Systematic screening and analysis of bZIP transcription factors in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and their response to ABA stress / 药学学报

Licorice, one of the most commonly used medicinal materials in China, grows mainly in arid and semi-arid regions and has important economic and ecological values. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors in plants play an important role in regulating biological or abiotic stress responses, growth, and secondary metabolite synthesis. bZIP transcription factors in the published whole genome database of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were identified using bZIP sequences found in Arabidopsis thaliana genome as reference, and ABA-dependent bZIP genes were identified by using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The physical and chemical properties, structure of the encoded proteins, and the gene expression patterns with exogenous ABA stress were analyzed. A total of 69 bZIP transcription factor genes were identified in G. uralensis, named Gubzip1-69, and they were divided into 10 subfamilies (A-I and S) according to their similarity to bZIPs of A. thaliana. By calculating the relative expression levels of the 69 GubZIPs genes under different concentrations of exogenous ABA stress, genes that may be involved in the regulation of ABA signaling pathways were identified, namely GubZIP1, GubZIP5, GubZIP8, GubZIP30, GubZIP33 and GubZIP56. The results of expression pattern analysis of these GubZIPs genes under exogenous ABA stress showed that the expression pattern of GubZIPs genes changed significantly with 50 mg·L-1 ABA. The relative expression levels of these genes decreased 3 h after treatment, and gradually increased 6 h after treatment. Except for GubZIP8, the relative expression levels of these genes were significantly increased after 12 h. Further research on the function of bZIP transcription factors of G. uralensis and elucidating their regulatory mechanisms should be of interest and will provide a scientific basis for cultivating high-quality cultivars of G. uralensis through molecular breeding methods.

Characterization of a UDP-glucose 4-epimerase from Acinetobacter Baumannii / 中国药科大学学报

@#The purpose of this article is to express the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase from Acinetobacter baumannii AB0057, characterize its enzymatic properties and analyze its structure and function.The epimerase gene was constructed into pET-28a expression vector and heterologously expressed in BL21(DE3).Enzyme activity was assayed using high performance liquid chromatography.The structure and key residues were analyzed by phylogenetic analysis, sequence alignment, homology modeling and molecular docking.Results indicated that the recombinant enzyme Gne1 was expressed at a molecular weight of 38.9 kD, with an optimum temperature of 44 °C and an optimum pH of 6.0 .Michaelis-Menten parameters KM and kcat were (1.227 ± 0.082 4) mmol/L and (82.64 ± 3.562) × 10-3?min-1, respectively.This enzyme belongs to NADB_Rossmann superfamily and UDP_G4E_1_SDR_e subgroup with typical GXGXXG and YXXXK sequence motifs.The N-terminal structural domain bound to NAD, while the C-terminal structural domain bound to substrate, and the catalytic key sites were S125 and Y150.The current work verified the epimerase activity of Gne1, explained its sequence and structural features, revealed its binding mode with substrates and cofactors, and analyzed the key residues, which provides a basis for protein engineering to improve the epimerase activity and then use biological enzymatic method to synthesize rare functional sugars.

Rethinking medicalization: discursive positions of children and their caregivers on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in Chile / Repensando la medicalización: posiciones discursivas de niños y de sus cuidadores sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH en Chile

Abstract The debates around the diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have traditionally been approached from the perspective of the "medicalization processes" of children's behaviour. However, this perspective tends to overlook the meanings of diagnosis and treatment of ADHD for children and their caregivers. The purpose of this article is to describe the discursive positions of children and their caregivers on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven Chilean children and their caregivers. The material was analysed following the procedures of the discourse structure analysis. A discursive structure was identified that configures four emerging realities: the myth of origin of the child's behaviour and learning problems; the ambivalences in/of medicalization; the process of identity (dis)stabilization under diagnosis and treatment; and the subversion of medicalization. It is observed that the subjective experience of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD is not homogeneous, since different discursive positions, family and institutional understandings that enter into conflict cross it. The experiences of ADHD are shaped by discursive structures that condition the meanings of this experience. The medicalization process is not univocal, but can take different forms and have consequences on children's experiences and social trajectories.

