Preparation and preliminary evaluation of sodium alginate/agarose/carboxymethyl chitosan spray film dressing carrying platelet rich plasma for wound repair / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To develop a spray-on membrane dressing for wound repair containing platelet rich plasma (PRP) sodium alginate (SA)/agarose(AG)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). 【Methods】 SA/AG/ CMCS were mixed in different proportions to prepare biodegradable quick setting spray (BQSS) by blending film method, and the film-forming time, moisture retention and compression resistance of the prepared BQSS were tested. Then PRP and BQSS were mixed in the proportion of 3∶7, 4∶6, 5∶5, 6∶4 and 7∶3 to prepare PRP-BQSS spray film dressings. The film-forming time, moisture retention, compressive strength, porosity and slow-release effect of growth factors of PRP-BQSS spray film dressings were studied. 【Results】 In the preparation of BQSS compound spray film solution, when SA, AG, CMCS and sterile distilled water were 0.6∶0.6∶0.6∶98.2g, the film-forming time (7.73±0.31) s, moisture retention (75. 54±3.03) % and compression resistance (791.00±68.02) g of the spray-film dressing were the best. The basic properties of PRP-BQSS spray-on film dressings and the release of growth factors show that PRP-BQSS spray-on film dressings can exist in different forms, and with the decrease of PRP concentration percentage, its film-forming time, moisturizing performance and compressive strength showed an upward trend. When the PRP content is 30%, the porosity of the dressing is the highest, about(84.34±0.90)%. The release of platelet-derived growth factor-AA(PDGF-AA), platelet factor-4(PF-4) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was in a slow upward trend, and the release of the three growth factors was higher than that of PRP group in 48 hours. 【Conclusion】 The preparation method of PRP-BQSS spray film dressing designed in this study is simple and mild, and can form a film quickly, with good biological properties and better growth factor inhibition and sustained-release effect.

Applying different infective structures of Beauveria bassiana to Coffea arabica infested with Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under field

Coffee is the most appreciated beverage in worldwide; Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of this commodity. Organochlorine endosulfan was banned from the country in 2013 due to its teratogenic agent-related features. Since then, coffee plantations have experienced increased Hypothenemus hampei infestation rates. The aim of the current study is to assess variations in the rates of Coffea arabica fruits brocaded by H. hampei after the application of entomopathogenic fungal species Beauveria bassiana IBCB66. Experiments were carried out with 'Catuaí' and 'Mundo Novo' cultivars between 2018 and 2020, during the borer transit period. Three experiments were carried out based on the application of the aforementioned fungal species on the investigated coffee plant species, both by spraying and sprinkling, at 30-day intervals; 10 fruits were collected per face of each useful plant in each repetition. The experiment has followed a randomized blocks design with five treatments, including the control, and five repetitions, each. Beauveria bassiana Ecobass (IBCB66) wettable powder spray, at the concentration of 2 × 1013·ha­1, was used in experiments I and II. On the other hand, the mix used in experiment III was prepared with blastospores at concentration of 5 × 1012·ha­1 blastospores + 0.1% Silwet. The sprinkling process in all three experiments has used dry aerial conidia at concentration of 2 × 1013·ha­1. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), which was followed by Fisher's test at 5% probability level, in the SISVAR software. More than 35,000 fruits were assessed. In addition to variations between experiments, results have evidenced that the rate of brocaded fruits remained high.

Residual efficacy of deltamethrin applied to foliage against Malaysian Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

@#The spraying of insecticide on foliage to provide an insecticidal barrier may serve as part of the vector control measures to combat the increasing threat of Aedes-borne diseases. The effectiveness of insecticide barrier spraying was evaluated by assessing the residual efficacy of deltamethrin sprayed on foliage against Malaysian Ae. aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse). In this semi-field study, landscape plants grown within the vicinity of the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia, were treated with deltamethrin suspension concentrate (SC) with the dosage of 30 mg/m2 and 50 mg/m2 in three rounds of spraying. Deltamethrin residual activity on treated and untreated leaves was investigated using standard WHO cone bioassays. Wild Aedes populations at both deltamethrin-treated and untreated plant clusters were monitored by ovitrap surveillance. Ovitrap monitoring revealed that the mean number of Ae. albopictus larvae at deltamethrin-treated were significantly lower than the mean number of larvae of the same species at the untreated plant cluster. Cone bioassay results showed that the insecticide remained effective for up to 4 weeks (> 80% mortality), but the insecticide residual activity was affected by rainfall. These results suggest that insecticide barrier spraying is a promising tool and may be used along with other mosquito control tools such as indoor residual spray and space spraying to reduce the dengue burden.

