Automated Classification of Inherited Retinal Diseases in Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Few-shot Learning / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To develop a few-shot learning (FSL) approach for classifying optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in patients with inherited retinal disorders (IRDs).@*METHODS@#In this study, an FSL model based on a student-teacher learning framework was designed to classify images. 2,317 images from 189 participants were included. Of these, 1,126 images revealed IRDs, 533 were normal samples, and 658 were control samples.@*RESULTS@#The FSL model achieved a total accuracy of 0.974-0.983, total sensitivity of 0.934-0.957, total specificity of 0.984-0.990, and total F1 score of 0.935-0.957, which were superior to the total accuracy of the baseline model of 0.943-0.954, total sensitivity of 0.866-0.886, total specificity of 0.962-0.971, and total F1 score of 0.859-0.885. The performance of most subclassifications also exhibited advantages. Moreover, the FSL model had a higher area under curves (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in most subclassifications.@*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrates the effective use of the FSL model for the classification of OCT images from patients with IRDs, normal, and control participants with a smaller volume of data. The general principle and similar network architectures can also be applied to other retinal diseases with a low prevalence.

Understanding the Negative Public Perception on Vaccination in West Coast and East Coast Peninsular Malaysia

@#Introduction: Vaccination is a biological process that improves immunity level of an individual towards certain diseases. Vaccination is generally given to all newborn and kids. Most countries oblige their citizens to be vaccinated as early as new-born age. The aim of this research is to study the perception on vaccination intake and the associated factors that lead to its refusal among parents in east coast and west coast peninsular Malaysia. Methods: Primary data were collected using self-administered questionnaire and were distributed to assess the study objectives. Total 240 questionnaires were distributed equally in west coast and east coast study area. Questionnaire consists of demographic data, perception aspects and factors that may lead to the negative perceptions. Results: There is significant association between perception and religion, education level and side effect factor in east coast with majority of the respondents are Muslims (40.83%) while there is no significant association between education level and side effect factor (p>0.1) in west coast with majority of respondents are Muslims (51.67%) too. This study found that perception regarding vaccination is influenced by the religion restrictions in east coast of peninsular Malaysia and not in west coast region. The other factors associated with vaccination refusal varies according to education level, and regional basis. Conclusion: Most of the respondents who have negative perception regarding vaccination are from East Coast region as they are more prone into Islamic teachings. All the possible factors of vaccination refusal are accepted by the respondents but varies in its prevalence as the leading factor determined that caused the vaccination refusal are religion restriction and the least percentage for the factor is time restriction.

Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Knowledge among Undergraduate Teacher Student in Malaysian University

@#Introduction: There is global support for the teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in schools, and teachers are expected to play a leading role in a medical emergency. For effective resuscitation, retention of CPR knowledge after training is paramount. This study aimed at assessing the retention of CPR knowledge among student teachers at pre-, post-immediate, 8th-, and 14th-week post-training. Method: A quasi-experimental study using non-probability convenience sampling was conducted to select 41 respondents from the Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education (UiTM). A validated American Heart Association's 2015 Basic Life Support (BLS) multiple-choice questions (MCQ) were utilised to measure the retention of knowledge among the participants. Results: This study demonstrated a significant lack of CPR knowledge during pre-test with the mean scores of M=8.02 despite half of the participants had prior knowledge in CPR. Nevertheless, the paired t-test revealed a significant improvement in the post-scores following the intervention at M=16.20, t(40) = -18.56, p < 0.001, and d=3.91. The one-way RM-ANOVA results showed a decline in the retention rate at the 8th week (M=13.06; p < 0.001) and an improvement at the 14th weeks (M= 5.74; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The knowledge of CPR among the student teachers following the intervention program was appropriate, but the deterioration of retention suggested that all student teachers should undergo comprehensive routine CPR courses to avoid the immediate loss of CPR knowledge and skills. The governing bodies in Malaysia should implement CPR training as part of the curriculum for teachers.

Alumnos ayudantes como futuros profesores / Student teachers as future professors

Introducción: El movimiento de alumnos-ayudantes surgió hace varias décadas en Cuba como una de las principales fortalezas de la enseñanza universitaria cubana. Objetivo: Exponer las experiencias innovadoras de un grupo de alumnos-ayudantes como futuros profesores en los últimos ocho años. Métodos: Se utilizó la metodología cualitativa, que tuvo en cuenta la entrevista, el análisis documental y los grupos focales, para exponer las experiencias innovadoras de la actuación de un grupo de alumnos-ayudantes en el Laboratorio Central de Líquido Cefalorraquídeo. Resultados: Los alumnos ayudantes realizaron un total de 67 publicaciones nacionales e internacionales, y participaron en 44 congresos en Cuba y el extranjero entre 2015 y 2019. Esto se logró con la combinación de las tareas de investigación y la docencia impartida en Cuba y en España. A la labor de alumnos-ayudantes se incorporaron estudiantes de Estados Unidos, Alemania y España. También se llevaron a cabo actividades comunitarias para jóvenes y niños junto con la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Conclusiones: El protagonismo que han tenido los alumnos-ayudantes les ha permitido sentar las bases para su formación como futuros líderes de la próxima generación, a partir de formas novedosas y sustentables, y mejores resultados en la formación, que los capacita para enfrentar nuevos retos(AU)

