Whitening toothpastes effect on enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and color: An In Vitro study / Efecto de las pastas dentales blanqueadoras sobre la morfología, el perfil químico y el color de la superficie del esmalte: un estudio In Vitro

Abstract To assess the effect of different whitening toothpastes on enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and their whitening efficiency. Sixty teeth were divided into 5 groups (12 teeth/group); Gp I: brushed with no toothpaste. Gp II: brushed with Pearl-based toothpaste. Gp III: brushed with Charcoal- based toothpaste. Gp IV: brushed with Alumina-based toothpaste. Gp V: brushed with salt and lemon- based toothpaste. Each tooth was brushed with a bean sized toothpaste wetted with distilled water twice daily by using standard electronic toothbrush for four weeks. Enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and color of each tooth were investigated. Chemical profile results and color measurements were analyzed statistically. Gp I revealed normal enamel surface morphology and chemical profile. Gp II and Gp III demonstrated surface morphology close to Gp I with insignificant reduction in mineral content. Gp IV showed obvious shallowing of perikymata ridges, exposure of fish-scale appearance, with pits and depressions, alongside to the significant reduction in mineral content. Gp V presented the most enamel surface alteration with widening of prism sheath and depressions all over the surface, besides the highest significant reduction in mineral content. Gp V, followed by Gp IV, demonstrated the highest color and whiteness changes, followed by Gp III, then Gp II, while the lowest value was in Gp I. Salt & lemon-based toothpaste, followed by Alumina-based, exerted the most considerable changes in the morphology and chemical profile of the enamel surface, beside to the higher whitening effects on teeth than the others.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes pastas dentales blanqueadoras sobre la morfología y el perfil químico de la superficie del esmalte y su eficacia blanqueadora. Sesenta dientes se dividieron en 5 grupos (12 dientes/grupo); Grupo I: cepillado sin pasta de dientes. Grupo II: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de perlas. Grupo III: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de carbón. Grupo IV: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de Alúmina. Grupo V: cepillado con sal y pasta de dientes a base de limón. Cada diente se cepilló con una pasta de dientes del tamaño de un frijol humedecida con agua destilada dos veces al día utilizando un cepillo de dientes electrónico estándar durante cuatro semanas. Se investigaron la morfología de la superficie del esmalte, el perfil químico y el color de cada diente. Los resultados del perfil químico y las mediciones de color se analizaron estadísticamente. El Grupo I reveló una morfología de la superficie del esmalte y un perfil químico normales. Los Grupos II y III demostraron una morfología de superficie cercana a la del Grupo I con una reducción insignificante en el contenido mineral. El grupo IV mostró una evidente reducción de las crestas perikymatas, exposición de apariencia de escamas de pez, con hoyos y depresiones, junto con una reducción significativa en el contenido mineral. El grupo V presentó la mayor alteración de la superficie del esmalte con ensanchamiento de la vaina del prisma y depresiones en toda la superficie, además de una significativa reducción en el contenido mineral. El grupo V, seguido del grupo IV, demostró los mayores cambios de color y blancura, seguido del grupo III, luego el grupo II, mientras que el valor más bajo se presentó en el grupo I. Las pastas dentales a base de sal y limón, seguidas de las de alúmina, ejercieron los cambios más considerables en la morfología y el perfil químico de la superficie del esmalte, además de tener mayores efectos blanqueadores sobre los dientes que las demás.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NOVEL UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF TEPOTINIB IN BULK AND IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

