Premarital Sex Behavior Among Adolescent: The Influence of Subjective Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control Toward Attitudes of High School Student

Abstract@#Introduction: Modernization has brought shifts in social norms especially in adolescents, including their sexual behavior. Girls between the ages 15-19 about 38 million were at risk of pregnancy, 21 million of adolescents had pregnancy experience, and 49% of them were unwanted pregnancies. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of subjective norms and behavioral controls on adolescent attitudes to prevent premarital sex behavior. Methods: This quantitative study used a cross-sectional study design. Data were taken using questionnaires that tested for validity and reliability. The population in this study was high-school students in Trenggalek Regency in East Java Indonesia as one of the regencies with increasing problems related to premarital sexual behavior. The population of this study was high-school students of first grade, second grade, and third grade as the majority of adolescents that conducted the premarital sex behavior were among that age range. Results: 97.3% of students have positive norms conducive to prevention of premarital sex behavior and 98.7% of students have behavioral controls and positive attitudes to prevent premarital sex. Conclusion: Subjective norms and perceived behavioral controls in this study did not affect adolescent attitudes to prevent premarital sex behavior.

Psychological and Sociodemographic Predictors of Fertility Intention among Childbearing-Aged Women in Hamadan, West of Iran: An Application of the BASNEF Model / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Fertility and childbearing are the most important determinants of population variation around the world. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the psychological and sociodemographic factors predicting fertility intention among women referred to comprehensive health centers in Hamadan based on the beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, and enabling factors (BASNEF) model. METHODS: This descriptive analytical study was performed in comprehensive health centers in Hamadan in 2016. Through a multi-stage sampling method, 484 women were enrolled in the study. The data collection tool was a self-report questionnaire based on the constructs of the BASNEF model. Data were analyzed using linear regression, independent t-test, and a one-way analysis of variance using IBM SPSS software ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The mean±standard deviation of the women's age was 31.85±6.13 years. The variables of motivation to comply (β=0.228), enabling factors (β=0.162), subjective norms (β=0.134), and attitude (β=0.122) were the predictors of fertility intention in women. This model was able to explain 16.8% of variance in behavioral intention. Also, lower age, higher education, shorter duration of marriage, and having a daughter resulted in a greater fertility intention. CONCLUSION: It seems that designing and implementing educational programs to improve attitudes, promoting positive subjective norms, and enhancing enabling factors can play a major role in increasing fertility intention in women.

Validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia / Validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire in a Sample of University Students from Colombia

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora (CIE) en Colombia. Este cuestionario, desarrollado y validado en España (Rueda, Moriano, & Liñán, 2015), se enmarca dentro de la Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAI, Ajzen, 1991). La TAP resulta en la actualidad el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. Con una muestra de 316 estudiantes universitarios colombianos, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirma que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora. Disponer de escalas de medida fiables y validadas en distintos contextos culturales permite las comparaciones entre distintas entidades y/o para una misma entidad en diferentes momentos (por ejemplo, antes y después de impartir un curso orientado al emprendimiento). Un mejor conocimiento de los antecedentes psicosociales (actitudes hacia el emprendimiento, norma subjetiva y autoeficacia emprendedora) que conducen a jóvenes universitarios a emprender puede contribuir a un diseño más adecuado de los programas de formación emprendedora que se están impulsando en muchas universidades y desde otro tipo de instituciones.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Colombia. This questionnaire, developed and validated in Spain (Rueda, Moriano, & Linân, 2015), draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention nowadays. With a sample of 316 Colombian university students, the results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurial intentions. The availability of reliable measurement scales validated in different cultural contexts allows comparisons among institutions and/or within an institution along the time (e.g. before and after a course on entrepreneurship). A deep understanding of the psychosocial antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) that lead young university students to become entrepreneurs might contribute to a better design of the entrepreneurship education programmes that are being developed from universities and other institutions.