Indoor spray and windows screens effects on dengue vector density after space spraying in a field trial

To demonstrate the effect of indoor spraying and window screens on Aedes aegypti mosquito density after space spraying. Methods: A total of 141 households (the study houses) in six communities of Songkhla City, located in Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, were randomly selected and the adult Ae. aegypti populations were assessed pre- and post-insecticide spraying from March to October, 2014. Houses close to (within a 20 m radius) the study houses were analyzed using spatial analysis tools. The Aedes aegypti density in the study houses and house density index were compared with the density in the neighbouring houses, based on three spraying conditions: (i) unsprayed (ii) only outdoor sprayed and (iii) indoor plus outdoor sprayed. Results: Only spraying houses indoors was the most effective (P<0.05). There was insufficient evidence that the source of the increase in the number of mosquitoes in unsprayed houses was due to their migration from neighbouring houses which had been sprayed. However, the study houses without screens on their windows were found to have a likely higher dengue vector population after spraying, but the difference was not significant. Conclusions: In dengue endemic areas, all houses should be fully screened and the number of houses ultra-low volume sprayed indoor plus outdoor should be increased with the cooperation of householders and communities during epidemics.

Indoor spray and windows screens effects on dengue vector density after space spraying in a field trial

To demonstrate the effect of indoor spraying and window screens on Aedes aegypti mosquito density after space spraying. Methods: A total of 141 households (the study houses) in six communities of Songkhla City, located in Songkhla Province of southern Thailand, were randomly selected and the adult Ae. aegypti populations were assessed pre- and post-insecticide spraying from March to October, 2014. Houses close to (within a 20 m radius) the study houses were analyzed using spatial analysis tools. The Aedes aegypti density in the study houses and house density index were compared with the density in the neighbouring houses, based on three spraying conditions: (i) unsprayed (ii) only outdoor sprayed and (iii) indoor plus outdoor sprayed. Results: Only spraying houses indoors was the most effective (P<0.05). There was insufficient evidence that the source of the increase in the number of mosquitoes in unsprayed houses was due to their migration from neighbouring houses which had been sprayed. However, the study houses without screens on their windows were found to have a likely higher dengue vector population after spraying, but the difference was not significant. Conclusions: In dengue endemic areas, all houses should be fully screened and the number of houses ultra-low volume sprayed indoor plus outdoor should be increased with the cooperation of householders and communities during epidemics.

Preparation process of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer/hydroxyapatite microcarrier by electrostatic spraying method and its effect evaluation / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the preparation process of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer/ hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) microcarriers by electrostatic spraying method, and to elucidate the superiority of PLGA/HA microcarriers. Methods: The PLGA/HA microcarriers were prepared by electrostatic spraying method using nano-HA (20 nm, 99.9%) and PLGA (LA/GA = 50/50, Mw30k), and the influence of different concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) and different voltages (4. 0, 4. 5, > 5. 0 kV) of HA in the morphology of the microcarriers was investigated and the best ball making parameters were obtained. The PLGA microcarriers were used as PLGA group, PLGA+1%HA as 1% PLGA/HA group, PLGA + 3% HA as 3% PLGA/HA group, PLGA+ 5% HA as 5% PLGA/HA group, and the simple cells were used as blank control group. The characteristics of PLGA/HA microcarriers were detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM), cell proliferation test, cell fluorescence staining experiment, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: The SEM results showed that the microcarrier particles were uniform, all of them were elliptical or circular, without abnormal shape spheres, with smooth surface, without sharp edges, adhesion between the spheres and aggregation, and there were no significant differences between the different concentrations of microcarriers. The cell proliferation test results showed that the order of adhesion cells was 5% PLGA/HA group > 3% PLGA/HA group > 1% PLGA/HA group > PLGA group > blank control group (P<0. 05); the number of cells was increased with the increasing of HA concentration; the microcarriers in 5% PLGA/HA group had the best cell affinity and the microcarriers had no cytotoxity. The cell fluorescence staining experiment showed that the MC3T3-E1 cells adhered well on the microcarriers. The FTIR analysis results showed that HA characteristic absorption peak was observed, indicating that the composite microcarrier contained PLGA and HA. Conclusion: The preparation process of PLGA/ HA microcarriers is successfully established by electrostatic spraying method. The method is simple and convenient to operate, and has excellent ball-making effect. It has broadly application prospects in bone tissue engineering.