Objective: The objective of the study is to develop a new, simple, rapid, accurate, and economical UV-spectrophotometric method and validate the same for the estimation of Tepotinib in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation as per ICH guidelines.Methods: The present work was carried out using the UV-Visible double-beam spectrophotometer model Systronics 2201. Tepotinib was found soluble in water, methanol, methanol so, analytical-grade methanol was used as a solvent for conducting the work. The ?max of the tepotinib was determined by dissolving pure drug in methanol scanned in the range of 200-800 nm. The present method was validated for the linearity, accuracy, precision, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification.Results: The maximum absorbance of tepotinib obtained at a wavelength of 272 nm. The method was found linear in the range of 3-15 µg/ml with the regression coefficient of 0.996 and the equation y = 0.0699x+0.0335. The accuracy was found to be in the range of 96.8-98.5%, the intra-day and inter-day precision % RSD value was 0.262 and 0.69, respectively and the LOD and LOQ were 0.0925 µg/ml and 0.28 µg/ml respectively.Conclusion: The method demonstrated good reproducibility and recovery so, proposed method can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of tepotinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Technological study for obtaining an appropriate extract from Stellera Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Background@#Infections in respiratory systems have spread throughout the world without any restrictions including living places, public issues, and lifestyle. Three main causes of illnesses for the population of cities and rural areas were gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. After investigated some medicinal herbs including <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>, it has been reported that they had antiinflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing effects. Lozenge formulation has some advantages for treatment application, such as easily absorbed, good bioavailability and ability of diminishing stomach irritation. In this study, we aimed to obtain a suitable extract from <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i> for further lozenge formulation.@*Purpose@#To obtain a suitable extract from <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>, and to conduct qualitative and quantitative studies for some biologically active substances@*Materials and methods@#In this study, an aerial part of <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i> were used, and the study was conducted in MUPS. For obtaining a suitable extract, the raw materials were extracted by remaceration, repercolation and circulation methods in 20% and 70% of ethanol and distilled water. The flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were determined by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis for total flavonoids was performed by spectrophotometer.@*Results@#According to the result, a yellow spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (<i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>), indicating that flavonoid contained in the extracted solution.</br> The result was compared to standards of rutin (Rf=0.2) and quercetin (Rf= 0.94). Also, a black, blue spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (<i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>), indicating that polyphenols contained in the extracted solution. The spots were compared to gallic acid as a standard substance. In the quantitative assay of total flavonoids in raw materials, black-green precipitation was revealed after procedure. From this result, remaceration and circulation techniques were suitable to extract the raw materials. Flavonoid content was 3.35±0.04% after using remaceration technique, which indicated that it was more suitable to extract the raw materials.@*Conclusions@#These results showed that the appropriate extracting solution for <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i> was 70% of ethanol. In this case, 3.35±0.04% of flavonoid was extracted by remaceration technique.

Estabilidad de color de dientes naturales ante diferentes bebidas: estudio in vitro / Color stability of natural teeth against different drinks: in vitro study

El color es un efecto visual de los rayos de luz reflejándose y su concepto es complejo por ser una sensación que se percibe y por las características electromagnéticas. Los dientes varían espacialmente porque son curvados, tienen prolongaciones relativamente pequeñas y vistas en contra de una variable de fondo no uniforme así como típicamente una iluminación no estandarizada, por lo cual difieren en relación con su colorimetría, por lo que el estudio del color es fundamental en la odontología. En la actualidad hay métodos para evaluar el color, desde una simple revisión visual hasta instrumentos como el colorímetro y los espectrofotómetros, los cuales son aparatos utilizados en la medida del color de un objeto a través de su longitud de onda reflejada. Una pigmentación dental se produce por varios factores, ya sean intrínsecos y extrínsecos, estas pigmentaciones son factores importantes tanto en la estética como en el aspecto físico, por lo que es importante poder evaluar la estabilidad de los dientes naturales ante diferentes sustancias que podrían modificar su color natural. En este estudio nos dimos a la tarea de evaluar el cambio de color de dientes naturales ante diferentes bebidas, se eligieron tres bebidas pigmentantes y de uso común: café, vino tinto y jugo de arándano; se utilizaron 10 dientes unirradiculares del mismo color previamente analizados con el espectrofotómetro. Un diente fue la muestra control y los nueve restantes se sumergieron en frascos separados con 10 mL de las tres bebidas elegidas. Realizando la evaluación de color a los 15, 30 y 90 días con ayuda del espectrofotómetro, pudimos observar que el diente sumergido en café no tuvo variación durante los primeros 15 días y el cambio más notable de color fue hasta los 90 días a diferencia de las muestras sumergidas en vino y jugo de arándano cuya variación máxima de color se presentó en 15 días respectivamente (AU)