Resumen Los debates en torno al diagnóstico y tratamiento farmacológico del Trastorno de Déficit Atencional e Hiperactividad (TDAH) han sido tradicionalmente abordados desde la perspectiva de los "procesos de medicalización" del comportamiento infantil. Sin embargo, esta perspectiva tiende a pasar por alto los sentidos y significaciones del diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH para los niños y sus cuidadores. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las posiciones discursivas de niños y de sus cuidadores sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento farmacológico del TDAH. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a siete niños chilenos y a sus cuidadores. El material fue analizado siguiendo los procedimientos del análisis estructural del discurso. Se identificó una estructura discursiva que configura cuatro realidades emergentes: el mito de origen de los problemas de comportamiento y de aprendizaje del niño; las ambivalencias en/de la medicalización; el proceso de (des)estabilización identitaria bajo el diagnóstico y tratamiento; y la subversión de la medicalización. Se observa que la experiencia subjetiva del diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH no es homogénea, dado que se encuentra atravesada por distintas posiciones discursivas, comprensiones familiares e institucionales que entran en conflicto. Las experiencias del diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH se encuentran modeladas por estructuras discursivas que condicionan las posibilidades de dar sentido a dicha experiencia. El proceso de medicalización no es unívoco, sino que puede asumir formas diferentes y tener consecuencias diversas sobre las experiencias y trayectorias sociales de niños y niñas.

Heterologous expression and mutagenesis of recombinant Vespa affinis hyaluronidase protein (rVesA2)

Background:Crude venom of the banded tiger waspVespa affinis contains a variety of enzymes including hyaluronidases, commonly known as spreading factors.Methods:The cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and structural modelling of V. affinis venom hyaluronidase (VesA2) were herein described. Moreover, heterologous expression and mutagenesis of rVesA2 were performed.Results:V. affinis venom hyaluronidase full sequence is composed of 331 amino acids, with four predicted N-glycosylation sites. It was classified into the glycoside hydrolase family 56. The homology modelling exhibited a central core (α/β)7 composed of Asp107 and Glu109, acting as the catalytic residues. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli with hyaluronidase activity. A recombinant mutant type with the double point mutation, Asp107Asn and Glu109Gln, completely lost this activity. The hyaluronidase from crude venom exhibited activity from pH 2 to 7. The recombinant wild type showed its maximal activity at pH 2 but decreased rapidly to nearly zero at pH 3 and was completely lost at pH 4.Conclusion:The recombinant wild-type protein showed its maximal activity at pH 2, more acidic pH than that found in the crude venom. The glycosylation was predicted to be responsible for the pH optimum and thermal stability of the enzymes activity.

Research Methods for Structural Analysis of Lactic Acid Bacteria Induced Exopolysaccharides / 分析化学

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), have been used primarily to improve the quality and taste of food, also possess a variety of unique biological functions, such as immunoregulation and anti-tumor activities. The diversity of molecular structural characteristics of LAB-generated EPSs represents one of the main factors responsible for this plethora of functions. Accordingly, the structural analysis of the EPSs produced by LAB is both a prerequisite and basis for examining its functional and structure-activity relationships. In this article, we summarized the current progress of key methodologies involved in the structural analysis of LAB-generated EPSs, including their isolation, purification, primary structure and advances in structural research. A comprehensive discussion regarding the application of chemical analysis, instrument analysis and computer aided technology in the structure analysis of LAB-generated EPSs was provided. Further, the future development of the research on the structure of LAB-generated EPSs was presented.

The study of Tibetan ancestry informative SNPs on high-altitude adaptive genes / 中国法医学杂志

Objective Selecting Tibetan ancestry informative SNPs base on high-altitude adaptation genes of Tibetan. Methods We developed a multiplex assay constituted of 87 SNPs located on EPAS1 and EGLN1 genes based on Agena Mas-sARRAY? genotyping system. 183 samples from Tibet plateau were genotyped. The genotypes of 2504 samples from 26 populations were downloaded from the 1000 genomes. Genetic frequency and population structure were analyzed and compared between Tibetan population and worldwide populations. Results SNPs that have distinctive distribution between Tibetan and other populations could be used as Tibetan AISNPs (Ancestry informative SNPs). We selected 23 SNPs has a separated principal genetic component in STRUCTURE result. Conclusion These 23 AISNPs we selected could be combined into ancestry informative SNP panels to improve the resolution of ancestry inference in East Asian, and provide clues for cases of biological material ancestry inference.

Study on Isolation and Structure Characteristics of Immunoactive Polysaccharide RTPS-Ⅰfrom Trichosan-this Radix / 中国药师

Objective:To separate and purify the immunoactive polysaccharide RTPS- I from Trichosanthis Radix and study the physicochemical properties and preliminary structure. Methods:The crude polysaccharides were extracted by water, and then precipita-ted by ethanol. After the deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid, the polysaccharide RTPS-I was separated and purified by using DE-AE-Cellulose, DEAE-Sepharose FF and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The analysis of properties and structure was per-formed by using GC, HPGPC, IR and NMR. Results:RTPS-I was a white flocculent solid after vacuum freeze-drying, and soluble in water. It contained three elements (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) with the specific rotation [α]25D (H2O) of +164. 44 and the relative molecular mass of 17555. The glycosyl in RTPS- I was composed of glucose without uronic acid. The sugar ring was pyranoid ring, and each monosaccharide was linked by α-glycosidic bond. Conclusion: A homogeneous immunoactive polysaccharide RTPS- I from Trichosanthis Radix is isolated for the first time.