Introduction: The student teacher movement appeared several decades ago in Cuba as one of the main strengths of Cuban university education. Objective: To expose a group of student teachers' innovative experiences in the last eight years as future teachers. Methods: The qualitative methodology was used, which included the interview, documentary analysis and focus groups, in order to present the innovative experiences concerning the performance of a group of student teachers at Central Laboratory of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Results: The student teachers produced 67 publications, nationally and internationally, and participated in 44 congresses, either in Cuba and abroad, between 2015 and 2019. This was achieved with the combination of research tasks, as well as teaching practiced in Cuba and in Spain. Students from the United States, Germany and Spain have joined the work of student teachers. Community activities for youth and children have also been carried out together with the Cuban Academy of Sciences. Conclusions: The protagonist of student teachers has allowed them to set the foundations of their training as future leaders of the next generation, based on innovative and sustainable modes and better results in training, which enables them to face new challenges(AU)

Impact of positive teacher-student interactions on academic resilience in adolescents from the lower socio-economic strata

Background: As students spend a third of their time in classrooms interacting with teachers, thisqualitative study sought to understand the role of teacher-student relationship in the students’ subjectiveconstruction of academic resilience.Methods: Individual interviews were conducted with seven at-risk students preparing for the IIT (IndianInstitute of Technology) examination through the “Super30” coaching programme, which resembles thetraditional “Gurukula” system of learning in that the student (or “Shishya”) stays with the teacher duringthe preparatory period.Results: Findings showed that Turnaround Teachers engaged in democratic, identity-affirming and virtueprioritizing messages to promote academic excellence in at-risk students. It also brought to light the bidirectional, deeply caring relationships that were at the centre of these interactions. High expectations ofteachers as well as appropriate limit setting interventions played a significant role in strengthening sociallyoriented achievement motivation in students coming from collectivistic cultures.Conclusion:Findings emphasize the urgent need to strengthen these accessible protective forces by offeringnecessary educational interventions so that academic success becomes a reality for every child, regardlessof external resources.

Percepciones estudiantiles acerca del uso de nuevas tecnologías en instituciones de Educación Superior en Medellín

Introducción. La educación virtual ha crecido en los últimos años de manera exponencial en el ámbito mundial, y Colombia no ha sido la excepción. Objetivo. Describir las percepciones estudiantiles respecto de los factores que inciden en el proceso de aceptación de las herramientas virtuales de aprendizaje en la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló un diseño cuantitativo a través de la aplicación de cuestionarios auto-administrados a 1032 estudiantes universitarios. Resultados. La aparición de nuevas tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, el incremento de la velocidad en los tiempos de transacciones e intercambios, entre otras condiciones, han incidido en las estrategias de masificación y flexibilización para la formación en algunas instituciones de Educación Superior. Conclusión. Se concluyó que, aunque las plataformas virtuales permiten a los estudiantes sentirse más eficaces en su proceso de aprendizaje, aún existen grandes retos para la implementación de nuevas tecnologías como estrategias de mediación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje

Introduction. Online education has grown exponentially in recent years worldwide, and Colombia has not been an exception. Objective. Describe the perceptions of students about the factors that affect the acceptance of online learning tools in Medellín. Materials and methods. A quantitative design by the use of self-managed questionnaires for 1032 students was used. Results. New information and communications technologies, faster transactions and exchanges and many other conditions have affected massification and flexibility strategies in some higher education institutions. Conclusions. The conclusion was that, even though online platforms help students feel more efficient in their learning processes, there are still many challenges to be faced concerning the implementation of new technologies as strategies to mediate in the teaching-learning process

Introdução. A educação virtual há crescido nos últimos anos de maneira exponencial no âmbito mundial, e a Colômbia não há sido a exceção. Objetivo. Identificar as percepções estudantis com respeito aos fatores que incidem no processo de aceitação das ferramentas virtuais de aprendizagem na cidade de Medellín. Materiais e métodos. Se desenvolveu um desenho quantitativo através da aplicação de questionários auto-administrados a 1032 estudantes universitários. Resultados. A aparição de novas tecnologias da informação e as comunicações, o incremento da velocidade nos tempos de transações e intercâmbios, entre outras condições, há incidido nas estratégias de massificação e flexibilização para a formação em algumas instituições de Educação Universitária. Conclusões. Se concluiu que, ainda que as plataformas virtuais permitem aos estudantes sentir-se mais eficazes no seu processo de aprendizagem, ainda existem grandes desafios para a implementação de novas tecnologias como estratégias de mediação do processo ensino-aprendizagem