Color is a visual effect of light rays reflecting and its concept is complex, for being a sensation that is perceived and for the electromagnetic characteristics. Teeth vary spatially because they are curved, have relatively small extensions, and are viewed against a non-uniform background variable as well as typically non-standardized illumination, which is why they differ in relation to their colorimetry. So the study of color is fundamental in dentistry. Currently, there are methods to evaluate color, from a simple visual check to instruments such as the colorimeter and spectrophotometers, which are devices used to measure the color of an object through its reflected wavelength. A dental pigmentation is produced by various factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, these pigmentations are currently important factors in both aesthetics and physical appearance, so it is important to be able to evaluate the stability of natural teeth against different substances that could modify its natural color. In this study, we undertook the task of evaluating the change in the color of natural teeth when faced with different beverages. Three pigment and commonly used beverages were chosen: coffee, red wine and cranberry juice; 10 single-rooted teeth of the same color previously analyzed with the spectrophotometer were used. One tooth was the control sample and the remaining nine were immersed in separate bottles with 10 mL of the three chosen drinks. Carrying out the color evaluation at 15, 30 and 90 days with the help of the spectrophotometer, we could see that the tooth immersed in coffee did not change during the first 15 days and the most notable change in color was up to 90 days, unlike the samples immersed in wine and cranberry juice whose maximum color variation was presented in 15 days respectively (AU)

Esthetic evaluation of resin infiltration for the treatment of molar-incisor hypomineralization / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To evaluate the clinical effects of resin infiltration in treating molar-incisor hypomineralization. @*Methods @#Twelve patients (36 teeth) with mild molar-incisor mineralization imperfecta who met the inclusion criteria were selected and treated with penetrating resin. Before treatment (T0), at the one-week follow-up (T1) and at the six-month follow-up (T2), a Crystaleye spectrophotometer was used to take photos, and the color differences (ΔE) between the lesion area and the surrounding normal enamel area at different times were calculated and analyzed. The area of the lesion and the total area of the labial surface of affected teeth were calculated using Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. The corresponding area ratio (R) and treatment efficiency (SR) were obtained. The R value was used to judge the effectiveness of resin penetration in the treatment of molar and incisor mineralization imperfecta and to evaluate its aesthetic effect. The results were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA. @*Results@#The color difference of the lesion area vs sound adjacent enamel (ΔE) decreased significantly, and that of the lesion area decreased significantly after resin infiltration (P < 0.001). The success rate was approximately 86.02%, which means that the esthetic effect of resin infiltration in treating molar-incisor hypomineralization was remarkable. No important adverse events or side effects were observed. @*Conclusion@# The aesthetic effect of resin infiltration in the treatment of mild molar and incisor hypomineralization is good. This method is recommended for clinical use.

The results of Hippophae Rhamnoides L fruit processing technology / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Sea buckthorn (<i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> L.) is a hardy deciduous shrub of family <i>Elaeagnaceae.</i> In traditional medicine, “Sea buckthorn-5” powder medicine and sea buckthorn extract for the treatment of lung diseases,“Sea buckthorn-11” and “Sea buckthorn-17”prsecriptions are used to treat gynecological diseases. Sea buckthorn fruit takes a lot of time to dry and prepare in the traditional way, and a small amount of raw material is obtained. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve and standardize technology.@*Material and method@#The study used “Sea buckthorn fruit” raw material harvested in September 2020 from the Botanical garden of medicinal plants of the Drug research institute and sea buckthorn dry extract purchased from China.Four types of samples were used as Dry fruit of sea buck- thorn (Sample 1), Sea buckthorn seeds (Sample 2), Natural dried sea buckthorn fruit (Sample 3), and sea buckthorn dry extract purchased from China (Sample 4).In each of these four samples, the total carotenoid was measured at 450 nm, the flavonoid at 500 nm, and the phenolic compound at 750 nm using a spectrophotometer.@*Result@#The results show that Sample 1 contains the highest amount of carotenoids 56.29 ± 0.05%, Sample 2 contains the highest amount of flavonoids 32.19 ± 0.05%, and total phenolic compounds 41.67 ± 0.02%.@*Conclusion@#Dry fruit of sea buckthorn (Sample 1) has the highest content of carotenoids, sea buckthorn seeds (Sample 2)have the highest total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds, which is approximately to the content of natural sea buckthorn fruit.