Isolation, purification, structural elucidation, and antitumor activity in vitro of lentinan LNT2 / 中草药

Objective: To purify the lentinan from sporophore of Lentinus edodes and to study the structure and antitumor activity in vitro of lentinan. Methods: A refined lentinan, named LNT2, was isolated from the sporophore of L. edodes by alkali extraction and alcohol precipitation, and further purified by hydrogen peroxide decoloration and ultrafiltration. The molecular weight and sugar content of LNT2 were measured by HPLC and phenol-sulfuric acid method, respectively. UV was used to detect the protein and nucleic acid in LNT2, and specific rotation was detected. The chemical structure of LNT2 was determined by acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, Fourier infrared spectrum, and NMR experiments. The chain conformation of LNT2 was evaluated by Congo-red test. The inhibitory effect of LNT2 on H22 tumor cells growth was evaluated using MTT assay. Results: The molecular weight, sugar content, and [α]D20 value of LNT2 were estimated to be 185 200, 94.99%, and +8.03°, respectively. UV spectrum showed that there were no peaks at 280 and 260 nm. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses illustrated that LNT2 had a backbone chain of β-(1→3)-linked glucopyranosyl residues and had branches of single glucosyl stubs at C-6 of terminal glucose sugar residues. Congo-red test revealed that LNT2 exhibited a triple helix comformation in low concentration of NaOH solution. Results of the antitumor activity in vitro demonstrated that LNT2 could exhibit the strong effect against the growth of H22 tumor cells and showed a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: LNT2 is composed of β-(1→3)-linked glucan and has a triple helix comformation. Moreover, LNT2 could present the certain antitumor activities in vitro. Our study lays a solid foundation for the development and utilization of LNT2.

Multilocus sequence typing and its application on population genetic struc-ture analysis of parasites / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Multilocus sequence typing MLST with high solution sensitivity and specificity is widely used to study the population genetic structure of pathogen by amplification and sequencing of the housekeeping genes. MLST also provides more evidence and plays an important role in parasite research. This paper reviews the principle and method of MLST and its applica-tion on population genetic structure analysis of parasites.

A Study about “YARIGAI” : What Makes Work Worth Doing for the Community Pharmacists Who Participated in a Workshop of the COMPASS Project / 社会薬学

Objective : By extracting and modeling the component factors that community pharmacists have for “YARIGAI”—a Japanese colloquial expression commonly defined as “something worthwhile doing”—and by re-defining “YARIGAI,” we sought to help improve the quality of work lives of community pharmacists. Methods : All of 139 employee pharmacists participated in a workshop of the COMPASS Project (May 2011) were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. Responses were collected on the scene. The seventeen, 6-point-scale questions focused on the “patient-pharmacist relationship,” which may be related to “YARIGAI.” Then “YARIGAI” factors were extracted using factor analysis, and modeled using covariance structure analysis. IBM SPSS (ver. 20) and Amos 5.0J were used for the analyses. Results : To the item “I feel ‘YARIGAI’ with pharmacy work,” 12.2% of the 139 respondents said, “Strongly agree”, followed by “Agree” (41.0%) and “Somewhat agree” (33.8%). A factor analysis extracted three factors related to “YARIGAI” (knowledge, patient counseling management, and sense of personal growth). After modeling (AGFI : 0.903, RMSEA : 0.048) with these factors as latent variables and items in them as observable variables, a positive correlation was indicated for all the following factor pairs : “knowledge” and “patient counseling management”, “knowledge” and “sense of personal growth”, and “sense of personal growth” and “patient counseling management” (standardized points of estimate : 0.71, 0.55, and 0.42, respectively). Standardized coefficients for all latent and observable variables were 0.7 or higher, showing a good fit. Conclusion : “YARIGAI” of pharmacists employed by community pharmacies can consist of “knowledge,” “patient counseling management,” and “sense of personal growth”. Our results suggest that the improvement of communication skills and knowledge can lead to improvement of “YARIGAI” of pharmacists working for community pharmacies.