Effect of substance use on condom use in the Theory of Planned Behavior: Analysis of differential item functioning / Efecto del consumo de sustancias en la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada en Uso de Condón: Análisis del funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems

Abstract Introduction. Substance use is one of the factors associated with lower condom use in young adults, which increases the likelihood of HIV infection. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most useful models for explaining this phenomenon since it considers the aim of engaging in a behavior based on attitudes, subjective norms and self-efficacy. Objective. To develop a questionnaire and to evaluate the Differential Item Functioning (DIF) caused by substance use in TPB indicators, using the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Analysis (MIMIC). Method. The study was conducted in two phases with Mexico City college students age 18 to 25. Results. Adequate goodness of fit was obtained in all three models of the TPB: attitudes χ2S-B(2) = 3.902, p < .001; CFIs = .999; TLIs = .996; RMSEAs = .037, 90% CI ≤ .001-.095; subjective norms χ2S-B(7) = 9.103, p < .245; CFIs = .999; TLIs = .998; RMSEAs = .022, 90% CI ≤ .001-.056; and self-efficacy χ2S-B(25) = 65.115, p < .001; CFIs = .982; TLIs = .974; RMSEAs = .050, 90% CI = .036-.066; in one item in attitudes and two items in subjective norms a DIF effect was observed, while no item proved significant regarding self-efficacy. Discussion and conclusion. There is little evidence in the detection of DIF due to substance use in TPB indicators in condom use, and this is the first study to conduct this type of analysis. Items presenting DIF open the door to future research due to the importance of assessing how the indicator behaves with a population displaying a particular trait.

Resumen Introducción. El consumo de sustancias es uno de los factores asociados a un menor uso de condón en jóvenes adultos, lo cual aumenta la probabilidad de contagio de VIH. La Teoría de la Conducta Planeada (TCP) es uno de los modelos más útiles para explicar este fenómeno ya que considera la intención de llevar a cabo una conducta basándose en actitudes, normas subjetivas y autoeficacia. Objetivo. Desarrollar un cuestionario y evaluar el Funcionamiento Diferencial de los Ítems (DIF) ocasionado por el consumo de sustancias en los indicadores de la TCP, utilizando el análisis Múltiples Ítems Múltiples Causas (MIMIC). Método. El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos etapas con estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 25 años de la Ciudad de México. Resultados. Se obtuvo una adecuada bondad de ajuste en los tres modelos de la TCP: actitudes χ2S-B(2) = 3.902, p < .001; CFIs = .999; TLIs = .996; RMSEAs = .037, 90% IC ≤ .001-.095; normas subjetivas χ2S-B(7) = 9.103; p < .245; CFIs = .999; TLIs = .998; RMSEAs = .022, 90% IC ≤ .001-.056; y autoeficacia χ2S-B(25) = 65.115; p < .001; CFIs = .982; TLIs = .974; RMSEAs = .050, 90% IC = .036-.066; un ítem en actitudes y 2 ítems en normas subjetivas se observó un efecto DIF, y en autoeficacia ningún ítem salió significativo. Discusión y conclusión. Existe poca evidencia en la detección de DIF por uso de sustancias en los indicadores de la TCP en uso de condón, siendo éste el primer estudio que lleva a cabo este tipo de análisis. Los ítems que presenten DIF abren la puerta a futuras investigaciones, debido a la importancia de evaluar cómo se comporta el indicador con una población que tenga un rasgo en particular.

Social Influence Factors for Utilization Rate of Medical and Health App / 医学信息学杂志

Addressing the problems that the unitization rate of medical and health App are generally low,based on the empirical approach,the paper demonstrates the positive influence of social factors on the utilization rate of mobile health App,and deeply analyzes the action mechanism and linkage effect of social factors such as social relation network,social support and subjective norms,so as to nationally design the socialized development strategies for mobile health App,thus providing the decision-making basis for the sustainable development and user cultivation of m-Health.