Efficacy of Emergency Endoscopic Hemostasis Combined with Somatostatin in Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / 现代生物医学进展

Objective:To discuss the efficacy of emergency endoscopic hemostasis combined with somatostatin in treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Methods:100 patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were selected and divided into two groups randomly.The control group (48 cases) was given conventional hemostatic measures.The observation group (52 cases) was given emergency endoscopic hemostasis combined with somatostatin.The efficacy of emergency endoscopic hemostasis combined with somatostatin in treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was evaluated by efficacy,the curative success rate and the improvement situation of clinical symptoms.Results:The effective rate was 88.5 ％ in the observation group,and the effective rate was 70.8 ％ in the control group,and the effective rate of observation group was higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05).The success rate for different lesion size was higher in the observation group compared with control group (P＜0.05).According to the success rate,with the increased size of lesion,the hemostasis rate was decreased.The hospitalization,negative fecal occult and haematemesis disappeared time of observation group was shorter than that of the control group (P＜0.05).The postoperative bleeding rate of observation group was lower than that of the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions:The emergency endoscopic hemostasis combined with somatostatin has a good therapeutic effect on upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.It can improve the clinical symptoms and shorten the hospitalization time,but its effect is limited on large lesion of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Community Empowerment for Malaria Control and Prevention in Kampung Tong Nibong, Sarawak: An Intervention Study

Tong Nibong is a Bidayuh village located at Sarawak Kalimantan border. Since the year 2004 to 2009, a total of 537 cases of malaria were recorded in Serian District of which 14 cases were reported from Kampung Tong Nibong. Community empowerment programme for malaria infection prevention showed tremendous improvement in implementation. This intervention study aims to gauge the effectiveness of community empowerment approach in malaria elimination programme in Kampung Tong Nibong Serian. An intervention study was conducted with pre and post data collection. Data was collected using validated questionnaire by face to face interview. Universal sampling method was used to select respondents from head of household and post data was collected after intervention activities were carried out within a year of study period. The study showed significant difference on level of knowledge of respondents on vector of malaria between pre and post data with a P < 0.05. There was significant difference between pre and post data on practices on control and prevention of malaria with a P < 0.05. The same goes to level of positive attitude of respondents towards malaria control. In conclusion, the study can be considered successful because there is significant difference in knowledge, attitude and practice among the respondents between pre and post data. This indicates that community empowerment (voluntary participation) measures can be implemented in high risk or endemic areas where malaria is a persistent problem to the community and health institutions faces many limiting factors.​

Endobronchial ultrasound guided needle biopsy to observe preoperative ultrasonic atomizationanesthesia time effect / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the ultrasonic atomization anesthesia time guided needle aspiration biopsy for endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS-TBNA) effect of anesthesia in patients. Methods A total of 60 patients of EBUS-TBNA were divided into A group, B group and C group by random digits table method, each group of 20 cases. Three groups of patients were treated with topical anesthesia with 2%lidocaine aerosol inhalation, atomizing inhalation time:A group 20 min;B group 25 min;C group 30 min. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in accordance with operating procedures after anesthesia. The changes of vital signs were observed. The patients were investigated by questionnaire. Results A, B, C three groups of the highest blood pressure were (141.90±3.24), (132.30±3.06), (131.15±3.42) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), heart rate was (98.25 ± 3.39), (90.50 ± 3.85), (92.20 ± 5.12) beats/min, breath respectively was (20.45±1.43), (19.15±1.23), (19.00±1.38) beats/min, blood oxygen saturation was 0.9150± 0.0248, 0.9750±0.0128, 0.9735±0.0114, the B and C group was more stable than the A group (P0.05). A, B, C three groups of patients with bronchoscopy insert a successful number of cases were 55%(11/20), 90%(18/20), 90%(18/20), A group was lower than B, C two group (χ2=6.144, P0.05). There was significant difference in the effect of anesthesia among three groups (Z=2.105, P<0.05). Conclusions Using 2%lidocaine ultrasonic atomization inhalation anesthesia for patients with local anesthesia, the effect of anesthesia is 25 min and the patient′s tolerance is the best.