In-vitro efficacy of two spectrophotometer-based shade matching systems for color matching of ceramics after artificial accelerated aging / Eficácia in vitro de dois espectrofotômetros baseados em escalas de cor para avaliação de cor de cerâmicas após envelhecimento artificial acelerado

Objective: The objective of the present in-vitro study was to verify the efficacy of two spectrophotometer-based shade matching systems for color matching of ceramics after artificial accelerated aging (AAA). Material and Methods: The ceramics used were porcelain laminated veneers. Seventy standard-shaped discs (thickness x diameter: 0.5 mm x 10 mm) of B1 shades were used. Based upon the type of resin cement used, the specimens were divided into seven groups (10/group). The following light-cured cements were used: RelyX-Veneer (L-RV), Variolink-Veneer (L-VV), and Variolink-Esthetic (L-VE). The dual-cured cements were: RelyX Ultimate (D-RU), RelyX-Unicem (D-RC), and Variolink-Esthetics DC (D-VE). The control group consisted of ceramic only. All specimens were thermocycled in water for 3,500 cycles between 5 oC -55 oC, with dwell times of 30 s in each bath and a transfer time of 10 s between baths. All specimens were thermocycled in water for 3,500 cycles between 5 oC and 55 oC, and color measurement was done using the VITA Easyshade and ColorEye spectrophotometers. Baseline color reading was performed 24-hours after cementation. Differences in color (DE) of EasyShade and ColorEye before and after AAA were determined and compared statistically. Group comparisons were done using the paired t-tests. Level of significance was set at P< 0.05. Results: The mean differences in color (ΔE) values obtained from EasyShade spectrophotometer for light- and dual-cured cements, were 0.843±0.89 (L-RV ), 4.11±0.69 (L-VV) and 0.833±0.47 (L-VE); and 2.22±0.64 (D-RU), 3.37±0.83 (D-RC) and 0.38±0.92 (D-VE), respectively. The mean differences in color (ΔE) values obtained from ColorEye spectrophotometer for light- and dual-cured cements, were 0.68±0.86 (L-RV ), 4.55±0.83 (L-VV) and 2.68±0.26 (L-VE); and 2.06±0.84 (D-RU), 1.8±1.08 (D-RC) and 0.96±0.71 (D-VE), respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean DE values among the groups. Conclusion: The VITA Easyshade and ColorEye shade matching systems are comparable in terms of their efficacy for color matching of cerammics after AAA.(AU)

Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo in vitro foi verificar a eficácia de dois espectrofotômetros baseados em escalas de cor para avaliação de cor de cerâmicas após envelhecimento artificial acelerado (EAA). Material e Métodos: As cerâmicas utilizadas foram laminados cerâmicos. Foram usados setenta discos de formato padrão (0,5mm de espessura x 10 mm de diâmetro) de tonalidades B1. Com base no tipo de cimento resinoso utilizado, os corpos-de-prova foram divididos em sete grupos (10 / grupo). Foram utilizados os seguintes cimentos fotopolimerizáveis: RelyX-Veneer (L-RV), Variolink-Veneer (L-VV) e Variolink-Esthetic (L-VE). Os cimentos de cura dual foram: RelyX Ultimate (D-RU), RelyX-Unicem (D-RC) e Variolink-Esthetics DC (D-VE). O grupo controle consistia apenas de cerâmica. Todos os corpos-de-prova foram termociclados em água por 3.500 ciclos entre 5oC-55oC, com tempos de permanência de 30s em cada banho e um tempo de transferência de 10s entre os banhos. A medição da cor foi feita usando os espectrofotômetros VITA Easyshade e ColorEye. A leitura da cor inicial foi realizada 24 horas após a cimentação. As diferenças na cor (ΔE) do EasyShade e ColorEye antes e depois do EAA foram determinadas e comparadas estatisticamente. As comparações dos grupos foram feitas usando o teste t pareados. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p <0,05. Resultados: os valores médios de diferenças na cor (ΔE) obtidos no espectrofotômetro EasyShade para cimentos fotopolimerizáveis e duais foram de 0,843 ± 0,89 (L-RV), 4,11 ± 0,69 (L-VV) e 0,833 ± 0,47 (L-VE ); e 2,22 ± 0,64 (D-RU), 3,37 ± 0,83 (D-RC) e 0,38 ± 0,92 (D-VE), respectivamente. os valores médios de diferenças na cor (ΔE) obtidos no espectrofotômetro ColorEye para cimentos fotopolimerizáveis e duais foram de 0,68 ± 0,86 (L-RV), 4,55 ± 0,83 (L-VV) e 2,68 ± 0,26 (L-VE); e 2,06 ± 0,84 (D-RU), 1,8 ± 1,08 (D-RC) e 0,96 ± 0,71 (D-VE), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa nos valores médios de ΔE entre os grupos. Conclusão: Os sistemas de combinação de cores VITA Easyshade e ColorEye são comparáveis em termos de eficácia para avaliação de cores de cerâmicas após EAA. (AU)