Creencias y normas subjetivas como predictores de intención de comportamiento proambiental / Beliefs and subjective norms as predictors of pro-environmental intention

El propósito de esta investigación fue describir y establecer la relación que hay entre las creencias y normas subjetivas con la intención de conducta proambiental en una institución universitaria privada de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Se contó con la participación de 346 estudiantes seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico según la proporción de programas de pregrado y posgrado. Se administró la Escala de Comportamiento Proambiental (67 ítems), que evalúa creencias, normas subjetivas e intención de conducta proambiental. Se identificó que las normas subjetivas pro y antiambientales pueden ser predictores consistentes de la intención de conducta pro y antiambiental.

The purpose of this study was to describe and establish the relationship between beliefs and subjective norms with the pro-environmental intention of a private university in the city of Bogota (Colombia). A total of 346 students participated in the study, and they were selected using non-probability sampling according to the proportion of undergraduate and graduate programs. The pro-environmental behaviour scale (67 items) was administered in order to evaluate beliefs, subjective norms, and intention of pro-environmental behaviour. It was found that pro-and anti-environmental subjective rules may be consistent predictors of pro-and anti-environmental intent.

Knowledge sharing: the role of psychological variables in leaders and collaborators / Compartir conocimiento: el rol de variables psicológicas en líderes y colaboradores

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la relación de normas subjetivas, autoeficacia y valor percibido del conocimiento con la intención y la conducta de compartir conocimiento en líderes y colaboradores en organizaciones. Los datos se obtuvieron de 1027 participantes, el 23.1% líderes y el 76.9% colaboradores. Todas las hipótesis fueron consistentes con los datos. Se propuso un modelo sobre la relación entre las variables. Esta investigación contribuye a comprender los factores humanos en el enfoque conductual de la gestión del conocimiento.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship of subjective norms, selfefficacy and perceived value of knowledge on the knowledge sharing intention and behavior in leaders and collaborators in organizations. Data were obtained from 1027 participants, 23.1% leaders and 76.9% collaborators. All the hypotheses were consistent with the data. A model of the relationship between variables was proposed. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of human factors involved in the behavioral approach to knowledge management.

Using the theory of planned behavior to determine factors influencing processed foods consumption behavior

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify how level of information affected intention, using the Theory of Planned Behavior. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study was conducted survey in diverse community centers and shopping malls in Seoul, which yielded N = 209 datasets. To compare processed foods consumption behavior, we divided samples into two groups based on level of information about food additives (whether respondents felt that information on food additives was sufficient or not). We analyzed differences in attitudes toward food additives and toward purchasing processed foods, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions to processed foods between sufficient information group and lack information group. RESULTS: The results confirmed that more than 78% of respondents thought information on food additives was insufficient. However, the group who felt information was sufficient had more positive attitudes about consuming processed foods and behavioral intentions than the group who thought information was inadequate. This study found people who consider that they have sufficient information on food additives tend to have more positive attitudes toward processed foods and intention to consume processed foods. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests increasing needs for nutrition education on the appropriate use of processed foods. Designing useful nutrition education requires a good understanding of factors which influence on processed foods consumption.

Factors influencing on intention to intake fruit: moderating effect of fruit intake habit / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting fruit consumption behavior by application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. In addition, this study examined the moderating effect of a fruit eating habit. METHODS: A total of 734 consumers who have ever purchased fruit participated in this study. RESULTS: Results of this study showed that attitudes toward fruit intake, social norms, and perceived behavioral control had significant impacts on the level of fruit intake. Fruit eating habit that showed high correlation with eating behavior was also included in the model identifying factors having an influence on fruit intake. Attitudes toward fruit intake, social norms, and perceived behavioral control had a positive influence on intention to intake fruit. Fruit eating habits played a moderating role in the relationships between intention to intake fruit and real fruit intake. CONCLUSION: Increasing positive attitudes toward fruit intake, social norms, and perceived behavioral control would be helpful in increasing the amount of fruit intake.