Pesticide drift from aircraft applications with conical nozzles and electrostatic system / Deriva de agrotóxicos aplicados via aérea com sistema eletrostático e bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas

ABSTRACT: Despite all advances obtained with the pesticide use worldwide and in Brazilian agriculture, there is still a lack of technologies for agricultural aircrafts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the drift produced by the use of conical nozzles and electrostatic system in aircraft application. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement and four replications. Treatments included two spraying equipment: electrostatic system with 5L ha-1 of spray volume and conical nozzle with 15 and 20L ha-1. In all treatments, azoxystrobin fungicide was used at a dose of 100g a.i. ha-1 and paraffinic mineral oil at a dose of 0.5% v.v. Volume median diameter (VMD) and droplet density were estimated using water sensitive paper. Evaluations of drift distance were performed with glass collectors distributed horizontally on the soil surface, 50m before the application band, at the application site and 12,5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300m after the application site, along the wind direction. Azoxystrobin concentration in glasses were quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. Results indicated that the drift distance can reach more than 300 meters away from the application site, with variable concentrations according to the equipment used. Electrostatic system reduced drift when compared to hydraulic conical nozzles.

RESUMO: Apesar dos avanços obtidos no uso de agrotóxicos na agricultura mundial e brasileira, ainda existe carência em tecnologias voltadas para aviação agrícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a deriva ocorrida com a utilização de bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas e sistema eletrostático em aplicação aérea. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dois equipamentos de pulverização: sistema eletrostático com volume de aplicação de 5L ha-1 e bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas, utilizando volumes de aplicação de 15 e 20L ha-1. Em todos os tratamentos, foi utilizado o fungicida azoxistrobina na dose de 100g i.a. ha-1 e óleo mineral parafínico na dose de 0,5% v.v. As avaliações de diâmetro mediano volumétrico e densidade de gotas foram realizadas através de papéis hidrossensíveis na faixa de aplicação. As avaliações de distância de deriva foram realizadas com coletores de vidro distribuídos horizontalmente sobre a superfície do solo, 50m antes da faixa, na faixa de aplicação e aos 12,5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 e 300m após a faixa de aplicação, no sentido da direção de vento. Azoxistrobina foi quantificada por UHPLC-MS/MS. Os resultados indicam que a distância de deriva pode alcançar mais de 300 metros do local de aplicação, com concentrações variáveis de acordo com o equipamento utilizado. O sistema eletrostático reduz a deriva, quando comparado aos bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas.

Evaporation time of droplets containing thiamethoxam and adjuvants on hydrophilic, hydrophobic and lipophilic surfaces under different air relative humidities / Tempo de evaporação de gotas contendo tiametoxam e adjuvantes depositadas em superfícies hidrofílica, hidrofóbica e lipofílica em diferentes umidades relativas do ar

The efficacy of pesticide applications is related to the spread and evaporation time of the droplets deposited on the target. This study evaluates the evaporation of spray droplets containing thiamethoxam and adjuvants on different surfaces and at different levels of relative air humidity. A climate controlled chamber was set up with a digital microscope to produce images of droplet evaporation. Three surfaces (hydrophilic, lipophilic and hydrophobic), five solutions (water, thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + mineral oil, thiamethoxam + vegetable oil, thiamethoxam + surfactant) and three air humidity levels (45%, 60% and 75%) were evaluated. The surface tension of these solutions was also measured. It was found that all of the insecticide solutions reduced surface tension, that air humidity, target surface and spray formulation influenced spray evaporation and that surfactants reduced the evaporation time of droplets on natural lipophilic surfaces.