Using Mobile– iPhone as New Visible Colour Detector for Determination of Pharmaceutical (Potassium Permanganate)

In this work the use of a mobile phone as a spectrophotometer using camera resolution by installing the software (application store AAP) on the phone (i Phone 6), which analyzes the colour images (RGB) in results with a colour length where it was possible to calculate the colour value of each image representing a specific concentration of the solution under study. A calibration curve with a range of (1 × 10-3-6.25 × 10-4) mmole.L-1 using optical image analysis with the concentration of the preparation of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). A calibration curve for statistical correlation range of 0.993 (R2) was found

Color stability of three dimensional-printed denture teeth exposed to various colorants / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: This study evaluated color stability of Dentca 3D-printed denture teeth, in comparison to color stabilities of four conventional types of denture teeth, upon being immersed in various colorants.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four types of conventional prefabricated denture teeth (Surpass, GC, Artic 6, Heraeus Kulzer, Premium 6, Heraeus Kulzer, Preference, Candulor), 3D-printed denture teeth (Dentca); and Z250 (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) were prepared for testing. The samples were immersed in erythrosine 3%, coffee, cola, and distilled water (DW) at 37℃. Color change (ΔE) was measured by spectrophotometer before immersion and at 7, 14, and 21 days after immersion. One-way analysis of variance was performed along with Tukey's honestly significant difference multiple comparisons test (P<.05).RESULTS: No great difference was observed between the color change of Dentca denture teeth and that of conventional denture teeth in most cases (P>.05). The color change of Dentca denture teeth immersed in erythrosine 3% was greater than that of Surpass (ΔE = 0.67 ± 0.25) after 1 week; Artic 6 (ΔE = 1.44 ± 0.38) and Premium 6 (ΔE = 1.69 ± 0.35) after 2 weeks; and Surpass (ΔE = 1.79 ± 0.49), Artic 6 (ΔE = 2.07 ± 0.21), Premium 6 (ΔE = 2.03 ± 0.75), and Preference (ΔE = 2.01 ± 0.75) after 3 weeks (P<.05).CONCLUSION: A color change was observed in Dentca denture teeth when immersed in some colorants; however, the maximum value of ΔE for Dentca denture teeth was within the clinically acceptable range.

Evaluation the Health Impact of Some Heavy Metals in Milk from Markets

This study focuses on the heavy metals concentrations (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in certain common milk species are collected from Iraqi markets using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-6300 AA, Shimadzu, Japan, respectively. This study shows the pollution in the environment obtained by heavy metals. The results showed that Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe were varying according to the order: Zn>Fe>Cr>Cd>Cu. levels of heavy metals were 0.610(Cr), 0.125(Cd), 0.052(Cu), and 6.902(Zn), and 0.759(Fe). All the heavy metals were observed within maximum limit in milk. Overall, the number of analyzed heavy metals and sample size were limited in present study. Keywords: Heavy metals; Milk; Najaf; Flame atomic absorption; Spectrophotometer This study focuses on the heavy metals concentrations (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in certain common milk species are collected from Iraqi markets using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-6300 AA, Shimadzu, Japan, respectively. This study shows the pollution in the environment obtained by heavy metals. The results showed that Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe were varying according to the order: Zn>Fe>Cr>Cd>Cu. levels of heavy metals were 0.610(Cr), 0.125(Cd), 0.052(Cu), and 6.902(Zn), and 0.759(Fe). All the heavy metals were observed within maximum limit in milk. Overall, the number of analyzed heavy metals and sample size were limited in present study

