sensorial evaluation of soybean milk / Evaluación nutricional y sensorial del extracto hidrosoluble de soja

Trata-se de um estudo experimental que teve como objetivo desenvolver um extrato hidrossolúvel de soja com adição de aroma e sabor a partir do subproduto da indústria e avaliar sua qualidade protéica por meio de ensaio biológico com ratos de laboratório além de avaliar sensorialmente o produto. Após a produção do extrato, procedeu-se aos ensaios biológicos para determinar a Digestibilidade Verdadeira, PER, NPR e NPU. Para a análise sensorial o extrato foi adoçado e aromatizado com essência de morango. O teste de aceitabilidade foi conduzido utilizando-se como provadores não treinados, crianças que estudavam em uma escola da rede estadual de ensino fundamental. Os valores de NPR e NPU foram bem próximos aos descritos na literatura. Os resultados obtidos de digestibilidade do extrato hidrossolúvel de soja mostraram-se bem próximos ao da caseína.

This is an experimental study to develop a soybean extract with the addition of aroma and flavor with an industry byproduct and to evaluate its protein quality through a biological essay with laboratory rats, as well as to evaluate the sensorial perception of the product. After the extract was produced, biological essays were carried out to determine its real digestibility, its Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Ratio (NPR) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU). For the sensorial evaluation soybean milk was sweetened and flavored with strawberry essence. The acceptability test was carried out with untrained people: children in a local state school. The results of NPR and NPU were similar to those found in the literature. The results of the digestibility of the soybean milk were similar to those of casein.

Se trata de un estudio experimental para desarrollar un extracto hidrosoluble de soja con adicion de aroma y sabor a partir del subproducto de la industria. Evaluar, además, su calidad proteica mediante pruebas biologicas con ratones de laboratorio y sensorialmente el producto. Despues de producir el extracto se efectuaron las pruebas biológicas con miras a determinar la digestibilidad verdadera, PER, NPR y NPU. Para el analisis sensorial el extracto se endulzó y aromatizó con esencia de fresas. El ensayo de aceptabilidad se llevo a cabo con probadores no capacitados, niños estudiantes de una escuela estatal primaria. Los resultados de NPU son semejantes a aquéllos descritos en la literatura. Los resultados de digestibilidad del extracto hidrosoluble de soja son muy similares a los de la caseina.

A Study on the Attitude of Soy Food and Estimated Dietary Isoflavone Intake among Korean Adolescents / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to investigate the attitude to various soy foods and to estimate dietary isoflavone intake among Korean adolescents. The survey was carried out by self-administered questionnaire with 800 middle and high school students residing in urban and rural areas and 714 questionnaires were collected: resulting in 89% response rate. The dietary isoflavone intake was estimated by food frequency questionnaire developed for rapid assessment of isoflavone intake. Soybean paste, soybean curd, soy milk, bean sprouts and dambuk were recognized as nutritious and healthy food in order. Dambuk got the lowest score in taste and flavor. Bean sprouts, soybean curd and soybean paste were recognized as familiar food in order. Stuffed rice in fried soybean curd got the highest score and Miso soup got the lowest in preference. More than 50% of the subjects consumed soybean paste stew/soup and soybean curd over twice per week and 12.3% of the subjects consumed soybean over once a day. The estimated daily intake of isoflavones ranged from 0 to 227 mg, and the mean daily isoflavone intake of the subjects was 28.1 mg (16.3 mg genistein and 12.0 mg daidzein) whereas the median value of isoflavone intake was 19.7 mg. There was statistically significant relationship among Kyung Gi Do, Chung cheung Do and Seoul residents in their intake of isoflavone. The highest monthly income group consumed isoflavone more than the other groups. These results suggest that Korean adolescent perceived the soybean dishes as high quality foods but they didn't take much because of difficulty to cook or less chance to eat. Nutrition education program is needed to enhance consuming soy foods for prevention of chronic diseases related to dietary isoflavone intake. More detailed information on easy cook method of soy food is also needed.