O “aluno estranho”: entre reflexibilidade e atribuição / The strange student: between reflexibility and attribution / El “alumno raro”: entre la reflexión y asignación

Qualificamos como estranho aquele que nos surpreende, que nos remete à diferença, que nos toca. Os quatro autores deste artigo interrogam-se sobre a questão do aluno estranho, isto é, da relação emocionalmente carregada que o profissional da educação pode manter com ou vários alunos em um espaço educativo. Para isso, eles/elas põem em debate seus diferentes trabalhos cuja referência comum ao sentimento de estranho familiar mencionado por Freud constitui a base de troca. A partir das abordagens qualitativas (Hatchuel, Kerrien, Markakis adotam uma abordagem clínica com orientação psicanalítica, e Chauvier se refere à etnografia da comunicação), e eles/elas fazem a hipótese de que considerar o afeto subjacente pode favorecer no sujeito um movimento de aceitação da diferença contra o da rejeição e/ou o da estigmatização.

W e name as strange the one who surprises us, who refers us to the different, who moves us. The four authors of this article ask about the issue of the strange student, i.e. the relationship emotionally charged that the educational professional could maintain with one or more students in an educational space. For this purpose, they discuss their different researches of which the common reference to the feeling of the worrying strangeness raised by Freud provides them with the basis of exchange. Based on qualitative approaches (Hatchuel, Kerrien, Markakis adopt a clinical approach of psychoanalytic orientation, and Chauvier refers to the ethnography of communication), they theorize that, by taking into account the underlying affect, the subject could assist an internal movement to the acceptance of the difference against the rejection and/ or the stigmatization.

El extraño es lo que nos sorprende, nos remite a la diferencia, nos mueve. Los cuatro autores de este artículo plantean el tema del alumno raro, es decir, de la relación emocionalmente cargada que el profesional de la educación puede entablar con uno o varios alumnos en un marco educativo. Para hacerlo, debaten sus diferentes trabajos cuya referencia común al sentimiento de la inquietante extrañeza evocada por Freud constituye la base del intercambio. Desde enfoques cualitativos (Hatchuel, Kerrien, Markakis adoptan un enfoque clínico de orientación psicoanalítica, y Chauvier se refiere a la etnografía de la comunicación), formulan la hipótesis de que la tomada en consideración del afecto subyacente puede favorecer al sujeto un movimiento de aceptación de la diferencia contra el del rechazo y/o de la estigmatización.

Adaptação cultural e evidências de validade da Escala de Relacionamento Professor-Aluno / Cultural adaptation and evidences of validity of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale / Adaptación cultural y evidencias de validez de la Escala de Relación Profesor-Alumno

Este artigo descreve os procedimentos de adaptação e validação da Escala de Relacionamento Professor-Aluno – Versão Reduzida (ERPA) para o contexto brasileiro. A ERPA avalia a visão dos professores sobre a qualidade do seu relacionamento com cada aluno(a) a partir de indicadores de conflito e afinidade na relação. Participaram do estudo 31 professoras do terceiro ao quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental de quatro escolas da cidade de Porto Alegre. Modelagens de equações estruturais exploratórias confirmaram a estrutura bifatorial do instrumento original, fornecendo índices adequados de ajuste do modelo. A análise de validade convergente com medida correlata apresentou resultados satisfatórios. Constatou-se que os relacionamentos das professoras são mais positivos com as meninas do que com os meninos. A versão adaptada da ERPA demonstra ser uma medida útil para a avaliação da qualidade do relacionamento professor-aluno no contexto brasileiro...

This article describes the procedures for adaptation and validation of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale – Short Form (STRS) for the Brazilian context. The STRS assesses the teachers' view on the quality of your relationship with each student from indicators of closeness and conflict in the relationship. Participants were 31 teachers from 3rd to 5th grade from four schools from Porto Alegre. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) confirmed the factorial structure of the original instrument and provided good indices of fit for the model. Analysis of convergent validity showed satisfactory results. It was found that the relationships of the teachers are more positive with girls than with boys. The adapted version of the ERPA proves to be a useful measure for assessing the quality of the teacher-student relationship in the Brazilian context...