A crude method of DNA extraction and identification from exfoliated human buccal mucosa cells

Background: DNA analysis has a key role in forensic dentistry. However, techniques of DNA extraction and analysis are far from the reach of majority of medical professionals owing to its expensive set up. Aim: The present study was aimed at formulating a crude method of extracting DNA from human buccal mucosa cells using materials commonly available in the laboratory so that the medical professionals could get more exposure to molecular biology techniques. The objectives were to identify the DNA and to assess its purity. Methods: Buccal mucosa cells from 10 healthy volunteers were taken for DNA extraction following the protocol of cell lysis, purification, and precipitation. DNA was identified using standardized techniques like Diphenylamine test and its purity was assessed using a spectrophotometer. A gel electrophoresis apparatus was also constructed using readily available materials. Results: DNA was extracted from human buccal mucosa cells using a crude method. The standardized tests confirmed the presence of DNA contaminated with proteins. The locally made Gel electrophoresis model exhibited a faint halo around the wells instead of DNA bands. Conclusion: DNA extraction from human buccal mucosa cells was made possible using locally available materials and a crude method, but it was not of high purity.

Method Development And Validation Of Donepezil Hydrochloride By Using Uv Spectrophotometric Method

Abstract: Simple, specific, accurate and cost economic UV spectrophotometric methods weredeveloped and validated for determination of Donepezil Hydrochloride. Instead of usingorganic solvents, mixture of Acetonitrile and water was used during method development andvalidation. Donepezil hydrochloride standard solution was scanned in the UV range (400-200nm) in a 1cm quartz cell in a double beam UV spectrophotometer. The standard solution ofDonepezil Hydrochloride showed maximum absorption at wavelength 231 nm. The methodobeys Beer’s law in the concentration range from 4-20µg/ml. The correlation coefficient wasfound to be 0.9983and regression of the curve was found Y=0.0376x+0.0185 with excellentrecovery 99.66-100.83%. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be0.197µg/ml and 0.6µg/ml respectively. The ruggedness and robustness were performed. Themethod was validated for several parameters like accuracy, precision as per ICH guidelines.Statistical analysis proved that the methods are repeatable and specific for determination ofthe drug. These methods can be adopted in the routine assay analysis of DonepezilHydrochloride in API and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Comparative Study on Color Stability of Denture Reline Polymers when Using Microwave and Chemical Disinfection

This study investigated the color stability of reline resin after two methods of disinfection i.e microwave disinfection and chemical disinfection. A stainless steel moldwith a breakaway compartment (10 mm in diameter by 0.7 mm thickness) was made to fabricate specimens of various resins. Each material was mixed according to manufacturer’s instructions and applied into the mold. Prior to color stability testing, specimenswere cleaned in distilled water for 20 minutes to kill any microorganisms that may had contaminated the discs during fabrication. And then specimens were immersed in Sodium Perborate Monohydrate 200 ml of solution for 15 days and microwaved for 15 days sothat it is comparable to chemical disinfection soaking. The color stability of each specimen was measured again using spectrophotometer and values were obtained. The data of ∆E, ∆L, ∆b, ∆a were analysed by 2 way repeated measures ANOVAs test. Significant statistic changes in color parameters ∆L, ∆a, ∆b of the reline resin DPI, Ufi Gel Hard And Kooliner were observed when dentures were disinfected by Sodium Perborate Monohydrate 2% solutions. The color stability of the reline resin was influenced by time, regardless of disinfection or non disinfection. This can be attributed to bleaching (whitening) effect of reline material. Discoloration Original Research Article of resin based materials may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are related to internal alterations in material resulting from physicochemical reactions or residual monomer oxidation with time. Thus the initiator, quantity and type of monomer and the polymerisation efficiency can affect the color stability of resin based materials. The color stability deviation value ∆E significantly increased to maximum for chemical disinfectant, least for Control group and intermediate for microwaved group. Ufi Gel showed the highest deviation ∆E and Control Group showed the lowest deviation according to results