Structure characterization of extracellular polysaccharide of Phellinus pini / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the structure of extracellular polysaccharide of Phellinus pini. METHODS: The purity and molecular weight of polysaccharide were determined by HPLC, GC, IR, complete acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis and 13C-NMR were applied to determine the structural features. RESULTS: Extracellular polysaccharide of Phellinus pirn (PPE) had uniform component, and the content of polysaccharide was 92.84%. The molecular weight was 3.9 × 104. PPE was composed of Man, Glc and Gal with the molar ratio of 38.4:1.76:1. The backbone of PPE was composed of α-(1→2)-Man. The branches were located at O-6 of α-(1→2)-Man. The branched chain was consisted of α-(1→3)-Man and α-(1→6)-Man. The terminal sugar was Man. CONCLUSION: This is the first in-depth study on the characterization of extracelular polysaccharide of Phelinus pini.

Structure and level of the stress of nursing students in clinic practice / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To describe the structure and the level of the stress of nursing students in clinic practice,and supply reference for reform of clinical teaching method.Methods Totally 100 undergraduate nursing students in clinic practice,who would graduate from nursing school and begin to work in 2013,were interviewed and investigated.Results The main stress sources were divided into five aspects:recognition,clinical nursing ability,career development,field response and exhaustion of body and mind.Conclusions The structure and level of the stress of nursing students changed a lot.Some new appropriate reform should be introduced into clinic education,in order to help nursing students to complete psychological change and role adaptation.

Analysis of the Globular Nature of Proteins

Numerous restraints and simplifications have been developed for methods that anticipate protein structure to reduce the colossal magnitude of possible conformational states. In this study, we investigated if globularity is a general characteristic of proteins and whether they can be applied as a valid constraint in protein structure simulations with approximated measurements (Gb-index). Unexpectedly, most of the proteins showed strong structural globularity (i.e., mode of approximately 76% similarity to the perfect globe) with only a few percent of proteins being outliers. Small proteins tended to be significantly non-globular (R2=0.79) and the minimum Gb-index showed a logarithmic increase with the increase in protein size (R2=0.62), strongly implying that the non-globular characteristics might be more acceptable for smaller proteins than larger ones. The strong perfect globe-like character and the relationship between small size and the loss of globular structure of a protein may imply that living organisms have mechanisms to aid folding into the globular structure to reduce irreversible aggregation. This also implies the possible mechanisms of diseases caused by protein aggregation, including some forms of trinucleotide repeat expansion-mediated diseases.

NMR elucidation and crystal structure analysis of 1-hydroxy-3, 6-dimethoxy-8-methyl-9h-xanthen-9-one (lichexanthone) isolated from Vismia baccifera (Guttiferae) / Elucidación por RMN y análisis de la estructura cristalina de 1-hidroxi-3,6-dimetox1-8-methil-9h-xanten-9-ona (lichexanthone)

In the present investigation the structural analysis of 1-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-8-methyl-9h-xanthen-9-one (lichexanthone) isolated from Vismia baccifera var. dealbata collected in Mérida-Venezuela, was established by NMR (1H and 13C), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Lichexanthone crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c (No 14) with unit cell parameters a = 11.6405(5) Å; b = 7.5444(3) Å; c = 15.2341(6) Å; = 102.280(1)°; V = 1307.26(9) Å3; Z = 4. The structure refinement converged to R = 0.0397, wR2 = 0.1076, S = 1.04. Lichexanthone had been isolated before from Parmotrema sp and Ruprechtia tangarana (Polygonaceae). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this compound obtained from V. baccifera var. dealbata (Guttiferae).

En la presente investigación el análisis estructural de 1-hidroxi-3,6-dimetoxi-8-metil-9h-xanten-9-ona (lichexanthone) aislada de Vismia baccifera var. dealbata colectada en Mérida-Venezuela, fue determinado por RMN (1H y 13C), espectrometría de masas y difracción de rayos X. La lichexanthona cristaliza en un sistema monoclínico con un grupo espacial P21/c (No 14) y parámetros de celda de a = 11.6405 (5) Å; b = 7.5444 (3) Å; c = 15.2341 (6) Å; = 102.280(1)°; V = 1307.26(9) Å3; Z = 4. El refinamiento de la estructura convergió a los valores de R = 0.0397, wR2 = 0.1076, S = 1.04. La lichexanthona ha sido aislada de Parmotrema sp y Ruprechtia tangarana (Polygonaceae). Sin embargo, para nuestro conocimiento, esta es la primera vez que se reporta el aislamiento de este compuesto en la especie V. baccifera var. dealbata (Guttiferae).