As teorias da ação racional e da ação planejada: relações entre intenções e comportamentos / Theory of reasoned action and theory of planned action: relations between intention and behavior

A Teoria da Ação Racional (TAR) vem sendo usada na psicologia especialmente para investigar os fatores preditores de comportamentos, como amamentar e doar órgãos. Em revisão a esta teoria e objetivando sua ampliação, estudos diversos têm apontado para a Teoria da Ação Planejada (TAP). Neste artigo aprofunda-se a apresentação da TAR e da TAP, especificando seus conceitos fundamentais e estratégias para investigação. Achados evidenciam que investigações norteadas pela TAR/TAP podem colaborar para a definição de políticas públicas e viabilizar campanhas educativas.

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) has been used in psichology specially to investigate predictor factors of behavior as like breastfeed and organs donation. In review and to amplify this theory many studies point to the proposition of the Theory of Planned Action (TPA). This article deepens the presentation of both TRA and TAP, specifying its main concepts and investigation strategies. The data found make evident that investigation guided by TRA/TPA make possible educational campaigns.

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Dairy Food Consumption among University Female Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was designed to explain the intentions and consumption of dairy foods among university female students. The factors related to intentions of consumption or actual consumption of dairy foods were identified within the theory of planned behavior. The survey questionnaire, developed using open-ended questions (n = 35), was administered to university female students (n = 184). Subjects completed information regarding attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, intentions and consumption of dairy foods. Correlation analysis and multiple regression were used to study the association of factors with intentions and consumption of dairy foods. Subjects showed relatively low intention to consume dairy foods (- 0.4 +/- 1.6 from a scale of - 4 ~ + 4). They ate 1.2 +/- 0.9 servings of dairy foods a day and 52.2% of subjects had less than a serving a day, showing inadequate consumption of dairy foods. All three factors, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control were significantly correlated to the intentions to take dairy foods regularly (r = 0.26 - 0.27). Multiple regression results, however, revealed that subjective norms (p < 0.01) and perceived control (p < 0.05) contributed to the model of explaining intentions, while attitudes did not (model R2 = 0.154). To predict and explain actual consumption of dairy foods, two regression models were examined. In the first model, perceived control was significant in predicting dairy foods consumption, while attitudes and subjective norms were not. In the second model, intentions and perceived control were significantly related to actual consumption of dairy foods, providing the empirical evidence of the theory (model R2 = 0.121). These results suggest that perceived control was significant in explaining actual behavior as well as intentions. This study suggests that nutrition education to increase dairy foods consumption for young adults should focus on increasing perception of control and eliciting social support from respected others.

A Study on Predicting Behavioral Intention of Breastfeeding among Primigravida / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to examine the predicting factors for the intention of breastfeeding with The Theory of Planned Behavior. The questionnaires were distributed to 131 primigravidas who were in their third trimester of pregnancy in Seoul, Kyonggido, Kyongsangbukdo, and Kyongsnagnamdo. Descriptive statistics, Pearsons Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to analyse the data. The subjects showed strong intention of breastfeeding. The subjects showed favorable attitudes toward breastfeeding. This fact showed significant correlation with the belief that their breastfeeding intention was due to the advantage of breast milk for the infant with regard to allergy prevention, disease protection, contribution to intellectual development, psychological closeness between mother and infant, convenience, cost, and the reduction of breast cancer risk and weight of the mother. No item of outcome evaluation did showed significant correlation with behavioral intension. The subjects were influenced about breastfeeding by their referents such as siblings and friends with breastfeeding experience, their mothers and husbands, and mothers-in-law. Most items of the control beliefs had a significant influence on the intention of breastfeeding. The subjects felt they could not control the situation ie. "when I have to breastfeed in public". However they felt they could control the situation ie. "when I suffer from mastitis", "when I have to cut down on coffee, alcohol, and smoking", "when I have Caesarean section", "when I need to maintain breast condition", and "when the infant hates to suck my nipple". Regression analysis revealed that control beliefs and attitudes toward breastfeeding could predict the behavioral intention of breastfeeding. Control beliefs were the most important factor in predicting behavioral intention. Therefore, nutrition education is needed to enhance the ability to cope with difficult situations while breastfeeding and increase faborable attitudes toward breastfeeding.