Digital Childhood: the Impact of Using Digital Technology on Children’s Health

Background and Objective: Digital media can be considered as an important element of life for today's children and adolescents since theyspend a lot of time using it. This increased use of digital media is associated with poor behavior and health status. Society in general andpractitioners in public health in particular should promote digital media use strategies through health education. This study is aimed atevaluating the impact of using digital technology on children physical, social and behavior health. Methodology: This is a descriptive studywhich was conducted at the primary health care centers of Tabuk. Through purposive sampling, 300 people were included in the study. Aquestionnaire and a checklist were used as the tools for data collection. Results: There was a significant relationship between theattachment to technology and both physical and psychological health of the studied children. There was also a significant differencebetween the awareness of mothers regarding both negative and positive effects of technology and total effects of technology at the pre andpost-intervention stages. Conclusion: Using technology had an impact on both physical and psychological health of children, and there wasan improvement in mothers’ awareness in this regard. This reflects the key role of health education on improving the awareness of mothersabout the effects of using technology on the health of their children.

Effect of nutrition on copper and zinc concentrations in human milk

Background: The gross composition of human milk is remarkably constant among women of varying nutritional status. Reliable information is now available on the content, and the principal factor affecting it, of most of the trace elements on human milk. However, for some of the trace elements, there is still a wide variation in reported values in the literature, which is due at least in part, to analytical difficulties. Hence this study was taken up to find out if maternal nutritional status influences the copper and zinc concentrations in colostrum of mother.Methods: Total of 100 mothers were enrolled in the study after obtaining prior informed consent. They were divided into 2 groups - group I had 50 malnourished mothers and group II had 50 well-nourished mothers. Sample digestion was attempted with different quantities of various acids. Analysis of digested colostrum was carried out for copper and zinc.Results: The mean levels of copper and zinc were slightly more among well-nourished than malnourished women. Values of copper were significantly higher in the colostrum of well-nourished as compared to that of the malnourished mothers.Conclusions: The parameters of weight, height weight/height ratio and hemoglobin varied significantly between the well-nourished and malnourished mothers. The difference in milk content of malnourished and well-nourished mothers is not significant for zinc. However, copper levels were significantly higher in well-nourished mothers.

Effect of Nano-Pulsed Cold Laser (NPCL) Light on Calcium and Phosphate Loss from Dental Enamel During In-office Bleaching with High Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Using Atomic Absorption Spectophotometer

To assess calcium and phosphate loss from enamel using 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel with additional application of light emitting diode (LED), Diode laser and Nano-Pulsed Cold laser (NPCL) light sources compared to that of 37.5% HP alone using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Methods: Twenty teeth were sectioned to obtain mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiopalatal and distopalatal specimens. The specimens were randomly assigned to four equal groups. 37.5% HP of 1mm thickness was applied to the enamel surface of each specimen. Each group received three cycles of bleaching of 8 minute’s duration. Group II, III & IV received additional application of LED, Diode laser & cold laser light respectively. Results: Data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Group III showed the maximum loss of ions while Group IV showed the least loss and the differences were statistically significant (P < .05). Conclusion: Teeth treated with 37.5% hydrogen peroxide with application of Nano-Pulsed Cold Laser (NPCL) light presented with significantly minimal calcium and phosphate loss

Colorimetric Analysis of Preformed Zirconia Anterior Crowns for Esthetic Restoration / 대한소아치과학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify which combination of zirconia crowns and cements is most similar in color to the maxillary primary incisors by varying the color of zirconia crowns, crown thickness, and shade of cements. Prefabricated zirconia crowns in 3 shades and crowns fabricated using 6 types of zirconia blocks were used in this study. These were filled with A2-shade or translucent-shade resin cement and the L(*), a(*), and b(*) values were calculated using a spectrophotometer. The color differences between the natural teeth and the zirconia crowns were assessed. The shade of the final restoration was more similar to that of the natural teeth using A2-shade than translucent-shade resin cement. Application of A2-shade cement to a 0.5-mm-thick crown fabricated from a smile series 2 zirconia block resulted in the color most similar to that of the natural teeth. A2-shade resin cement is recommended for zirconia crown restoration in anterior primary teeth compared to TR-shade resin cement for more esthetic restoration. Since restorations with Nusmile zirconia crowns were not esthetically favorable in terms of shade, improvement of the shade characteristics of the product or development of a new kind of zirconia crown is required.