A estrutura da representação social da morte na interface com as religiosidades em equipes multiprofissionais de saúde / The structure of social representation of death in the interface with the religiosities of healthcare professionals groups

O estudo objetivou acessar a estrutura da representação social da morte em equipes multiprofissionais de saúde na interface com a religiosidade, no que esta interfere nas significações atribuídas à morte por esta população em específico. Utilizou-se um instrumento com questões abertas e fechadas sobre a morte e o morrer, bem como sobre a vivência religiosa singular dos participantes. Protocolos escritos foram capturados em uma amostra de 80 profissionais (49 médicos, 13 psicólogas, 18 enfermeiras) pertencentes a 10 equipes multiprofissionais de saúde. Estes foram analisados através de Análise de Conteúdo e de Análise de Estrutura de Similaridade (SSA) e interpretados pela Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os dados revelaram uma interferência expressiva das crenças religiosas na estruturação da representação da Morte.

The study aims to investigate the structure of social representation of death in a Healthcare professional group establishing an interface with religiosity and how the latter interferes in the meaning attributed to death by this specific population. Open and closed questions on death or the act of dying, and on the singular religious experience of the participants were applied. Written protocols were collected from a sample of 80 professionals (49 physicians, 13 psychologists, and 18 nurses), which were analyzed according to content analysis and non-metric multidimensional analysis, SSA (Similarity Structure Analysis), and interpreted according to the theory of Social Representations, revealing a significant interference of religious believes in the structure of death representation.

The Star STING server: a multiplatform environment for protein structure analysis

Star STING is the latest version of the STING suite of programs and corresponding database. We report on five important aspects of this package that have acquired some new characteristics, designed to add key advantages to the whole suite: 1) availability for most popular platforms and browsers, 2) introduction of the STING_DB quality assessment, 3) improvement in algorithms for calculation of three STING parameters, 4) introduction of five new STING modules, and 5) expansion of the existing modules. Star STING is freely accessible at: http://sms.cbi.cnptia.embrapa.br/SMS/, http://trantor.bioc.columbia.edu/SMS, http://www.es.embnet.org/SMS/, http://gibk26.bse.kyutech.ac.jp/SMS/ and http://www.ar.embnet.org/SMS.

Structure Analysis of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the structure of tamsulosin hydrochloride by spectral data.METHODS:The spectra of 1H NMR,DEPT,13C NMR,1H-1HCOSY,HMQC、HMBC,MS,FT-IR and UV of tamsulosin hydrochloride were determined and interpreted.RESULTS:All the 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts were assigned rationally.The peaks of functional group vibrations(FT-IR),the main fragment peaks(MS)and UV characteristic absorption were all explained reasonably.CONCLUSION:The above analytical data of all kinds of spectra coincided with the structure of tamsulosin hydrochloride.

Analysis on the Structure of Research Paper on Pharmacoeconomics / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the writing of research paper on pharmacoeconomics.METHODS:Problems concerning the structure of pharmacoeconomics research paper in our country were analyzed and some points which need attention on the writing of this kind of paper were discussed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:A valid pharmacoeconomics research paper should state clearly its research area,explain in detail the theoretical methodological bases,analyze fully the possible costs and results and clearly state the bases for his option,apply an appropriate statistical analysis,meanwhile pay attention to sensitivity analysis.

Separation,purification and preliminary structure analysis of Ramulus Mori polysaccharide / 中成药

AIM: To study the isolation,purification and characterization of Ramulus Mori polysaccharide. METHODS: Ramulus Mori was extracted by boiling water. The raw extract was precipitated fractionally by alcohol deproteinized,passing through DEAE ion exchange cellulose ( DEAE-52) and SephadexG-100,obtained RMPS1 and RMPS2. The composition and characterization of Ramulus Mori polysaccharide were researched by TLC、IR、 GC、HPLC and smith degradation. RESULTS: The molecular weight of RMPS1 and RMPS2 were 5. 8 ? 105 and 6. 5 ? 105; RMPS1was made up of rhammose、arabinose、glucose and galactose with the molarity rate of 1. 08 ∶ 1 ∶ 1. 40 ∶ 1. 57; RMPS2 of rhammose、glucose and galactose with the molarity rate of 11. 38 ∶ 1 ∶ 1. 35. Smith degradation showed that the main linkage form in RMPS1 and RMPS2 was 1→2 and 1→4 glycosidic linkages,But some 1→3 glycosidic linkages also existed in the molecules; infrared spectrum showed that both had the polysaccharide characteristic absorption peaks. CONCLUSION: The structures of RMPS1 and RMPS2 are first determined from Ramulus Mori.