A eficácia de uma aplicação de produto fitossanitário está relacionada ao espalhamento e ao tempo de evaporação das gotas depositadas sobre o alvo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a evaporação de gotas depositadas em distintas superfícies, a partir de caldas contendo tiametoxam e adjuvantes, em diferentes umidades relativas do ar. Foi montada uma estrutura a partir de uma câmara climática de condições controladas e um microscópio digital para análise de imagens da evaporação de gotas. Foram avaliadas, em três superfícies (hidrofílica, hidrofóbica e lipofílica), cinco soluções (água, tiametoxam, tiametoxam + óleo mineral, tiametoxam + óleo vegetal, tiametoxam + espalhante) e três umidades relativas do ar (45%, 60% e 75%). Também foi realizada análise da tensão superficial destas soluções. Com base nos resultados obtidos, todas as soluções inseticidas reduziram a tensão superficial da calda; a umidade relativa do ar, a estrutura da superfície alvo e a formulação da calda do produto fitossanitário influenciaram a evaporação de gotas em superfície; e o uso de surfactantes reduziu o tempo de evaporação de gotas depositadas em superfície natural lipofílica.

Development and application of Jingcen DY-1 spraying tanker for Oncome-lania hupensis snail control / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To develop a Jingcen DY?1 type spraying tanker for Oncomelania hupensis snail control and evaluate its effect of field application as well as the cost. Methods The currently available tractor was used as a vector,and the mechan?ical and electrical equipments and containers were integrated with shafts,pipelines and electric lines to produce a spraying tank?er for snail control,with the functions of carrying people and molluscicides,generating electric power and getting water,mixing stocking solutions,adjusting molluscicide solutions evenly,and spraying drugs. The volume of the molluscicide solution,flow rate of water injection,and the flow rate,range and advance speed of the spray gun were tested,and the solution concentrations of molluscicide in the tanker and at the muzzle of the spray gun at different time were detected. Meanwhile,the molluscicidal ef?fect and cost of the spraying tanker were analyzed by the field test. Results The volume of the liquid storage pot of the Jingcen DY?1 type spraying tanker was 1 800 L,the flow rate of water injection was 400 L/min,the flow rate and the spray range of the standard spray gun were 110-200 L/min and 19.70-23.50 m,respectively,the efficiency of drug spraying of the spraying tanker was 6 000 m2/h,and the ratio of spray width(m)to march speed(m/min)was 1∶200. When 5 min post mother liquid recirculat?ing ,the average concentration of the molluscicide at the upper? ,middle? and lower?layers of the liquid storage pot was (1 030.39 ± 43.00)mg/L,with a variation coefficient of 4.17%. The average concentration of the molluscicide in the spraying process(spraying for 2,4,6,8,9 min)was(953.00 ± 68.87)mg/L,with a variation coefficient of 7.22%. The concentration of the residual drug in the liquid storage pot post spraying was 1 000.43 mg/L,which reached the effect concentration for snail con?trol. After spraying for 7 days in the field,the average density of living snails reduced by 88.20% as compared to that before spraying,and the adjusted mortality of snails was 87.65%. The unit cost of Jingcen DY?1 spraying tanker was 0.086 7 Yuan/m2, which reduced by 58.20% as compared to that of the conventional spraying tanker. Conclusions Jingcen DY?1 type spraying tanker for snail control which integrates various equipments together can effectively control the concentration and dose of the mol?luscicide,and the machine is labor?saving,efficient,economic and well adapted,and is worthy to be widely applied.

A pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos no Brasil: cenário atual e desafios / Aerial spraying of pesticides in Brazil: current scenario and challenges

Este artigo objetiva discutir os riscos decorrentes da pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos, fazendo uma análise, ainda, de considerações sobre a nomenclatura desse tipo de produto e de sua contribuição para a configuração e o agravamento de uma sociedade de risco. Apresenta a legislação brasileira pertinente, propondo, em decorrência do princípio da prevenção, a necessidade urgente de proibir a modalidade de aplicação de agrotóxicos por meio de pulverização aérea.