En este artículo se describen los procedimientos para la adaptación y validación de la Escala de Relación Profesor-Alumno – Versión Reducida (ERPA) para el contexto brasileño. La ERPA evalúa la opinión de los profesores sobre la calidad de su relación con cada alumno(a) a partir de indicadores de conflicto y afinidad en la relación. Los participantes fueron 31 profesores del tercer al quinto año de primaria de cuatro escuelas de la ciudad de Porto Alegre. Modelos exploratorios de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron la estructura factorial del instrumento original, mostrando índices de ajuste adecuados para el modelo. El análisis de la validez convergente con una medida correlacionada mostró resultados satisfactorios. Se encontró que las relaciones de los profesores son más positivas con las niñas que con los niños. La versión adaptada del ERPA demostró ser una medida útil para evaluar la calidad de la relación profesor-alumno en el contexto brasileño...

Efeitos da comunicação alternativa na interação professor-aluno com paralisia cerebral não-falante / The effects of alternative communication in the interactions between a teacher and a nonspeaking student with cerebral palsy

A fala tem sido vista como modalidade comunicativa socialmente exigida para a construção de relações em diferentes contextos e culturas. Entretanto, essa nem sempre é o recurso mais disponível principalmente para aqueles que apresentam alterações no seu desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, os recursos e estratégias de Comunicação Alternativa são utilizados como ferramentas úteis para que o aluno com deficiência não-falante possa alcançar maior participação social nos diversos ambientes. Por isso, a presente pesquisa analisou a interação professor-aluno com paralisia cerebral antes e após o uso de estratégias e recursos de comunicação alternativa em sala de aula comum. Realizou-se estudo de caráter quanti-qualitativo, do tipo estudo de caso com pesquisa-intervenção. Foram realizadas quatro etapas principais: 1) filmagens antes da introdução desses recursos em sala de aula; 2) capacitação dos professores na escola e; 3) assessoria técnica ao professor para o uso da comunicação alternativa e; 4) filmagens dos episódios interativos com o uso dessas tecnologias. As interações foram transcritas e agrupadas em elos. Nessa pesquisa, um elo compreendeu o comportamento do iniciador dirigido ao interlocutor e a resposta sequencial deste ao iniciador. Verificou-se que as interações estabelecidas apresentavam no máximo quatro elos, com maior frequência para episódios de 1º e 2º elos. Após a intervenção, observou-se cenário diferenciado com a presença de interações de até 6º elo, com freqüência maior para episódios de 1º, 2º e 3º elos. Além disso, a professora manifestou tendência para utilizar os símbolos apenas como ferramenta de avaliação e ensino de conceitos, percepção essa que se transformou a medida que essa se apropriava das tecnologias de comunicação alternativa.

Speech has been regarded as a social communicative modality required for building relationships in different contexts and cultures. Nevertheless, this is not always a readily available resource, especially for those who have developmental disorders. In this sense, Augmentative and Alternative Communication resources and strategies have been used by nonspeaking students with disabilities as useful tools to achieve greater social participation in different environments. Therefore, the present study examined the interaction between teachers and a student with cerebral palsy before and after the use of Alternative Communication strategies in the classroom. The study had a quantitative and qualitative nature and was designed as an intervention study. There were four main stages: 1) filming before the introduction of the resources in the classroom, 2) training the school teachers 3) providing technical assistance regarding the use of alternative communication to the child's teacher 4) filming teacher-student interactions using these technological resources. The interactions were transcribed and grouped into links. In this research, a link means the initiator's behavior directed to the exchange partner and the response in sequence from the interlocutor back to the initiator. It was found that the established interactions presented a maximum of four links, with greater frequency for episodes of 1st and 2nd links. After the intervention, there were different contexts with the presence of interactions up to the 6th link, often greater frequency for episodes of 1st, 2nd and 3rd links. In addition, the teacher showed a tendency to use symbols only as a tool for evaluating and teaching concepts. This perception changed as the teacher became familiarized with the Augmentative and Alternative Communication technology resources.

Introducing Problem-Based Learning Tutorials into a Traditional Curriculum / 医学教育

Problem-based learning (PBL) tutorials were introduced at our university in April 2001. Because a complete PBLbased curriculum could not be adopted, a transitional curriculum incorporating 3-hour PBL tutorial sessions into the traditional curriculum was introduced. More than 80% of students agreed that PBL is an effective way of learning problem solving at the bedside. Twenty percent to 40% of teachers felt that students who took PBL were more motivated for bedside learning and self-directed learning and had better at presentation than were students who did not take PBL. Because of 80% of the curriculum comprised didactic lectures, most students considered PBL tutorials a type of lecture. For this reason, motivating students to learn additional material originating from PBL tutorials was difficult. Although the combination of a traditional curriculum and PBL tutorials may appear to be a new curriculum, this type of PBL has limited value as a method for studying problem solving.