Discoloration of teeth due to different intracanal medicaments

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess coronal discoloration induced by the following intracanal medicaments: calcium hydroxide (CH), a mixture of CH paste and chlorhexidine gel (CH/CHX), and triple antibiotic paste (3Mix). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy extracted single-canal teeth were selected. Access cavities were prepared and each canal was instrumented with a rotary ProTaper system. The specimens were randomly assigned to CH, CH/CHX, and 3Mix paste experimental groups (n = 20 each) or a control group (n = 10). Each experimental group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups (A and B). In subgroup A, medicaments were only applied to the root canals, while in subgroup B, the root canals were completely filled with medicaments and a cotton pellet dipped in medicament was also placed in the pulp chamber. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained from the mid-buccal surface of the tooth crowns immediately after placing the medicaments (T1) and at 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after filling. The ∆E was then calculated. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3-way ANOVA, and the Scheffé post hoc test. RESULTS: The greatest color change (ΔE) was observed at 3 months (p < 0.0001) and in 3Mix subgroup B (p = 0.0057). No significant color change occurred in the CH (p = 0.7865) or CH/CHX (p = 0.1367) groups over time, but the 3Mix group showed a significant ΔE (p = 0.0164). CONCLUSION: Intracanal medicaments may induce tooth discoloration. Use of 3Mix must be short and it must be carefully applied only to the root canals; the access cavity should be thoroughly cleaned afterwards.

Proposal for a gingival shade guide based on in vivo spectrophotometric measurements

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to propose and assess a shade guide for pink gingival aesthetics using a Spanish population sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The L*, C*, h, a* and b* coordinates of 259 participants were measured using a spectrophotometer in 3 standardized points along the attached gingiva of the maxillary central incisors. A hierarchical clustering analysis was applied to obtain separate solutions regarding the number of shade tabs. For each of the solutions obtained, color differences (ΔE*) were calculated using the CIELab and CIEDE2000 formulas, and the proposed shade guide was selected considering (1) the color differences between tabs and (2) the coverage error of each of the solutions. RESULTS: The proposed shade guide consisted of 8 gingival shade tabs and achieved CIELab and CIEDE2000 coverage errors of less than the respective 50:50% acceptability thresholds (ΔE*=4.6 units and ΔE₀₀=4.1). The coordinates for the various gingival shade tabs were as follows: Tab 1: L*43.3, a*21.9, b*12.3 (1.6); Tab 2: L*42.9, a*34.1, b*19.1; Tab 3: L*46.5, a*25.8, b*10.9; Tab 4: L*46.5, a*27.3, b*15.1; Tab 5: L*49.6, a*23.5, b*16.8; Tab 6: L*51.5, a*19.7, b*13.6; Tab 7: L*55.9, a*22.0, b* 15.0; and Tab 8: L*56.0, a*19.9, b*18.8. CONCLUSION: The CIELab and CIEDE2000 coverage errors for the 8 shade tabs of the proposed gingival shade guide were significantly lower than those of other guides. Therefore, despite the limitations of this study, the proposed guide is more appropriate for matching gingival shade in the Spanish general population.

Color Distribution Analysis of Maxillary Primary Central Incisors using a Spectrophotometer / 대한소아치과학회지

The objective of this study was to analyze the color distribution of the maxillary primary central incisors and the relationship between the color of each tooth region by dividing tooth into incisal, middle and cervical region using a spectrophotometer. The subjects were 105 sound maxillary primary central incisors from 3 to 6 years old children. Color measurements were performed by one dentist using same protocol. CIE L* , a*, b*, C*, h* data and the best matched shades with coverage error were obtained for each region and whole labial surface. There was a significant difference in CIE L* , a*, b* according to regions and the difference in color between each region was more than the clinical acceptance. By correlating the relationship between the color of each region with L*, a*, b* values, it is possible to extrapolate the color of other region with one color or to be used as data for making restorative materials and prostheses that are more aesthetically pleasing for primary teeth.