This article aims at discussing the risks of aerial spraying of pesticides, analyzing the concerns about the designation of these products, and their contribution to establishment and aggravating a society at risk. This article presents relevant Brazilian legislation, and proposes, as a result of the precautionary principle, the urgent need to ban pesticide application via aerial spraying.

Quality Control of Dragon's Blood Spraying Film Agent / 医药导报

Objective To study the quality control methods for dragon's blood spraying film agent. Methods The pH value and viscosity of dragon's blood spraying film agent were detected. Drug dispersed homogeneous degree and particle sizes were determined with Nano Particle Size Analyzer and microscope. Content of Loureirin B was measured by Ultra Performance Liquid-Chromtography (UPLC). UPLC was performed on Waters C18 column (2. 1 mm×100 mm,1. 7 μm), the wavelength was 280 nm, the column temperature was 40 ℃ , and the mobile phase was 0. 1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile, and the flow rate was 0. 8 mL·min-1 . Results The pH value and viscosity of dragon's blood spraying film agent were stable, drug dispersion was homogeneous, and particle size of the drug was tiny. The concentration of Loureirin B had a good linear relationship in the range of 15. 51-77. 54 μg. Conclusion This method can be accurately controlled, has good stability and repeatability, and can fully control quality of dragon's blood spraying film agent.

High resurgence of dengue vector populations after space spraying in an endemic urban area of Thailand:A cluster randomized controlled trial

Objective:To examine the resurgence rate, house density index (HDI) and parous rate of the Aedes aegypti vector after space spraying carried out by the routine spraying team, and compare with the rates after standard indoor ultra low volume (SID-ULV) spraying carried out by the trained research spraying team. Methods:Between March and September 2014, a cluster randomized controlled trial including 12 clusters (6 regular ULV, 6 SID-ULV) with totally 4 341 households was conducted, and around 20–31 houses in each cluster were selected for assessment. The parous rate and HDI of collected mosquitoes 2 days before and 1, 2 and 6 days after spraying were obtained and compared. Results:The HDI dropped significantly from the baseline 1 and 2 days after spraying to a non-zero value in the SID-ULV treated locations but not in the regular ULV group locations. However, by 6 days after spraying, the HDI of both groups had returned to the base value measured 2 days before spraying. There were no statistically significant differences in the parous rate between groups. Conclusions: SID-ULV is more effective in reducing Aedes aegypti populations. However, rapid resurgence of dengue vector after spraying in urban areas was observed in both groups.

High resurgence of dengue vector populations after space spraying in an endemic urban area of Thailand: A cluster randomized controlled trial

Objective: To examine the resurgence rate, house density index (HDI) and parous rate of the Aedes aegypti vector after space spraying carried out by the routine spraying team, and compare with the rates after standard indoor ultra low volume (SID-ULV) spraying carried out by the trained research spraying team. Methods: Between March and September 2014, a cluster randomized controlled trial including 12 clusters (6 regular ULV, 6 SID-ULV) with totally 4. 341 households was conducted, and around 20-31 houses in each cluster were selected for assessment. The parous rate and HDI of collected mosquitoes 2 days before and 1, 2 and 6 days after spraying were obtained and compared. Results: The HDI dropped significantly from the baseline 1 and 2 days after spraying to a non-zero value in the SID-ULV treated locations but not in the regular ULV group locations. However, by 6 days after spraying, the HDI of both groups had returned to the base value measured 2 days before spraying. There were no statistically significant differences in the parous rate between groups. Conclusions: SID-ULV is more effective in reducing Aedes aegypti populations. However, rapid resurgence of dengue vector after spraying in urban areas was observed in both groups.

Estimativa da área e capacidade de retenção foliar de calda em citros / Citrus leaves area determination and its spray retention capacity

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a capacidade de retenção de calda pelas folhas de citros e comparar métodos alternativos de estimativa de área foliar com o método padrão do integrador eletrônico de imagem. Os métodos alternativos foram o do espelhamento em papel e da digitalização e análise da imagem. A capacidade de retenção da calda foi avaliada com caldas acaricidas com o produto cyhexatin (Sipcatin 500 SC), acrescido dos tratamentos: combinação de dois adjuvantes (óleo mineral - Assist e óleo vegetal - Veget'Oil) e duas concentrações (10 e 15 mL de adjuvante L-1 de calda). Os métodos de estimativa da área foliar avaliados não diferem entre si. A retenção máxima de líquidos pela folha ocorreu quando utilizou-se óleo vegetal na calda aplicada.

This work was done to determine the maximum amount of liquid that the citrus leaves can hold back and compare alternative methods for estimating leaf area with the standard method of integrating electronic image. The alternative methods were leaf mirroring on paper and leaf digitalization and imagine analyzes. The spray retention capacity was evaluated with mitecide sprayed with cyhexatin (Sipcatin 500 CS) plus the treatments: combination of two adjuvants (mineral oil - Assist and vegetable oil - Veget'Oil) and two concentrations (10 and 15 mL of adjuvant L-1). The methods for estimating leaf area assessed do not differ between them. The maximum retention of liquids for the leaf occurred when vegetable oil in the application was used.

User friendliness, efficiency & spray quality of stirrup pumps versus hand compression pumps for indoor residual spraying.

Background & objectives: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is a proven tool to reduce visceral leishmaniasis vectors in endemic villages. In India IRS is being done with stirrup pumps, whereas Nepal, Bangladesh, and other countries use compression pumps. The present study was conducted with the objectives to compare the efficiency, cost and user friendliness of stirrup and compression pumps. Methods: The study was carried out in Gorigawan village of the Vaishali district in north Bihar and included a total population of 3259 inhabitants in 605 households. Spraying with 50 per cent DDT was done by two teams with 6 persons per team under the supervision of investigators over 5 days with each type of pump (10 days in total using 2 stirrup pumps and 3 compression pumps) by the same sprayers in an alternate way. The spraying technique was observed using an observation check list, the number of houses and room surfaces sprayed was recorded and an interview with sprayers on their satisfaction with the two types of pumps was conducted. Results: On average, 65 houses were covered per day with the compression pump and 56 houses were covered with the stirrup pump. The surface area sprayed per squad per day was higher for the compression pump (4636 m2) than for the stirrup pump (4102 m2). Observation showed that it was easy to maintain the spray swath with the compression pump but very difficult with the stirrup pump. The wastage of insecticide suspension was negligible for the compression pump but high for the stirrup pump. Interpretation & conclusions: The compression pump was found to be more user friendly due to its lower weight, easier to operate, lower operation cost, higher safety and better efficiency in terms of discharge rate and higher area coverage than the stirrup pump.

The Diagnostic Value of Color Doppler Echocardiography in Small Coronary-to-pulmonary Fistula (SCPF) in Children / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To discuss the diagnostic value of color Doppler echocardiography in small coronary-to-pulmonary fistula (SCPF) in children. Methods The clinical data of children who were diagnosed CPF by color Doppler echocardiography during 2011-2012 in my hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results Seventeen cases with CAF including one diagnosed by forensic report and 8 cases diagnosed by AGA. Conclusion The results indicated that SCPF detection rate could be improved largely by observing spraying-up sign experienced in pulmonary artery diastolic combined with rich flow signal of coronary in color Doppler. In addition, it is valuable to diagnose children's SCPF by color Doppler echocardiography.

Adsorption studies on plastic packaging materials of Shuangbai Film Spraying Agent / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the components adsorbability of Shuangbai Film Spraying Agent (SFSA) packaged by three types of plastic medicinal materials, and to optimize the packaging material for SFSA. Methods: SFSA was dispensed in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic spraying bottles and the factors influencing test and conventional sample test were carried out. The characteristics of sample solution and spraying bottles and the internal color of spraying bottles were inspected, the optimal packaging material was screened for compatibility long-term test, the wall color changes of spraying bottles were observed, and the contents of drug concentration and the bottle wall adsorption were determined by HPLC. Results: The degree of change in color after six months of the three types of drug packaging material was HDPE > PP > PET; The hardness and impact strength of PP bottle decreased. PET bottles only adsorbed small quantities of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, and none of the other ingredients. The chrysophanol and emodin were unstable in the aqueous solution, and the contents of other indicator components of SFSA in the PET bottle were stable. Conclusion: PET is suitable to be the packaging materials of SFSA.